{{short description|Albanian-born Austrian actor (1879–1935)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}} {{Infobox person | name = Alexander Moissi | image = Alexander Moissi (chair portrait).jpg | caption = Alexander Moissi ca. 1920 | birth_date = {{Birth date|1879|4|2|df=y}} | birth_place = Trieste, Austria-Hungary | death_date = {{Death date and age|1935|3|22|1879|4|2|df=y}} | death_place = Vienna, Austria | birth_name = Alexander Moissi | occupation = Actor | years_active = 1899–1935 | spouse = Maria Moissi (née Marie Urfus) (div.)<br />Johanna Terwin | children = Beate Moissi <br />Bettina Moissi | relatives = Nicolas Berggruen (grandson)<br />Olivier Berggruen (grandson)<br />Gedeon Burkhard (great-grandson)<br /> Claudia von Auersperg (great-granddaughter) Spiro Moisiu<br />Alfred Moisiu | signature = Aleksandër Moisiu (nënshkrim).svg | signature_size = 85px }}

'''Alexander Moissi''' ({{langx|sq|Aleksandër Moisiu}}; {{langx|it|Alessandro Moissi}}; 2 April 1879 – 22 March 1935<ref name="HDA">{{cite book|last=Elsie|first=Robert|date=19 March 2010|title=Historical Dictionary of Albania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haFlGXIg8uoC&q=%22MOISSI,+ALEXANDER+(2+April+1879–22+March+1935).+Actor.+Alexander+Moissi,+known+in+Albanian+as+Aleksander+Moisiu,+was+born+in+Triest,+Austria–Hungary,+of+an+Albanian+father+from+Kavaja+and+an+Arberesh+mother.%22&pg=PA309|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=309|isbn=978-0-8108-6188-6|accessdate=1 November 2013}}</ref>) was an Austrian stage actor (and occasional film actor) of Albanian origin.

==Early years== Moissi was born in Trieste<ref name="HDA"/> to Moisi Moisiu from Kavaye, Ottoman Empire (today Kavajë in Albania),<ref name="HDA"/> who was a rich Albanian merchant of oil and wheat, and an Arbëresh mother,<ref name="HDA"/> Amalia de Rada, from Trieste, daughter of a Florentine doctor.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schaper|first=Rüdiger|year=2000|title=Moissi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=240aAQAAIAAJ&q=%22und+nach+Triest.+Aus+Italien+stammt+auch+die+Frau,+der+er+die+Heirat+anträgt:+Amalia+de+Rada,%22+%22Tochter+eines+angesehenen+Florentiner+Arztes.%22|language=German|publisher=Argon Verlag|page=42|isbn=9783870245139|accessdate=1 November 2013}}</ref>

After an international childhood in Trieste, Durrës and Graz, the 20-year-old Alexander settled with his mother and two sisters in Vienna.<ref>{{cite book|last=Elsie|first=Robert|date=19 March 2010|title=Historical Dictionary of Albania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haFlGXIg8uoC&pg=PA310|publisher=Scarecrow Press|pages=309–310 |isbn=978-0-8108-6188-6|accessdate=1 November 2013}}</ref> He began vocal studies and applied for a drama training at the ''k.k. Hofburgtheater'', but was rejected due to his strong Italian accent and had to confine himself to non-speaking roles. It was his performance in Molière's ''Tartuffe'' of the ''Burgtheater'' 1899/1900 season, which stunned the renowned Austrian actor Josef Kainz, playing the lead role.

With Kainz' encouragement and support, Moissi's career as one of the great European stage actors of the early-20th century began. The following year took him to the New German Theatre in Prague and in 1903 he joined the ensemble of the ''Deutsches Theater'' in Berlin, where he became a protégé of the influential director Max Reinhardt.<ref>{{cite book|last=Elsie|first=Robert|date=19 March 2010|title=Historical Dictionary of Albania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haFlGXIg8uoC&q=%22The+following+years+took+him+to+Prague+and+then+to+Berlin,+where+he+became+a+protégé+of+Max+Reinhardt+(1873–1943).%22&pg=PA310|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=310|isbn=978-0-8108-6188-6|accessdate=1 November 2013}}</ref>

Together with Rudolph Schildkraut he performed in Reinhardt's staging of Shakespeare's ''The Merchant of Venice'', now emphasizing his melodious speech, which despite first damning reviews finally made him a star. Moissi and the Reinhardt ensemble toured Russia in 1911 and was acclaimed in Saint Petersburg by critic and dramatist Anatoly Lunacharsky for his interpretation of Sophocles' ''Oedipus''. Traveling across Europe and the Americas, his most famous role was Fedya in Tolstoy's ''The Living Corpse'' &mdash; performed more than 1400 times by him. In 1914, Moisiu acquired German citizenship to become a volunteer in World War I, and during the German Revolution of 1918–19 joined the Marxist Spartacus League.

