{{Short description|Premier of the Soviet Union from 1924 to 1930}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Alexei Rykov | native_name = {{nobold|Алексей Рыков}} | native_name_lang = ru | image = M. Rykof, successeur de Lenine (grosse tête) - btv1b90238365 Crop.jpg | caption = Rykov in 1924 | office = [[Premier of the Soviet Union]] | term_start = 2 February 1924 | term_end = 19 December 1930 | predecessor = [[Vladimir Lenin]] | successor = [[Vyacheslav Molotov]] | office1 = [[List of heads of government of Russia#Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1917–1991)|Chairman]] of the [[Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Council of People's Commissars]] of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]] | term_start1 = 2 February 1924 | term_end1 = 18 May 1929 | president1 = [[Mikhail Kalinin]] | predecessor1 = Vladimir Lenin | successor1 = [[Sergey Syrtsov (politician)|Sergei Syrtsov]] | office2 = Chairman of the [[Council of Labor and Defense]] | term_start2 = 19 January 1926 | term_end2 = 19 December 1930 | predecessor2 = [[Lev Kamenev]] | successor2 = Vyacheslav Molotov | office3 = [[People's Commissariat for Communications|People's Commissar for Posts and Telegraphs]] | premier3 = Vyacheslav Molotov | term_start3 = 30 March 1931 | term_end3 = 26 September 1936 | predecessor3 = [[Nikolai Antipov]] | successor3 = [[Genrikh Yagoda]] | office4 = 2nd Chairman of the [[Supreme Soviet of the National Economy|Supreme Council of National Economy]] of the RSFSR | term_start4 = 4 April 1918 | term_end4 = 26 May 1921 | predecessor4 = [[Valerian Obolensky]] | successor4 = [[Pyotr Bogdanov]] | office5 = 1st Chairman of the [[Supreme Soviet of the National Economy|Supreme Council of National Economy]] of the USSR | term_start5 = 6 July 1923 | term_end5 = 2 February 1924 | predecessor5 = Office established | successor5 = [[Felix Dzerzhinsky]] | office6 = 1st [[List of ministers of internal affairs of Russia|People's Commissar for Internal Affairs of the RSFSR]] | term_start6 = 8 November 1917 | term_end6 = 17 November 1917 | predecessor6 = Office established | successor6 = [[Grigory Petrovsky]] | office7 = Full member of the [[11th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|11th]], [[12th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|12th]], [[13th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|13th]], [[14th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|14th]], [[15th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|15th]], [[16th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|16th]] [[Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Politburo]] | term_start7 = 3 April 1922 | term_end7 = 21 December 1930 | office8 = Member of the [[10th Orgburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|10th]], [[11th Orgburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|11th]], [[12th Orgburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|12th]] [[Orgburo]] | term_start8 = 16 March 1921 | term_end8 = 2 June 1924 | office9 = Full member of the [[Central Committee elected by the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|9th]], [[Central Committee elected by the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|10th]], [[Central Committee elected by the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|11th]], [[Central Committee elected by the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|12th]], [[Central Committee elected by the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|13th]], [[Central Committee elected by the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|14th]], [[Central Committee elected by the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|15th]], [[Central Committee elected by the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|16th]] [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Central Committee]] | term_start9 = 5 April 1920 | term_end9 = 10 February 1934 | office10 = Candidate member of the [[Central Committee elected by the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|17th]] Central Committee | term_start10 = 10 February 1934 | term_end10 = 12 October 1937 | birth_name = Alexei Ivanovich Rykov | birth_date = {{birth date|1881|2|25|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Saratov]], Russian Empire | death_date = {{death date and age|1938|3|15|1881|2|25|df=y}} | death_place = Moscow, Soviet Union | death_cause = [[Execution by firing squad]] | children = Natalia Alekseevna Rykova (1917–2010)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://4sale.ntv.ru/eng/item/11140/series/ |title=''Kremlin Children'' |access-date=2011-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004193032/http://4sale.ntv.ru/eng/item/11140/series/ |archive-date=2011-10-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | party = [[RSDLP]] (1898–1903) <br/>[[Russian Social Democratic Labor Party|RSDLP (Bolsheviks)]] {{nowrap|(1903–1918)}} <br/>[[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Russian Communist Party]] (1918–1937) | signature = Alexei Rykov signature.svg | alma_mater = [[University of Kazan]] (did not graduate) }}
'''Alexei Ivanovich Rykov'''{{family name footnote|Ivanovich|Rykov|lang=Eastern Slavic}}{{efn|{{langx|ru|Алексей Иванович Рыков}}}} (25 February 1881{{spaced ndash}}15 March 1938) was a Russian [[Bolshevik]] [[revolutionary]] and a [[Soviet]] politician and statesman, most prominent as [[premier of Russia]] and the [[Premier of the Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] from 1924 to 1929 and 1924 to 1930 respectively.<ref name=Rykov>{{cite web|url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/rus/rus_govt1/rykov.php|title=''Aleksey Ivanovich Rykov'' biography—Archontology}}</ref> He was one of the accused in [[Joseph Stalin]]'s show trials during the [[Great Purge]].
