{{short description|Anglican bishop in Yoruba country (present day Nigeria)}}
{{Use Nigerian English|date=September 2018}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}} {{Infobox Christian leader | type = Bishop | honorific-prefix = The Right Reverend | name = Samuel Ajayi Crowther | title = Primate of all Nigeria | image = Bishop Samuel Ajayi Crowther 1867.png | alt = | caption = Crowther as bishop in 1867 | church = Church of Nigeria | archdiocese = | diocese = | see = Bishop of the Niger{{sfn|DACB}} | term = 1864–1891 | predecessor = | successor = <!-- Orders --> | ordination = | ordinated_by = | consecration = | consecrated_by = | rank = <!-- Personal details --> | birth_date = {{circa|1809}} | birth_place = Osogun, Oyo Empire | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1891|12|31|1809}} | death_place = Lagos, Lagos Colony | previous_post = | education = St Mary's Church,<br />Fourah Bay College,<br/>Oxford University }} '''Samuel Ajayi Crowther''' ({{Pronunciation|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Chikeme Chizurum-Samuel Ajayi Crowther.wav|Listen|help=no}}; {{circa|1809}} – 31 December 1891) was a Yoruba linguist, clergyman, and the first African Anglican bishop of West Africa. Born in Osogun (around Ado Awaye present, Oyo State, Nigeria), he and his family were captured by Fulani slave raiders when he was about twelve years old.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Igbadiwei|first=Ebimoboere|date=8 December 2020|title=Samuel Ajayi Crowther: First African Anglican Bishop in Nigeria|url=https://nigerianhistoryonline.com/samuel-ajayi-crowther-first-african-anglican-bishop-in-nigeria/|access-date=2 June 2021|website=Nigerianhistoryonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> This took place during the Yoruba civil wars, notably the Owu wars of 1821–1829, where his village Osogun was ransacked. Ajayi was later on resold to Portuguese slave dealers,<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=4 Reorganization of the Portuguese Slave Trade 180|date=2019-03-14|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004388079_006|title=The Portuguese Slave Trade in Early Modern Japan|first=Lúcio |last=de Sousa|pages=180–259|publisher=BRILL|doi=10.1163/9789004388079_006|isbn=9789004365803 |s2cid=191868030|access-date=2021-12-31}}</ref> where he was put on board to be transported to the New World through the Atlantic.
Crowther was freed from slavery at a coastal port by the Royal Navy's West Africa Squadron, which was enforcing the British ban against the Atlantic slave trade. The liberated peoples were resettled in Sierra Leone. In Sierra Leone, Ajayi adopted the English name Samuel Crowther, and began his education in English.<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 April 2021|title=Ajayi Crowther: Legacies of a legend|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/ajayi-crowther-legacies-of-a-legend/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2 June 2021|newspaper=The Sun|language=en-US}}</ref> He adopted Christianity and also identified with Sierra Leone's then ascendant Krio ethnic group. He studied languages and was ordained as a minister in England, where he was later conferred an honorary doctoral degree from Oxford University. He prepared a Yoruba grammar and translation of the Anglican ''Book of Common Prayer'' into Yoruba, also working on a Yoruba version of the Bible, as well as other language projects.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Samuel Ajayi Crowther, 1890 · Slavery Images|url=http://slaveryimages.org/s/yorubadiaspora/item/3339|access-date=2 June 2021|website=slaveryimages.org|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215526/http://slaveryimages.org/s/yorubadiaspora/item/3339|url-status=dead}}</ref>
== Biography == A grandson of King Abiodun,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ihuanedo.ning.com/forum/topics/yoruba-enslavement-of-african|title=Yoruba Enslavement of African Ancestors, Major Blocks on W.African Transatlantic Slave Trade|last1=Posted by Otedo News Update on 23 February|first1=2011 at 9:58pm in Useful info|last2=Discussions|first2=View|website=ihuanedo.ning.com|language=en|access-date=22 January 2020|archive-date=25 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125005756/http://ihuanedo.ning.com/forum/topics/yoruba-enslavement-of-african|url-status=dead}}</ref> through his mother, Afala, Ajayi was around 12 years old when he and his family were captured, along with his entire village, by Fulani slave raiders in March 1821 and sold to Portuguese slave traders. His mother Afala, who was later baptized with the name Hannah, toddler brother, and other family members were among the captives. His father, Ayemi, was most likely killed in the raid of his village or shortly afterwards.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Crowther, Samuel Adjai [or Ajayi] (c. 1807–1891) {{!}} History of Missiology|url=https://www.bu.edu/missiology/missionary-biography/c-d/crowther-samuel-adjai-or-ajayi-c-1807-1891/|access-date=2 June 2021|website=www.bu.edu}}</ref>
