Al-Khasibi

{{short description|Scholar of Alawi sect}} {{Infobox religious biography | honorific-prefix = | name = Al-Khasibi | honorific-suffix = | native_name = الخصيبي | native_name_lang = ar | image = | alt = | caption = | lineage = | religion = Alawism | temple = | order = | institute = | church =  | founder = | philosophy = | known_for = | education = | alma_mater = | other_names =  | dharma_names =  | monastic_name = | pen_name = | posthumous_name = | nationality = | flourished = | home_town = | birth_name = | birth_date = 873 | birth_place = | death_date = 968<ref name=date-of-death/> | death_place = | death_cause = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates =  | spouse = | partner = | children = | parents = | mother = | father = | location = | title = | period = | consecration = | predecessor = | successor = {{nowrap|Muhammad ibn Ali al-Jilli}}<ref name=Friedman-Iranica/> | reason = | rank = | teacher = Ibn Nusayr | reincarnation_of = | students =  | initiated = {{plainlist| *Ali ibn Isa al-Jisri *Hasan ibn Shu'ba<ref name=Friedman-Iranica/> }} | works =  | ordination = | initiation = | initiation_date = | initiation_place = | initiator = | profession = | previous_post = | present_post = | post = | signature = | background =  }}

'''Abu Abd Allah al-Husayn ibn Hamdan al-Junbalani al-Khasibi'''{{efn|{{langx|ar|أبو عبد الله الحسين بن حمدان الجنبلائي الخصيبي|Abu ʿAbd-Allāh al-Ḥusayn ibn Ḥamdān al-Junbalānī al-Khaṣībī}}}} (873-968), commonly known simply as '''al-Khasibi''', was a religious leader and missionary who played a central role in the development of the Nuṣayrī (later known as the Alawite) sect in Iraq and Syria.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Friedman |first=Yaron |last2=Frieman |first2=Yaron |date=2001 |title=al-Husayn ibn Hamdân al-Khasîbî: A Historical Biography of the Founder of the Nusayrî-'Alawite Sect |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1596110 |journal=Studia Islamica |issue=93 |pages=91–112 |doi=10.2307/1596110 |issn=0585-5292|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Al-Khaṣībī originated from ''Jonbalā'', a village situated between Kufa and Wasit in Iraq, which was the center of the Qarmatians.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Hanna Batatu|title=Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics|date=17 Sep 2012|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400845842|page=18}}</ref> He was a member of a well-educated family with close ties to eleventh Twelver Imam Hasan al-Askari and a scholar of the Alawites, also known as Nusayris, which is now{{When|date=April 2026}} present in Syria, southern Turkey and northern Lebanon.<ref name="Friedman-Iranica">{{harvnb|Friedman|2008–2012}}.</ref><ref name="date-of-death">{{harvnb|Friedman|2008–2012}}; {{harvnb|Friedman|2016}}. The ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' cites 957 or 968 as two possible dates for his death.</ref>

thumb|Egyptian manuscript from 1508 of a work by al-Khasibi. For some time (the specific duration is unknown), al-Khaṣībī was imprisoned in Baghdad on accusations of Qarmatian affiliation. According to the Alawites, after settling in Aleppo, under the rule of the Shia Hamdanid dynasty, he gained the support and aid of its ruler, Sayf al-Dawla, in spreading his teachings. He later dedicated his book ''Kitab al-Hidaya al-Kubra'' to his patron. He died in Aleppo and his tomb, which became a shrine, is inscribed with the name Shaykh Yabraq.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Matti Moosa|title=Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects|date=1987|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=9780815624110|pages=264, 266}}</ref>

He taught several unique beliefs (especially in Risalah Ristpashiyah), including that Jesus was every one of the prophets from Adam to Muhammad as well as other figures such as Socrates, Plato and some ancestors of Muhammad, and that other historical figures were the incarnations of Ali and Salman al-Farisi.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Matti Moosa|title=Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects|date=1987|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=9780815624110|pages=263–4}}</ref>

He and his works were praised by the Iranian Shiʿite scholar Muhammad Baqir Majlisi.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Friedman|first1=Yaron|title=The Nuṣayrī-ʿAlawīs: An Introduction to the Religion, History and Identity of the Leading Minority in Syria|date=2010|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=9789004178922|page=26}}</ref>

==Exposure to Nusayri doctrine==

Al-Khasibi's first exposure to the teachings of Ibn Nusayr was through ʿAbdallāh al-Jannān, who was a student of Muḥammad ibn Jundab, who was a student of Nusayr himself. Having been initiated into the doctrine through al-Jannān, Khasibi was now al-Jannān's "spiritual son". With the death of al-Jannān, however, al-Khasibi had no means of continuing practice and study of the doctrine. This period of dryness ended later when he encountered an ʿAlī ibn Aḥmad, who claimed to be a direct disciple of Nusayr.

In this manner, al-Khasibi received transmission from both al-Jannān and ʿAlī ibn Aḥmad, thus continuing transmission of the Nusayri doctrine. Khasibi did not necessarily believe he was representative of a splinter, rebel group of the Shias, but rather believed he held the true doctrine of the Shias.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Friedman|first1=Yaron|title=The Nuṣayrī-ʿAlawīs: An Introduction to the Religion, History and Identity of the Leading Minority in Syria|date=2010|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=9789004178922|pages=17–20}}</ref>

During his reign, the founder of the Alawite sect, al-Khasibi, benefited from Sayf al-Dawla's patronage. Al-Khasibi turned Aleppo into the stable centre of his new sect, and sent preachers from there as far as Persia and Egypt with his teachings.

== Hidaya al-Kubra == His main theological work, Kitab al-Hidaya al-Kubra, was dedicated to his Hamdanid patron. Sayf al-Dawla's active promotion of Shi'ism began a process whereby Syria came to host a large Shia population by the 12th century.

Hidaya al-Kubra is largely a collection of Hadiths common to Ismailis and Akhbari Twelver Shi'a. It sources mostly from The Four Books and Daim al-Islam; it also shares many narrations with Bihar al-Anwar, although not sourcing from it.

The work is considered the foundational work of the 'Zahiri canon' of Alawism, which is permitted for Alawite laymen to read, unlike the 'Batini canon,' which is only for initiates and Shaykhs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The History of Nusayris |url=https://scholarworks.uark.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1761&context=etd |access-date=2026-04-16 |website=scholarworks.uark.edu}}</ref>

== Notes == {{Notelist}}

==References== {{reflist}}

==Further reading== *{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Friedman|first1=Yaron|date=2008–2012|title=Ḵaṣibi|editor1-last=Yarshater|editor1-first=Ehsan|editor1-link=Ehsan Yarshater|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/kasibi}} *{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Friedman|first1=Yaron|date=2016|title=al-Khaṣībī, Abū ʿAbdallāh|editor1-last=Fleet|editor1-first=Kate|editor2-last=Krämer|editor2-first=Gudrun|editor2-link=Gudrun Krämer|editor3-last=Matringe|editor3-first=Denis|editor4-last=Nawas|editor4-first=John|editor5-last=Rowson|editor5-first=Everett|editor5-link=Everett K. Rowson|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_30574}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Al-Khasibi}} Category:History of the Alawites Category:10th-century deaths Category:10th-century scholars Category:Year of birth unknown Category:10th century in the Abbasid Caliphate Category:People from the Hamdanid emirate of Aleppo Category:10th-century Arabic-language writers Category:Sayf al-Dawla Category:Ghulat leaders Category:873 births Category:968 deaths Category:Muslim theologians