Issawiya

{{Short description|Palestinian neighborhood in East Jerusalem}} {{pp-extended|small=yes}} thumb|right|250px|Al-Issawiya

thumb|Schematic map of Palestinian neighborhood of Isawiya in relation to other Israeli and Palestinian built-up areas.

'''Al-Issawiya''' ({{langx|ar|العيساوية}}, {{langx|he|עיסאוויה}}, also spelled ''Isawiya'' or ''Isawiyah'') is a Palestinian neighborhood in East Jerusalem.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Jerusalem Blowback in Palestine Is Not What You’d Think |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-jerusalem-blowback-in-palestine-not-what-youd-think/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250518082520/https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-jerusalem-blowback-in-palestine-not-what-youd-think/ |archive-date=2025-05-18 |date=2017-12-15 |access-date=2019-05-31 |work=The Daily Beast |language=en}}</ref> It is located on the eastern slopes of the Mount Scopus ridge. To the east and north, it is bordered by Road 1, which connects Jerusalem with the settlement of Ma’ale Adumim; immediately adjoining it to the north, west and southwest are the Hadassah Medical Center, the Hebrew University campus, the Jewish settlement of French Hill and the Ofarit military base; to the south, there is a planned park, the Mount Scopus slopes national park.{{sfn|B'tselem|2020|p=3}}

In 1945, the village lands encompassed 10,417 dunams.<ref name="B'tselem2020" />

Issawiya is located at the foot of French Hill, northwest of the road to Ma'ale Adumim.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/907562.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122124951/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/907562.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 22, 2008|title=Jerusalem Municipality advancing plan to build 1,900 apartments for Arabs}}</ref> Under the jurisdiction of the Jerusalem Municipality, its citizens are permanent residents of the city, entitled to live and work in Israel without special permits. As permanent residents, they are also entitled to social benefits provided by Bituah Leumi (Israeli National Insurance Institute) and Israeli health insurance.<ref name="thejewishweek">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thejewishweek.com/editorial_opinion/opinion/bridge_over_troubled_land |title=Bridge Over Troubled Land |access-date=2011-09-14 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062907/http://www.thejewishweek.com/editorial_opinion/opinion/bridge_over_troubled_land |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Etymology== Edward Henry Palmer in 1881 thought that the name meant "the place or sect of Jesus (called 'Isa in Arabic)."<ref name=Palmer>Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft/page/283/mode/1up 283]</ref>

==History== A burial cave, with pottery dating to the Early Roman period (first century CE), has been found at Issawiya.<ref>‘Adawi and Abu Raya, 2005, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=95&mag_id=110 Jerusalem, ‘Issawiya, Final Report]</ref>

Two burial chambers were documented in 2003, one dating to the Roman period, the other to the Byzantine era (sixth–eighth centuries CE).<ref>‘Adawi, 2009, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1293&mag_id=115 Jerusalem, Issawiya]</ref> A burial cave with a 4 line inscription in Greek have been examined, the inscription ascribes the tomb to the daughters of the ''Kyros'' family.<ref>Re'em and Abu Raya, 2007, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/Report_Detail_Eng.aspx?id=493&mag_id=112 Jerusalem, ‘Issawiya]</ref>

===Ottoman Empire=== Issawiya, like the rest of Palestine, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, and in the 1560s the revenues of al- Issawiya were designated for the waqf of Hasseki Sultan Imaret in Jerusalem, established by Hasseki Hurrem Sultan (Roxelana), wife of Suleiman the Magnificent.<ref>Singer, 2002, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=zHBHBTNwBQoC&pg=PA126 126].</ref> In the 1596 tax registers it appeared as Isawiyya, in the ''Nahiya'' of Quds of the ''Liwa'' of Quds, with a population of 35 households and 3 bachelors, all Muslim. The villages paid a fixed tax-rate of 33.3% on wheat, barley, olive trees, vineyards, fruit trees, goats and beehives; a total of 6,940 akçe.<ref name=Hutteroth>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 122</ref><ref>Toledano, 1984, p. 289, has ''Ayzariyya'' at location 31°46′20″N 35°14′55″E.</ref>

In 1838 it was noted as "a little village",<ref>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearc00smitgoog#page/n130/mode/1up 198]</ref> located in the ''el Wadiyeh'' region, east of Jerusalem.<ref>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/122/mode/1up 122]</ref> An Ottoman village list from about 1870 found that Issawiya had a population of 178, (or 78), in 29 houses, though the population count included only men.<ref name=Socin155>Socin, 1879, p. [https://archive.org/stream/zeitschriftdesde01deut#page/155/mode/1up 155]</ref><ref>Hartmann, 1883, p. [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ#page/n932/mode/1up 124], noted 30 houses</ref>