Rykov joined the [[Russian Social Democratic Labour Party]] in 1898. After it split into Bolshevik and [[Menshevik]] factions in 1903, he joined the Bolshevik faction led by [[Vladimir Lenin]]. Months prior to the [[October Revolution]] of 1917, he became a member of the [[Petrograd Soviet|Petrograd]] and Moscow Soviets and was elected to the Bolshevik Party [[Central Committee]] during the [[6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)|Sixth Congress of the Bolshevik Party]].<ref name=Rykov/> Rykov, a moderate, often came into political conflict with Lenin and more radical Bolsheviks but proved influential when the October Revolution finally overthrew the [[Russian Provisional Government]]. He served in many roles in the new government, starting October–November ([[Old Style]]) as [[People's Commissar for Internal Affairs]] on the first roster of the [[Council of People's Commissars]] (Sovnarkom) [[Chairman|chair]]ed by [[Lenin]].<ref name=Rykov/>
During the [[Russian Civil War]] (1918–1923), Rykov oversaw the implementation of the "[[War Communism]]" economic policy, and helped oversee the distribution of food to the [[Red Army]] and the [[Red Navy]]. After Lenin was incapacitated by his third stroke in March 1923 Rykov and [[Lev Kamenev]] were elected by the Sovnarkom to serve as [[Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union|deputy premiers of the Soviet Union]]. When Lenin died in January 1924, Rykov was chosen in February by the Council of People's Commissars as premier of both the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] and of the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name=Rykov/> In December 1930 he was removed from the [[Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Politburo]].<ref name=Rykov/> From 1931 to 1937, Rykov served as People's Commissar of Communications on the council he formerly chaired. In February 1937 at a meeting of the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Central Committee]], he was arrested with [[Nikolai Bukharin]].<ref name=Rykov/> In March 1938, both were found guilty of treason and executed.<ref name=Rykov/>
==Biography== ===Early life (1881–1900)=== Alexei Ivanovich Rykov was born on 25 February 1881 in [[Saratov]], [[Russian Empire|Russia]].<ref name=Rykov/> His parents were ethnic Russian peasants from the village of [[Kukarka]] (located in the province [[Kirov Oblast|Vyatka]]). Alexei's father, Ivan Illych Rykov, a farmer whose work had led the family to settle in Saratov died in 1889 from [[cholera]] while working in [[Merv]]. His widowed stepmother could not care for him, so he was cared for by his older sister, Klavdiya Ivanovna Rykova, an officeworker for the [[Ryazan]]-[[Oral, Kazakhstan|Uralsk]] railroad. In 1892 he began his first year of middle school in Saratov. An outstanding student, he started high school at age 13. He excelled in mathematics, physics and the natural sciences.{{citation needed|date=March 2026}} At 15 Rykov stopped attending church and confession, and renounced his faith. He graduated from high school in 1900 and enrolled at the [[University of Kazan]] to study law, which he did not complete.
===Pre-Revolution political activity (1898–1917)=== Rykov joined the [[Russian Social Democratic Labour Party]] (RSDLP) in 1898 and supported its [[Bolshevik]] faction when the party split into Bolsheviks and [[Mensheviks]] at its [[2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party|Second Congress]] in 1903.<ref name=Rykov/> He worked as a Bolshevik agent in [[Moscow]] and [[Saint Petersburg]] and played an active role in the [[Russian Revolution of 1905]]. He was elected a member of the [[CPSU Central Committee|Party's Central Committee]] at its [[3rd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party|3rd Congress]] (boycotted by the [[Menshevik]]s) in [[London]] in 1905 and its [[4th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party|4th Congress]] in [[Stockholm]] in 1906. He was elected candidate (non-voting) member of the Central Committee at the [[5th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party|5th Congress]] in London.