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-U0906-533, Alexander Moissi.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Moissi as Prince Kalaf in Gozzi's ''Turandot'', Deutsches Theater, Berlin, December 1911]] In 1920, he played the leading part in the first performance of Hugo von Hofmannsthal's ''Jedermann'' adaption of ''The Somonyng of Everyman'' at the Salzburg Festival. However, Moissi did not keep up with the German Expressionist and epic theatre movement initiated by directors like Erwin Piscator and Bertolt Brecht. He finally left Germany after the Nazi ''Machtergreifung'' in 1933 and was offered Albanian citizenship by King Zog.

Alexander Moissi died of pneumonia on 22 March 1935 in Vienna.<ref>Archiv der Erzdiözese Wien. Katholische Kirchenbücher; Pfarre: Weinhaus; Signatur: 9164. ''Sterbebuch der Pfarre Weinhaus vom Jahre 1935'', No. 59. He died at the ''Cottage-Sanatorium für Nerven- und Stoffwechselkranke'', Sternwartestrasse 74</ref> He was cremated at Feuerhalle Simmering and his ashes are buried at the Morcote cemetery overlooking Lake Lugano in Switzerland.<ref>{{cite book|last=Elsie|first=Robert|date=19 March 2010 |title=Historical Dictionary of Albania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haFlGXIg8uoC&q=%22Alexander+Moissi+was+buried+at+the+Morcote+cemetery+overlooking+Lake+Lugano+in+Switzerland.%22&pg=PA310|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=310|isbn=978-0-8108-6188-6|accessdate=1 November 2013}}</ref>

==Work== In Berlin, Moissi was acclaimed for his 1906 performance of Oswald in Ibsen's ''Ghosts'' and in the premiere of Wedekind's ''Spring Awakening''. His interpretations in the leading roles of Hamlet, Œdipus, Faust, and many others, were celebrated at the time, as were his voice and emotional range. Beside the ''Deutsches Theater'', he performed at the Vienna ''Volkstheater'' and the ''Theater in der Josefstadt''.

In 1929/30 Moissi played the title role in a German-language version of ''Hamlet'' in London's West End.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fisher |first=Clive |title=Gielgud Stories |publisher=Futura |year=1988 |isbn=0-7088-3988-6 |location=London |publication-date=1988 |pages=41–2}}</ref>

Though primarily a stage actor, he appeared in ten film productions from 1910 to 1935, of which seven were silent,<ref>{{cite book|last=Elsie|first=Robert|date=19 March 2010|title=Historical Dictionary of Albania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haFlGXIg8uoC&q=%22Though+primarily+a+stage+actor,+Moissi+also+appeared+in+10+film+productions,+from+1910+to+1935,+of+which+seven+were+silent+and+three+talking+films.%22&pg=PA310|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=310|isbn=978-0-8108-6188-6|accessdate=1 November 2013}}</ref> most notably in ''The Student of Prague'' (1913).

Although a Christian, Moissi was often labeled as Jewish or of at least partial Jewish descent due to his name (which translates to "Moses") and his friendly relationship with fellow Jewish actors at a time when antisemitism was on the rise.<ref name=Jacobean>[http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00001408/00010/5j?search=moissi ''The Jacobean'': "Alexander Moissi, Non-Jewish Actor, Indicts Christian World for its Persecution of the Jew"], ufdc.ufl.edu, 4 December 1931 (page 5); ''"As a Christian, states Moissi, he cannot stand by and see the virus of anti-semitism infect Christian people, nations, and states, robbing them of all semblance of humanity and justice."''</ref><ref>Lisa Silverman. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tsq5iQzk6rsC&dq=aleksander+moissi+%2Bjew&pg=PT168 ''Becoming Austrians: Jews and Culture between the World Wars'': "Although actor Alexander Moissi was not Jewish, many assumed he was because of his name..."]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=bBufAAAAIAAJ&q=+moissi+jew&pg=PA335 ''Bernad Shaw's Letters to Siegfried Trebitsch'']; "In February, 'Too True' opened in Manheim with Alexander Moissi (not a Jew) in the leading role and was disrupted by Nazi shouts of 'Jew Moissi', 'Jew Shaw' until police intervened."</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=geJnnySQ4rUC&q=moissi+&pg=PA131 ''Jews and the Making of Modern German Theatre'' (edited by Jeanette R. Malkin & Freddie Rokem)] page 76|"''The appeal and success of some non-Jewish foreign actors among German audiences, however, was due at least in part to their foreignness. Such was the case with star actor Alexander Moissi, whose German was tinged with an "Italian singsong, which fascinated many.''"</ref> ("Moisiu" is a common Albanian name and rarely indicates Jewish ancestry.) Moissi strongly rebuked his critics in the German press challenging the Christian world to live up to its ideals and desist from persecuting the Jews noting that: "''Where Jews are concerned Christian morality, humaneness, and values are trampled underfoot''" and "''The road of anti-semitism is a throwback to the dark days of the Middle Ages.''"<ref name=Jacobean/>