In 1883, the Palestine Exploration Fund's ''Survey of Western Palestine'' described El Aisawiyeh as a "small village on the eastern slope of the chain of Olivet, with a spring to the south and a few olives round it."<ref name=SWP27>Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp03conduoft#page/27/mode/1up 27]</ref> Another source states the locals grew vegetables, which were sold in Jerusalem.<ref>Ben-Arieh, Yehoshua. [http://www.ybz.org.il/_Uploads/dbsAttachedFiles/Article_36.8.pdf The Sanjak of Jerusalem in the 1870s.‘] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722211520/http://www.ybz.org.il/_Uploads/dbsAttachedFiles/Article_36.8.pdf |date=2020-07-22 }} in Cathedra, 36. Jerusalem: Yad Yitzhak Ben Zvi. 1985. p. 76</ref>

In 1896 the population was estimated to be about 210 persons.<ref>Schick, 1896, p. [https://archive.org/stream/zeitschriftdesde19deut#page/n228/mode/1up 121]</ref>

=== British Mandate === thumb|’Isawiyeh 1937, with Hebrew University in foreground In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, 'Isawiyeh had a population of 333, all Muslims,<ref name="Census1922">Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jerusalem, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n16/mode/1up 14]</ref> increasing in the 1931 census to a population of 558; 7 Christians and the rest Muslim, occupying 117 houses.<ref name="Census1931">Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 40]</ref>

In the 1945 statistics the population of Issawiya was 730; 720 Muslims and 10 Christians,<ref name=1945p24>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p24.jpg 24]</ref> who owned 10,108 dunams of land while 235 dunams had Jewish owners, according to an official land and population survey.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Jerusalem/Page-057.jpg 57]</ref> 3,291 dunams were used for cereals,<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Jerusalem/Page-102.jpg 102]</ref> while 47 dunams were built-up (urban) land.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Jerusalem/Page-152.jpg 152]</ref>

===Jordan and Israel=== The Mount Scopus Agreement signed on July 7, 1948, regulated the demilitarised zone and authorized the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization to settle disputes between Israel and Jordan. One area of conflict involved two Jewish-owned plots in Issawiya, known as Gan Shlomit or Salomons Garden, which were purchased by V.F. Salomons in 1934 and sold to the Gan Shlomit Company, Ltd. in 1937.<ref name="UN Doc S/4030">[https://web.archive.org/web/20181004004109/https://uniteapps.un.org/dpa/dpr/unispal.nsf/0/B150F4C5505CDA730525650000381049 Note by the Secretary-General], [https://web.archive.org/web/20181004004157/https://uniteapps.un.org/dpa/dpr/unispal.nsf/0/A89735CF4DDA2EF505256502005012FC Addendum], [https://web.archive.org/web/20181004004232/https://uniteapps.un.org/dpa/dpr/unispal.nsf/0/7A4615F8C3F5881B052565060049BEEB Corrigendum], Report of the Firing Incident of May 26, 1958 on Mount Scopus; UN Doc S/4030 17 June 1958</ref>

In 1961, the population was 1,163, according to a Jordanian census.<ref>Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p. [http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensusPages/JordanCensus1961-p23.pdf 23]</ref> In 1964, Issawiya had a population of 1,300. It was located at this time within the Mount Scopus demilitarized zone, an unsupervised demilitarized zone between Jordan and Israel.<ref>"In No Man's Land", Newsweek, Volume 64, Part 2, p.52</ref>

===Israel=== thumb|Issawiya, 2022 thumb|A mosque in Issawiya, 2022 Issawiya has been occupied by Israel since the Six-Day War in 1967. In that year Israel expropriated approximately one quarter of Isawiya's lands (2,230 dunams).<ref name="B'tselem2020" /> In January 1968 it appropriated a further 600 dunams. In 1975, 2,900 dunams of Issawiya land not annexed to Jerusalem were also expropriated as part of the development of Ma'ale Adumim. Some 100 dunams were then confiscated in 1982 to build route 1. From the mid eighties to the early 2000s Israel also reclassified another 3,800 dunams of Issawiya land not under cultivation as Israeli state land, and, in 2002 seized another 45 dunams to establish the Metzudat Adumim Border Police base, a measure which blocked Issawiya residents from accessing the little arable land left to them. By 2020, a development plan for an interchange near the eastern entrance to the village foresaw a prohibition on Issawiya residents from using a further 90 dunams. The Israel Nature and Parks Authority, together with the Jerusalem Municipal Council plans also to expropriate approximately a further 900 dunams, 450 for the Mount Scopus Slopes National Park and 450 for a construction-waste and dirt landfill.<ref name="B'tselem2020" />