Initially supportive of Bolshevik leader [[Vladimir Lenin]] in the 1908–09 struggle with [[Alexander Bogdanov]] for the leadership of the Bolshevik faction, Rykov voted to expel the latter at the June 1909 mini-conference in [[Paris]]. He spent 1910–11 exiled in [[France]], and in 1912 expressed reproach towards Lenin's proposal that the Bolsheviks become an independent party.<ref name=Rykov/> The dispute was interrupted by Rykov's exile to [[Siberia]] for revolutionary activity.
===Revolution and Civil War (1917–1920)=== Rykov returned from Siberia after the [[February Revolution]] of 1917 and re-joined the Bolsheviks, although he remained skeptical of their more radical inclinations. He became a member of the [[Petrograd Soviet]] and the Moscow Soviet. At the [[6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)|6th Congress of the Bolshevik Party]] in July–August 1917 he was elected to the Central Committee.<ref name=Rykov/> During the [[October Revolution of 1917]], he was a member of the Military Revolutionary Committee in Moscow.
After the revolution, Rykov was appointed [[People's Commissar]] of Internal Affairs. On 29 October 1917 (Old Style), immediately after the Bolshevik seizure of power, the executive committee of the national railroad labor union, ''[[Vikzhel]]'', threatened a national strike unless the Bolsheviks shared power with other socialist parties and dropped Lenin and [[Leon Trotsky]] from the government. [[Grigori Zinoviev]], [[Lev Kamenev]], and their allies in the Bolshevik Central Committee argued that the Bolsheviks had no choice but to start negotiations since a railroad strike would cripple their government's ability to fight the forces that were still loyal to the overthrown [[Russian Provisional Government, 1917|Provisional Government]]. Although Zinoviev, Kamenev, and Rykov briefly had the support of a Central Committee majority and negotiations were started, a quick collapse of the anti-Bolshevik forces outside [[Petrograd]] allowed Lenin and Trotsky to convince the Central Committee to abandon the negotiating process. In response Rykov, [[Grigory Zinoviev|Zinoviev]], [[Kamenev]], [[Vladimir Milyutin]], and [[Victor Nogin]] resigned from the Central Committee and from the government on 17 November 1917 .<ref name = Rykov/>
On 3 April 1918 Rykov was appointed Chairman of the [[Supreme Council of National Economy]] and served in that capacity throughout the [[Russian Civil War]]. On 5 July 1919, he also became a member of the reorganized Revolutionary Military Council, where he remained until October 1919. From July 1919 and until August 1921, he was also a special representative of the [[Council of Labor and Defense]] for food supplies for the Red Army and Navy. Rykov was elected to the Communist Party Central Committee on 5 April 1920 after the [[9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|9th Party Congress]] and became a member of its [[Orgburo]], where he remained until 23 May 1924.<ref name=Rykov/>
===Post-Civil War and rise to leadership (1920–1927)=== [[File:Alexei Rykov and Vladimir Lenin.jpg|thumb|left|Alexei Rykov and [[Vladimir Lenin]], 3 October 1922]] Once the Bolsheviks emerged victorious in the civil war, Rykov resigned his Supreme Council of National Economy post on 28 May 1921.<ref>Anthony Heywood. ''Modernising Lenin's Russia: Economic Reconstruction, Foreign Trade and the Railways'', Cambridge University Press, 1999, {{ISBN|0-521-62178-X}} p. 180.</ref> On 26 May 1921, he was appointed Deputy Chairman of the [[Council of Labor and Defense]] of the Russian SFSR under Lenin. With Lenin increasingly sidelined by ill health, Rykov became his deputy at the Sovnarkom ([[Council of People's Commissars]]) on 29 December. Rykov joined the ruling [[Politburo]] on 3 April 1922, after the [[11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|11th Party Congress]]. A government reorganization in the wake of the formation of the Soviet Union in December 1922 resulted in Rykov's appointment as Chairman of the USSR Supreme Council of National Economy and Deputy Chairman of the USSR Council of People's Commissars on 6 July 1923.