The British outlawed the Atlantic slave trade in 1807 and used their navy to patrol the coast of Africa. During that period, Spain and Portugal still allowed the Atlantic slave trade in their colonies in the Americas. Before the slave ship left port for the Americas, it was boarded by crew from a British Royal Navy ship under the command of Captain Henry Leeke. They freed the captives, and took Ajayi and his family to Freetown, Sierra Leone, where they were resettled by local authorities.{{sfn|Falola|Usman|2009|p=67}}
While in Sierra Leone, Crowther was cared for by the Anglican Church Missionary Society (CMS) and was taught how to read and write English. Due to his remarkable intellectual qualities, Ajayi was sent to school, and within a short time, he was able to read the Bible with ease. He converted to Christianity. On 11 December 1825 he was baptized by John Raban,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Walls|first=Andrew|date=January 1992|title=The legacy of Samuel Ajayi Crowther|url=http://www.internationalbulletin.org/issues/1992-01/1992-01-015-walls.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425034603/http://www.internationalbulletin.org/issues/1992-01/1992-01-015-walls.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=25 April 2015|journal=International Bulletin of Missionary Research|pages=16}}</ref> naming himself after Samuel Crowther, vicar of Christ Church, Newgate, London, and one of the pioneers of the CMS.{{sfn|DACB}} thumb|upright|In Niger Territory, 1888
While in Freetown, Crowther became interested in languages. In 1826 he was taken to England to attend the school of St Mary's Church<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-04-07 |title=Our heroes past: Samuel Ajayi Crowther |url=https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/our-heroes-past-samuel-ajayi-crowther/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-03-08 |newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-US}}</ref> in Islington, which had established a connection with free Africans in the 18th century. He returned to Freetown in 1827. He was the first student admitted to the newly opened Fourah Bay College,{{sfn|Herskovits|1965|p=35}} an Anglican missionary school. Because of his interest in language, he studied Latin and Greek of the classical curriculum, but also Temne of West Africa. After completing his studies, Crowther began teaching at the school.<ref name=":0" />
Crowther's missionary journey to Yoruba country (present day Nigeria) began in 1841. He represented the missionary arm of the Niger Expedition,<ref>{{Citation|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139004398.005|work=Niger Flora|pages=73–88|editor-last=Hooker|editor-first=William Jackson|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9781139004398.005|access-date=2021-12-31|title=Botany of the Niger Expedition|year=2011|isbn=9781139004398|url-access=subscription}}</ref> alongside Rev. J. F. Schön. Crowther was ordained a priest and selected for the CMS<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Hetherwick, Rev. Alexander, (12 April 1860 – 3 April 1939), late Head of Church of Scotland Mission, Blantyre, Nyasaland|date=2007-12-01|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u211173|title=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u211173|access-date=2021-12-31}}</ref> project in the Yoruba mission on his second visit to England in 1843, after his brilliant account of the expedition and the rare qualities he displayed. In 1846, Crowther and Rev. Townsend opened the CMS mission in Abeokuta. During the 1854 Niger Expedition, Crowther had a hand in the founding of the missions in Niger.
== Marriage and family == Crowther married a schoolmistress, Asano (i.e. Hassana; she was formerly Muslim), baptised Susan. She had also been liberated from a Portuguese slave ship as mentioned in Crowther's 1837 letter.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ajayi Crowther's 182-year old letter: How I was captured, sold into slavery |url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2019/08/25/ajayi-crowthers-182-year-old-letter-how-i-was-captured-sold-into-slavery/ |first=Ademola|last= Adegbamigbe|website=The News Nigeria|date=25 August 2019 }}</ref> He writes: "She was captured by His Majesty's ship Bann, Captain Charles Phillips, on the 31st October 1822." Asano was therefore among the captives resettled in Sierra Leone. She had also converted to Christianity. Their several children included Dandeson Coates Crowther,{{sfn|Buckland|1901}} who later entered the ministry and in 1891 became archdeacon of the Niger Delta.<ref name="TheTimes1891" />
Their second daughter, Abigail, married Thomas Babington Macaulay, a junior associate.<ref name=DACB-1 /> Their son and Crowther's grandson, Herbert Macaulay, became one of the first Nigerian nationalists.
== Mission == [[File:St Mark, Westmoreland Road, Bromley - Window - geograph.org.uk - 1766683.jpg|thumb|Stained glass window in St Mark's Church, Bromley, with Crowther on the left, next to John Patteson and Vedanayagam Samuel Azariah. Below Crowther is a depiction of his mission.]]