B'tselem has claimed that since the beginning of the occupation Israel has taken 90% of Isawiya's land, using a variety of devices from outright expropriation, declaring areas “state land” to military seizure.<ref name="B'tselem2020" >Eyal Hareuveni, [https://www.btselem.org/sites/default/files/publications/202005_this_is_jerusalem_violence_and_dispossession_in_al_esawiyah_eng.pdf 'This is Jerusalem: Violence and Dispossession in al-‘Esawiyah'], B'tselem May 2020 p.7.</ref><ref>Gideon Levy, Alex Levac, [https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2021-03-18/ty-article-magazine/.premium/police-fired-skunk-water-cannon-into-palestinian-home-weeks-later-it-still-reeks/0000017f-eff1-d8a1-a5ff-fffb85f00000 'Israeli Police Fired Skunk Water Cannon Into Palestinian Couple's Home. Weeks Later, It Still Reeks'], Haaretz 18 March 2021</ref> According to ARIJ, Issawiya had 1,212 dunums of land confiscated by Israel in order to construct various Israeli settlements and expand the Hebrew University: *568 dunums for the Hebrew University in 1968,<ref name=ARIJ14>[http://vprofile.arij.org/jerusalem/pdfs/vprofile/isawyieh.pdf 'Isawiya Town Profile], ARIJ, 2012, p. 14</ref> *394 dunums for Giv’at Shappira (French Hill) in 1968,<ref name=ARIJ14/> *248 dunums for Mishr Adummim in 1974,<ref name=ARIJ14/> *2 dunums for Ma’ale Adummim in 1975.<ref name=ARIJ14/>

It is one of the poorest Jerusalem neighbourhoods.<ref name="B'tselem2020" /> According to B'tselem, citing community leaders, the population is some 22,000 people while planners commissioned by the municipality and the local leadership say there are 3,700 to 4,000 apartments.<ref name="B'tselem2020" /> The average population density is 25 people per dunam, almost three times the 8.9 in French Hill and 3.5 times the average population density in Jerusalem.{{sfn|B'tselem|2020|p=3}} Again, according to the same NGO, since April 2019, Issawiya has been subject to an ongoing campaign of harassment and collective punishment.<ref name="B'tselem2020" /> By 2020, Israeli authorities had issued 136 pending demolition orders for homes in the neighborhood.<ref name="B'tselem2020" />

As of May 2020, for over a year, Special Patrol Unit and Border Police forces regularly enter the neighborhood; "It is evident that the police are not responding to disturbances in the neighborhood, on the contrary. The incursions spark the disturbance and there is compelling evidence that this is precisely the purpose of the nightly raids…" according to FMEP.{{sfn|B'tselem|2020|p=16}}<ref>{{cite news |title=The Baffling Siege of Issawiya|url=https://fmep.org/media/reading/top-news-from-israel-palestine-december-4-2019/|publisher=Foundation for Middle East Peace|date=December 4, 2019|access-date=May 20, 2020}}</ref> Given the purpose, intensity and modality of these operations, they may amount to collective punishment according to human rights organizations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Daily police raids and clashes result in casualties and disruption of daily life in East Jerusalem neighbourhood |url=https://www.ochaopt.org/content/daily-police-raids-and-clashes-result-casualties-and-disruption-daily-life-east-jerusalem#_ftn5|publisher=UN|date= September 6, 2019|access-date= May 20, 2020}}</ref>

==Land registry== Under Jordanian rule, land in Issawiya was registered under the owner's name, but registration stopped in 1967. Residents who apply for building permits are frequently turned down because ownership cannot be proven. Another problem is that land may belong to as many as ten clans. The land would need to be unified and then divided between all residents who claim ownership.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}. Israeli municipal data in 2015 calculated that Issawiya had 1,840 apartments, while a joint planning commission set the current figure (2020) at 3,700-4,000.<ref name="B'tselem2020 " />