[[File:Stalin Rykov Kamenev Zinoviev 1925 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|[[Joseph Stalin]], General Secretary of the Communist Party. Alexei Rykov, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (Prime Minister). [[Lev Kamenev]], Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (Deputy Prime Minister). [[Grigory Zinoviev]], Chairman of the Comintern's {{not a typo|Executive Committee}}, April 1925]]
After Lenin's death on 21 January 1924 Rykov gave up his position as Chairman of the USSR Supreme Council of National Economy and became [[Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR]] and, simultaneously, of the Sovnarkom of the [[RSFSR]], on 2 February 1924.<ref name=Rykov/>
According to Polish historian, [[Marian Kamil Dziewanowski]], Rykov was placed in the position of [[Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union|Chairman of the Soviet Union]] due to support from Stalin as part of a wider effort to build an alliance in the [[Politburo]]. Dziewanowski argued that Trotsky rather than Rykov would have been the natural successor to Lenin had he accepted the position of [[Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union|Vice Chairman]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dziewanowski |first1=M. K. |title=Russia in the twentieth century |date=2003 |publisher=Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Prentice Hall |isbn=978-0-13-097852-3 |page=162 |url=https://archive.org/details/russiaintwentiet0000dzie/page/162/mode/1up?view=theater}}</ref>
[[File:Rykov - Time magazine.jpg|thumb|left|Rykov on cover of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' 14 July 1924]]
Along with [[Nikolai Bukharin]] and [[Mikhail Tomsky]], Rykov led the moderate wing of the Communist Party in the 1920s, promoting a partial restoration of the market economy under [[New Economic Policy|NEP]] policies. The moderates supported [[Joseph Stalin]], [[Grigory Zinoviev]], and [[Lev Kamenev]] against [[Leon Trotsky]] and the [[Left Opposition]] in 1923–24. After Trotsky's defeat and Stalin's break with Zinoviev and Kamenev in 1925, Rykov, Bukharin and Tomsky supported Stalin against the [[United Opposition (Soviet Union)|United Opposition]] of Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev in 1926–27. After Kamenev voiced opposition to Stalin at the [[14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|14th Party Congress]] in December 1925, he lost his position as Chairman of the Soviet Council of Labor and Defense—which he had assumed from Lenin following Lenin's death—and was replaced by Rykov on 19 January 1926.
Under his leadership vodka was heavily taxed, and became known as "Rykovka". Some of his political opponents claimed that he was a heavy drinker,<ref>{{YouTube|A1l9C3vv_s4|clip documenting Rykov's terms as Soviet Premier, and as Commissar of Communications (Russian language)}}</ref> but in reality he was an abstainer.<ref>[https://archive.today/20121210053549/http://vk.com/video59869336_143345777?noiphone Russian documentary series "The Kremlin's Children": Natal'ya Rykova (a fragment of his attitude to alcohol starts in 11:50)]</ref>
===Rise of Stalin and demise (1927–1938)=== [[File:Rykov Stalin Voroshilov 1928.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Alexei Rykov, [[Joseph Stalin]] and [[Klim Voroshilov]], February 1928]]
Rykov's Premiership encompassed drastic change in the power structure of the Soviet Union. From 1924 to 1930 the role of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]]—informally led by Stalin who, as [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|General Secretary]], controlled Party membership—increasingly usurped powers from the legitimate governmental structures. Although an exact date cannot be given for [[Stalin's rise to power]], the [[United Opposition (Soviet Union)|United Opposition]]—which consisted of Kamenev, Zinoviev, and Trotsky—was defeated and its followers were expelled from the Party by December 1927. After the defeat of the United Opposition, Stalin adopted more radical policies and came into conflict with the moderate wing of the party. The two factions maneuvered behind the scenes throughout 1928. In February–April 1929 the conflict came to a head and the moderates, branded the [[Right Opposition]], or "Rightists", were defeated and forced to "admit their mistakes" in November 1929. Rykov lost his position as Premier of the Russian SFSR to [[Sergey Syrtsov (politician)|Sergei Syrtsov]] on 18 May 1929, but retained his other two posts. On 19 December 1930, after admitting another round of "mistakes", he was replaced by [[Vyacheslav Molotov]] as both Soviet Premier and Chairman of the [[Council of Labor and Defense]]. Two days later, Rykov was expelled from the [[Politburo]], taking with him any chance of political advancement.<ref name=Rykov/>
[[File:Samsonov Rykov Bukharin.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.2|Photo Reporter Samsonov shows his camera to Alexei Rykov and [[Nikolai Bukharin]], 1928]]
On 30 March 1931, Rykov was appointed [[People's Commissariat for Posts and Telegraphs of the RSFSR|People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs]], a position that he continued to occupy after the Commissariat was reorganized as [[People's Commissariat for Communications of the USSR]] in January 1932. On 10 February 1934, he was demoted to a candidate (non-voting) member of the Party's [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Central Committee]]. On 26 September 1936, in the wake of accusations made at the first [[Moscow Show Trial]] against Kamenev and Zinoviev, and Tomsky's suicide, Rykov lost his position as People's Commissar of Communications, but retained his membership in the Central Committee.