Crowther was selected to accompany the missionary James Schön on the Niger expedition of 1841.{{sfn|Church Missionary Society|1896|pp=23-64}} Together with Schön, he was expected to learn Hausa for use on the expedition. Its goal was to stimulate commerce, teach agricultural techniques, encourage Christianity, and help end the slave trade. Following the expedition, Crowther was recalled to England, where he was trained as a minister and ordained by the Bishop of London. Schön wrote to the Church Missionary Society noting Crowther's usefulness and ability on the expedition, recommending that he be prepared for ordination.{{sfn|Page|1888|p=64}}
Crowther returned to Africa in 1843 and, with Henry Townsend, opened a mission in Abeokuta, in today's Ogun State, Nigeria.{{sfn|Buckland|1901}}
Crowther began translating the Bible into Yoruba and compiling a Yoruba dictionary. In 1843, his grammar book, on which he had begun working during the Niger expedition, was published. A Yoruba version of the Anglican ''Book of Common Prayer'' followed later. Crowther also compiled ''A Vocabulary of the Yoruba Language'',{{sfn|Crowther|Vidal|1852}} including a large number of local proverbs, published in London in 1852.
Following the British Niger Expeditions of 1854 and 1857, Crowther authored and published an Igbo primer in 1857. He published one for the Nupe language in 1860, and a full grammar and vocabulary of Nupe in 1864.{{sfn|Oluniyi|2017|p=132}}
Crowther had become a close associate and friend of Captain James Pinson Labulo Davies, an influential politician, mariner, philanthropist and industrialist in colonial Lagos.{{sfn|Elebute|2013|p=169}} The two men collaborated on social initiatives in Lagos, such as the founding of The Academy (a social and cultural center for public enlightenment) on 24 October 1866. Crowther was the first patron and Captain J. P. L. Davies was the first president.{{sfn|Adedeji|1971|pp=25–45}}
== Merits == In 1864, Crowther was ordained as the first African bishop of the Anglican Church; he was consecrated a bishop on St Peter's day in 1864, by Charles Longley, Archbishop of Canterbury, at Canterbury Cathedral.<ref name= "ChurchTimes" /> The licence from Queen Victoria for Crowther's consecration as a bishop authorised and empowered him "Bishop of the United Church of England and Ireland in the said countries in Western Africa beyond the limits of our dominions."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://anglicanhistory.org/africa/crowther/page1892/10.html|title = Samuel Crowther: The Slave Boy Who Became Bishop of the Niger, by Jesse Page (c. 1892)|website=Project Canterbury}}</ref> He had continued his studies and later received the degree of Doctor of Divinity from the University of Oxford.<ref name="WatObs" /> He later met Queen Victoria and read the Lord's prayer to her in Yoruba, which she described as soft and melodious.<ref name="BBCWS" />
In March 1881, he and his son Dandeson Crowther attended a conference on the island of Madeira, in the Atlantic Ocean west of Morocco. Crowther had begun to work in languages other than Yoruba, but he continued to supervise the translation of the Yoruba Bible (''Bibeli Mimọ''), which was completed in the mid-1880s, a few years before his death.{{sfn|Crowther|1900}}
Crowther is celebrated with a feast on the liturgical calendar of some Anglican churches, including the Church of Nigeria,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drraphaeljames.com/2018/05/the-most-reverend-samuel-ajayi-crowther.html|title=THE MOST REVEREND SAMUEL AJAYI CROWTHER CRIES OUT FROM HIS GRAVE|last=James|first=DrRaphael|language=en-GB|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128163218/https://www.drraphaeljames.com/2018/05/the-most-reverend-samuel-ajayi-crowther.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> on 31 December.
== Death, burial, exhumation, and reburial == Crowther died of a stroke in Lagos, on 31 December 1891, aged 82.{{sfn|Buckland|1901}}<ref name="NottsGuard" /> He was buried at Ajele Cemetery in Lagos.