==Legacy== thumb|right|Moissi's grave, Morcote cemetery Streets are named after Alexander Moissi in Berlin, Salzburg and Vienna, where also a monument was unveiled in 2005. In Albania he is highly venerated as a most important national actor. In his honor, the drama school of the Academy of Music and Arts in Tirana as well as the university and the city theatre of Durrës were named "Aleksandër Moisiu".<ref>[http://www.uamd.edu.al/index.php?lang=2 Aleksandër Moisiu University, Durrës] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712043014/http://www.uamd.edu.al/index.php?lang=2 |date=12 July 2014 }}, uamd.edu.al; accessed 21 June 2015.</ref>

In his father's hometown of Kavajë, the main public high-school and the local theater are also named after him. The 60th anniversary of his death was remembered in Albania in 1995 with an "Artistic Year" dedicated to him; it was sponsored by the Aleksandër Moisiu Foundation.

==Personal life== Moissi was married twice: * His first marriage was in 1910 to Maria Moissi (née Marie Urfus, born 1874 in Teplice, Bohemia, died 1943 in Berlin). In 1913 she founded the ''Maria Moissi drama school'' (Berlin), where her husband also taught.<ref name=WikiDeutsch>German Wikipedia Entry on Alexander Moissi</ref> They had a daughter, Beatrice Moissi, later Beate von Molo (born 1906 in Munich, died 1998). Alexander Moissi had another daughter with the actress Herta Hambach, Bettina Moissi (1923–2023). Bettina later married the Jewish-American art collector Heinz Berggruen in 1959. One of their two children, Nicolas Berggruen, is a billionaire financier and art collector, while the other, Olivier, is an art historian. * His second marriage was to the German actress Johanna Terwin.<ref name=WikiDeutsch/> * German actor Gedeon Burkhard is Moissi's great-grandson.

==Quotes== * "The voice and gestures of Moisiu presented us with something hitherto unseen on the European stage." – Franz Kafka * "Hamlet is written for Moissi, and Moissi was uniquely born to interpret the Prince of Denmark." – Max Brod * "I salute Aleksandër Moisiu to whom I am forever grateful, as one of the most brilliant interpreters of my characters." – Luigi Pirandello * "Man of the South, always Man of the South. In order not to be frozen he takes the sun of his country whenever he goes. Whenever you are with him you'll learn something new about life in this world." – Stefan Zweig

==Selected filmography== thumb|right * ''Die Augen des Ole Brandis'' (1913) * ''The Night of Queen Isabeau'' (1920) * ''The Royal Box'' (1929) * ''Lorenzino de Medici'' (1935) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVUNIhohAxQ

==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== * [http://www.geocities.com/spiritofalbania/alexmoissi.htm Spirit of Albania biography]( {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027123453/http://geocities.com/spiritofalbania/alexmoissi.htm |date=27 October 2009 }} 2009-10-25) * {{IMDb name|596218|Alexander Moissi}} * {{Theaterlexikon|Alexander Moissi|2|1257|1258|author=Thomas Blubacher|language=de}} * [http://film.virtual-history.com/person.php?personid=8538 Photographs of Alexander Moissi] * [http://www.78record.de/platten/sound/hamlet.mp3 Moissi speaks ''Hamlet'' soliloquy] {{in lang|de}} * Max Ehrlich [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BHHfRwRsu6I in a parody of Moissi] {{in lang|de}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Moisiu, Aleksander}} Category:1879 births Category:1935 deaths Category:20th-century Austrian male actors Category:Actors from Austria-Hungary Category:Male actors from Trieste Category:Austrian Christians Category:Austrian expatriates in Germany Category:Austrian male film actors Category:Austrian male silent film actors Category:Austrian male stage actors Category:Austrian people of Albanian descent Category:Austrian people of Arbëreshë descent Category:Deaths from pneumonia in Austria Category:German military personnel of World War I Category:German prisoners of war in World War I Category:Male actors from Vienna Aleksander Category:People from Austrian Littoral Category:People of the German Revolution of 1918–1919 Category:Naturalized citizens of Germany