=== Trial and death === [[File:RykovBucharin.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|Bukharin and Rykov, shortly before the trial in 1938.]] [[File:Приговор Бухарину 1937.JPG|thumb|left|The verdict at the Trial of the Twenty-One.]] Expecting the worst, Rykov nearly decided to follow the example of his close friend Mikhail Tomsky and preempt arrest by committing suicide, but was convinced otherwise by his family.<ref name=Rappaport> {{cite book |last1=Rappaport |first1=Helen |chapter=Aleksey Ivanovich Rykov |title= Joseph Stalin: A Biographical Companion |year=1999 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lsKClpnX8qwC&pg=PA238 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |publication-date=1999 |page=238 |isbn=9781576070840 }}</ref> As Stalin's [[Great Purge]] intensified in early 1937, Rykov and Bukharin were expelled from the Communist Party and arrested at the February–March 1937 meeting of the Central Committee on 27 February. On 13 March 1938, at the [[Trial of the Twenty-One]], Rykov, Bukharin, [[Nikolay Krestinsky]], [[Christian Rakovsky]], [[Genrikh Yagoda]], and sixteen other Soviet officials were found guilty of treason (having plotted with Trotsky against Stalin) and sentenced to death by the [[Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union|Military Collegium]]. Rykov wrote a letter to the collegium requesting clemency but failed to get them to overturn the verdict.<ref name=Rykov/><ref name="Rykov's Letter">{{cite web|last1=Rykov|first1=Alexei|title=Rykov's last plea.|url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/a2rykov.html|website=Library of Congress.|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=4 October 2016|ref=RykovLetter}}</ref> Rykov was executed by firing squad on March 14, 1938, after being found guilty of treason and other charges.<ref name=Rappaport/>
=== Family === Rykov's wife, Nina Semyonova, née Marshak, was arrested in 1937.<ref>{{cite web |title=Рыкова Алексей Иванович (1881–1938) |url=https://nkvd.tomsk.ru/researches/passional/rykova-aleksej-ivanovich/ |website=Мемориальный музей "следстдвенная тюрьма НКВД" |access-date=13 January 2023}}</ref> [[Yevgenia Ginzburg]], who was also arrested in 1937, recorded being approached inside [[Butyrka prison]] by "a woman of about 55, with an expression of acute suffering on her face" who demanded: "Have they tried them yet? They've shot them, haven't they?" Ginzburg was told this was Rykov's wife, vainly seeking news of her husband.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ginzburg |first1=Evgenia S. |title=Into the Whirlwind |date=1968 |publisher=Penguin |location=Harmondsworth, Middlesex |page=120}}</ref> Nina Rykov was shot on 4 March 1938.<ref name="list">{{cite web |title=Рыкова Наталья Алексеевна (1916) |url=https://ru.openlist.wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_(1916) |website=Октрытый список (Open List) |access-date=13 January 2023}}</ref>
Their daughter Natalya, born 1916, worked for the NKVD as a teacher until her father's arrest, when she was sent into administrative exile in [[Tomsk Oblast|Tomsk]], where she was arrested on 1 March 1938 and sentenced to eight years in the [[gulag]] for 'anti-soviet agitation'. On completing her sentence in 1946, she was sentenced to five years exile in East Kazakhstan, but before that had expired, she was arrested again and exiled to the [[Yenisey]] region of [[Krasnoyarsk Krai|Krasnoyarsk]].<ref name="list" /> In exile, she underwent two operations for cancer,<ref name="Rykova">{{cite web |last1=Rykova |first1=Natalya |title=Письмо Н.А. Рыковой Н.С. Хрущеву. 1 февраля 1954 г. (Letter from N.A.Rykova to N.S.Khrushchev 1 February 1954) |url=https://istmat.org/node/57821 |website=Реабилитация: как это было. Документы Президиума ЦК КПСС и другие материалы. Март 1953 — февраль 1956. |publisher=Международный фонд "демократия" Moscow |access-date=13 January 2023}}</ref> could not work, and had to depend on her husband, Walter Perli (1907–1961), a former officer in the Estonian army, arrested during the Soviet occupation of Estonia in 1940, whom she married in exile in June 1949.<ref name="list" /> Perli, who worked as an accountant, also financially supported Nina Rykova's elderly sister, Yelena Tolmacheva, until he was admitted to hospital with tuberculosis.<ref name="Rykova" /> She was released in September 1954, after 16 years prison and exile.