In 1971 the Lagos State Government under Mobolaji Johnson wanted to redevelop the site of the cemetery for new government offices and issued notices to families of the deceased. Seth Kale, Anglican Bishop of Lagos, representing the Anglican community<ref name=DTN /> and Crowther's family, delayed exhumation and reburial until 1976. An elaborate ceremony was held at a new burial site and a cenotaph was installed at Cathedral Church of Christ, Lagos.<ref name=NBF />
==Notes== <references> <ref name="NottsGuard">{{Cite news | title = Death Of Bishop Crowther | newspaper= Nottinghamshire Guardian | date = 2 January 1892 | access-date = 9 February 2016 | url = http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000176/18920102/028/0004 | via= British Newspaper Archive |url-access=subscription |page=4 col G }}</ref>
<ref name=DTN>{{cite web|title=Crowther awaits reburial|url=https://www.facebook.com/groups/nigeriannostalgiaproject/permalink/635794659794653/|website=The Nigeria Nostalgia Project 1960–1980 on Facebook|publisher=Daily Times of Nigeria|date= 1971|access-date=23 January 2015}}</ref>
<ref name=NBF>{{cite web|last1=Ukeh & Anokwuru|title=83 year old Orewande Januario|url=http://www.nigerianbestforum.com/blog/83-year-old-orewande-januario/|website=NBF News|access-date=23 January 2015}}</ref>
<ref name= "ChurchTimes">{{Church Times| title = Church news: consecration of three bishops in Canterbury Cathedral| archive = 1864_07_02_213 | issue = 74| date = 2 July 1864| pages = 213| access-date = 15 December 2014}}</ref>
<ref name="BBCWS">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/8chapter5.shtml |title=The Story of Africa|website=BBC World Service}}</ref>
<ref name=DACB-1>{{cite web|title=Macaulay, Thomas Babington (1826 to 1878)|url = http://www.dacb.org/stories/sierraleone/macaulay_2thomas.html|website=Dictionary for African Christian Biography|access-date=23 January 2015| url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085450/http://www.dacb.org/stories/sierraleone/macaulay_2thomas.html|archive-date=19 August 2014}}</ref>
<ref name="WatObs">{{Cite news | title = Bishop Crowther | newspaper= Watford Observer | date = 30 July 1864 | access-date = 9 February 2016 | url = http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000615/18640730/039/0004 | via= British Newspaper Archive |url-access=subscription |page=4 col F }}</ref>
<ref name="TheTimes1891">{{cite newspaper The Times|title=Ecclesiastical Intelligence|date= 27 January 1891|p= 12|issue= 33232}}</ref> </references>
==References== {{refbegin|2|indent=yes}} * {{cite journal|last1=Adedeji|first1=J. A.|title=The Church and the Emergence of the Nigerian Theatre, 1866-1914|journal=Journal of Historical Society of Nigeria|volume=6|issue=1|jstor=41856915|date=1971|pages=25–45}} * {{cite book|last=Elebute|first=Adeyemo |title=The Life of James Pinson Labulo Davies: A Colossus of Victorian Lagos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gkvssgEACAAJ|year=2013|publisher=Kachifo |isbn=978-978-52057-6-3}} *{{Cite web |title = Crowther, Samuel Ajayi, Nigeria, Anglican |work = Dictionary of African Christian Biography |access-date = 1 September 2014 |url = http://www.dacb.org/stories/nigeria/crowther4_samajayi.html |ref = {{sfnref|DACB}} |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140711230014/http://www.dacb.org/stories/nigeria/crowther4_samajayi.html |archive-date = 11 July 2014}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dGAyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132|title=Reconciliation in Northern Nigeria: The Space for Public Apology|last=Oluniyi|first= Olufemi Olayinka|date=2017|publisher=Frontier Press|isbn=9789789495276}} * {{cite book|last=Herskovits|first=Jean |title=A Preface to Modern Nigeria: The "Sierra Leonians" in Yoruba, 1830-1890|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hvRUswEACAAJ|year=1965|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|isbn=9780608115924}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-U70Ts7CgEYC&pg=PA67|title=Movements, Borders and Identities in Africa |volume= 40|series= Rochester studies in African history and the diaspora|issn=1092-5228|first1=Toyin |last1=Falola|first2=Aribidesi Adisa |last2=Usman|publisher=University Rochester Press|year=2009|isbn=9781580462969}} * {{cite book|last1=Page|first1=Jesse|title=Samuel Crowther: The Slave Boy who Became Bishop of the Niger|date=1888|publisher=Fleming H. Revell Company|location=New York|page=64|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015063163516;view=1up;seq=68|access-date=12 April 2015}} * {{cite book|last=Hair|first=Paul Edward Hedley |title=The early study of Nigerian languages|url=https://archive.org/details/earlystudyofnige0000hair|url-access=registration|year=1967|publisher=Cambridge U. P. in association with the West African Languages Survey and the Institute of African Studies, Ibadan|chapter=The Early Study of Yoruba, 1825-1850}} * {{cite book|last=Page|first=Jesse |title=Samuel Crowther: The Slave Boy who Became Bishop of the Niger|url=http://anglicanhistory.org/africa/crowther/page1892/|year=1892|publisher=Fleming H. Revell Company|location=New York}} * {{cite journal|last=Walls|first=A. F.