==Education== According to the local mukhtar, 800 students in al-Issawiya lack classrooms. This has caused strikes among the students and protests among community leaders and parents. According to the Association for Civil Rights in Israel, the difference in schooling-standard between East and West Jerusalem is "staggering".<ref>[https://www.jpost.com/NationalNews/Article.aspx?id=283136 Isawiya students strike over classroom deficit], 08/30/2012 Jerusalem Post</ref> A girls' school in al-Issawiya is one of five elementary schools in the Jerusalem area that teach philosophy to third-graders as part of a program operating in 70 countries.<ref>[http://my.mli.org.il/Mli_Pdf/Jen%20Glaser%20Philosophy%20for%20Kids%20Haaretz.pdf Ha'aretz pdf article] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305225724/http://my.mli.org.il/Mli_Pdf/Jen%20Glaser%20Philosophy%20for%20Kids%20Haaretz.pdf |date=March 5, 2009 }}</ref> A project sponsored by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem coordinates educational work with youth in Issawiya. Palestinian-Israeli students at the university undergo a training seminar that provides them with the requisite teaching and facilitation skills.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://law.huji.ac.il/eng/merkazim.asp?cat=883&news_id=4969&in=883 |title=Campus-Community Partnership |access-date=2011-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002210816/http://law.huji.ac.il/eng/merkazim.asp?cat=883&news_id=4969&in=883 |archive-date=2011-10-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Economy== Some residents of the neighborhood work at Hadassah Medical Center, located on a hill overlooking the neighborhood.<ref name="thejewishweek"/>

==Sports== In 2005, the Peres Center for Peace inaugurated a synthetic turf soccer field in Issawiya as part of the Twinned Peace Soccer School project.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3188124,00.html Peres Center opens Issawiya soccer field] YNet News.</ref> The soccer field was a priority in 1993 during Teddy Kollek's election year and had been allocated funding at the time, but was finally built with South Korean funding.<ref>Amir S. Cheshin, Bill Hutman, AVI Melamed (2001) ''Separate and Unequal: The Inside Story of Israeli Rule in East Jerusalem'' Harvard University Press, {{ISBN|0-674-00553-8}} p.73</ref>

==See also== *Samer Tariq Issawi

==References== {{reflist|25em}}

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Toledano |title=The Sanjaq of Jerusalem in the Sixteenth Century: Aspects of Topography and Population |url=http://alkindi.ideo-cairo.org/manifestation/61348 |journal=Archivum Ottomanicum |volume=9 |pages=279–319 |date=1984 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |access-date=2017-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305061358/http://alkindi.ideo-cairo.org/manifestation/61348 |url-status=dead }} {{refend}}

==External links== *Survey of Western Palestine, Map 17: [https://web.archive.org/web/20181103051759/http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8379 IAA], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.17.jpg Wikimedia commons] *[http://vprofile.arij.org/jerusalem/pdfs/factsheet/Isawiya_EN.pdf ' Issawiya Town (Fact Sheet)], Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem (ARIJ) *[http://vprofile.arij.org/jerusalem/pdfs/vprofile/isawyieh.pdf 'Isawiya Town Profile], ARIJ *[http://vprofile.arij.org/jerusalem/images/english/Al%20'Isawiya_ap_en.jpg 'Isawiya aerial photo], ARIJ *[http://vprofile.arij.org/jerusalem/pdfs/needsfordevelopment/'Isawiya.pdf Locality Development Priorities and Needs in 'Isawiya], ARIJ *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080123203402/http://www.poica.org/editor/case_studies/view.php?recordID=461 The new Jerusalem Master Plan grabs 250 dunums of 'Issawiya village lands] 01, December, 2004, ARIJ *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110519034402/http://www.poica.org/editor/case_studies/view.php?recordID=1096 Israel expands an Army Military Base East of Al 'Isawiya village] 05, July, 2007, POICA *[https://web.archive.org/web/20181004004730/http://poica.org/2010/03/transferring-660-dunums-into-a-jewish-national-park-in-al-isawiya-town/ Transferring 660 Dunums into a "Jewish National Park" in Al 'Isawiya town] 04, March, 2010, POICA *[https://web.archive.org/web/20181004004926/http://poica.org/2011/12/more-biblical-parks-the-confiscation-of-al-isawiya-and-at-tur-lands/ More "Biblical Parks"… the confiscation of Al 'Isawiya and At Tur lands] 07, December, 2011, POICA

{{Authority control}} {{coord|31|47|55|N|35|14|54|E|display=title|type:city_region:PS}}

Category:Arab neighborhoods in Jerusalem