=== Rehabilitation === The [[Soviet government]] annulled the verdict in 1988 and [[Rehabilitation (Soviet)|rehabilitated]] him during the [[perestroika]]. Rykov was then reinstated in the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]].
==See also== * [[Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War]] * [[Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union]]
==Notes== {{notelist}}
==Citations== {{Reflist|28em}}
==External links== * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Alexei Rykov}} * {{PM20|FID=pe/015237}} {{Commons category|Alexei Rykov}} {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{succession box|title= [[Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR]] | before=[[Vladimir Lenin]]|after=[[Vyacheslav Molotov]]|years=1924–30}} {{succession box|title=[[Premier of the Soviet Union|Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR]] | before=[[Vladimir Lenin]]|after=[[Sergey Syrtsov (politician)|Sergei Syrtsov]]|years=1924–29}} {{s-ach}} {{s-bef|before=[[James Stillman Rockefeller]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[List of covers of Time magazine (1920s)|Cover of ''Time'' magazine]] |years=14 July 1924}} {{s-aft|after=[[Gaston Doumergue]]}} {{end}}
{{Navboxes | title = Articles related to Alexei Rykov | state = collapsed | list1 = {{USSRpremier}} {{Prime Ministers of Russia}} {{16th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)}} {{15th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)}} {{14th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)}} {{13th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)}} {{12th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)}} {{11th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)}} }} {{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rykov, Alexei}} [[Category:1881 births]] [[Category:1938 deaths]] [[Category:Politicians from Saratov]] [[Category:People from Saratovsky Uyezd]] [[Category:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members]] [[Category:Old Bolsheviks]] [[Category:Russian Constituent Assembly members]] [[Category:Heads of government of the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Deputy heads of government of the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Russian communists]] [[Category:Russian Marxists]] [[Category:Russian deists]] [[Category:Right Opposition]] [[Category:Members of the Orgburo of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]] [[Category:Members of the Orgburo of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]] [[Category:Members of the Orgburo of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]] [[Category:Members of the Orgburo of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]] [[Category:Members of the Politburo of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]] [[Category:Members of the Politburo of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]] [[Category:Members of the Politburo of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]] [[Category:Members of the Politburo of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]] [[Category:Members of the Politburo of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]] [[Category:Members of the Politburo of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]] [[Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 3rd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party]] [[Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 1st Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party]] [[Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 4th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party]] [[Category:Candidates of the Central Committee of the 5th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party]] [[Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)]] [[Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]] [[Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]] [[Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]] [[Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]] [[Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]] [[Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]] [[Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]] [[Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]] [[Category:Candidates of the Central Committee of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]] [[Category:People's commissars and ministers of the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner]] [[Category:Case of the Anti-Soviet "Bloc of Rightists and Trotskyites"]] [[Category:Great Purge victims from Russia]] [[Category:Executed prime ministers]] [[Category:Soviet rehabilitations]] [[Category:Soviet show trials]] [[Category:People's commissars and ministers of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] [[Category:Signatories of the Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] [[Category:Deputies of Mossoviet]]