|url=http://www.internationalbulletin.org/system/files/1992-01-015-walls.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808111209/http://www.internationalbulletin.org/system/files/1992-01-015-walls.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=8 August 2022|title=Samuel Ajayi Crowther (1807-1891) Foremost African Christian of the Nineteenth Century|journal=International Bulletin of Missionary Research|date=January 1992|volume=16|issue=1|pages=15–21|doi=10.1177/239693939201600104|s2cid=147655489}}{{subscription required}} * {{cite DNBSupp|wstitle=Crowther, Samuel Adjai |first=Augustus Robert |last=Buckland}} * {{cite book|last=Childe|first=A. F. |title=Good out of evil, or, The history of Adjai|url=https://archive.org/details/goodoutevilorhi00chilgoog|year=1852|publisher=Wertheim and MacIntosh|location=London}} * {{cite book|last=Noll|first=Mark A.|title=The New Shape of World Christianity: How American Experience Reflects Global Faith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U6CTHGJXYjsC&pg=PA56|year=2009|publisher=InterVarsity Press|isbn=978-0-8308-2847-0}} * {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Donald M. |title=Christianity Reborn: The Global Expansion of Evangelicalism in the Twentieth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=boYncPEOJwcC&pg=PA44|year=2004|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-2483-7}} * {{cite book|last=Crowther|first=Samuel Adjai|title=''Bibeli Mimọ Tabi Majẹmu Lailai Ati Titun''. (Holy Bible in Yoruba.)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XBv2MgEACAAJ|year=1900|location=London}} * {{Cite book| last1=Crowther|first1= Samuel Ajayi| last2 = Vidal|first2=Owen Emeric| year =1852| title=A Vocabulary of the Yoruba language, Together with Introductory Remarks by the Rev. OE Vidal| publisher=Seeleys| location=London|page= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fg7nQwAACAAJ}} * {{cite book|author=Church Missionary Society|title=The Church Missionary Atlas: Containing an Account of the Various Countries in which the Church Missionary Society Labours, and of the Missionary Operations|url=https://archive.org/details/churchmissionar10socigoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/churchmissionar10socigoog/page/n47 23]|year=1896|publisher=Church Missionary Society|display-authors=0}} {{refend}}
==Further reading== * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SE6RS010iQgC|title=The Journey of the First Black Bishop: Bishop Samuel Ajayi Crowther 1806-1891|first=Jacob|last= Oluwatayo Adeuyan|publisher=AuthorHouse|year=2011|isbn=9781463407322}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.ultraint.com/igboyc_7102002.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050309115620/http://www.ultraint.com/igboyc_7102002.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 March 2005 |title=Anglicanism In Igboland |last= Iheukwumer|first=Okechukwu|publisher=Igbo Youth Choir of Washington, DC}} {{wikisource|works=or|wislink=Samuel Ajayi Crowther|title=Samuel Ajayi Crowther}}
==External links== {{Commons category}} * {{BHL author}} * {{OL author}} * {{Internet Archive author|sopt=t}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.dacb.org/stories/nigeria/crowther4_samajayi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711230014/http://www.dacb.org/stories/nigeria/crowther4_samajayi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 July 2014 |title=Crowther, Samuel Ajayi|work= Dictionary of African Christian Biography|location=Boston|publisher=Boston University School of Theology|date=2002}} * [https://www.forgottenbooks.com/en/readbook/JournalsoftheRevJamesFrederickSchonandMrSamuelCrowther_10269817#0 Forgotten Books website] ''Journals of the Rev. James Frederick Schön and Mr Samuel Crowther, who, with the Sanction of Her Majesty's Government, accompanied the Expedition up the Niger in 1841, in Behalf of the Church Missionary Society'' (1842) (online copy)
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Crowther, Ajayi}} Category:19th-century Anglican bishops in Africa Category:19th-century Nigerian Anglican priests Category:19th-century translators Category:1800s births Category:1891 deaths Category:Abiodun family Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford Category:Archdeacons of the Niger Category:Bishops of the Church of Nigeria Category:Converts to Anglicanism Category:Fourah Bay College alumni Category:Kidnapped Nigerian children Category:Linguists from Nigeria Category:Linguists of Yoruba Category:People from Oyo State Category:People from colonial Nigeria Category:Saro people Category:Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate people Category:Sierra Leone Creole people Category:Translators of the Bible into Yoruba Category:Writers of captivity narratives Category:Yoruba Christian clergy Category:Yoruba linguists Category:Slaves in Africa Category:19th-century slaves Category:19th-century biblical scholars Category:19th-century Christian biblical scholars