{{Short description|Species of mammals related to anteaters and armadillos}} {{Speciesbox | name = Pale-throated sloth<ref>{{MSW3 Gardner|pages=100|id=11800007}}</ref> | image = Bradypus tridactylus -Parque del Este, Caracas, Venezuela-8 (2).jpg | image_upright = 0.9 | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Chiarello, A. |author2=Moraes-Barros, N. |date=2014 |title=''Bradypus tridactylus'' |volume=2014 |article-number=e.T3037A47436865 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T3037A47436865.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | genus = Bradypus | species = tridactylus | authority = Linnaeus, 1758<ref>{{cite book|last=Linnæus|first=Carl|title=Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I|year=1758|publisher=Laurentius Salvius|location=Holmiæ|page=34|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/80764#page/44/mode/1up|edition=10th|access-date=23 November 2012|language=Latin}}</ref> | range_map = Pale-throated Sloth area.png | range_map_caption = Pale-throated sloth range }}
The '''pale-throated sloth''' ('''''Bradypus tridactylus'''''), occasionally known as the '''ai''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑː|i}}),<ref>{{OED|ai}}</ref> is a species of three-toed sloth that inhabits tropical rainforests in northern South America.
It is similar in appearance to, and often confused with, the brown-throated sloth, which has a much wider distribution. Genetic evidence has been interpreted to suggest the two species diverged only around 400,000 years ago, although the most recent evidence indicates the split was closer to 6 million years.<ref name=Barros2003>{{cite journal | author = Barros, M.C.| year = 2003 | title = Phylogenetic analysis of 16S mitochondrial DNA data in sloths and anteaters | journal = Genetics and Molecular Biology | volume = 26 | issue = 1 | pages = 5–11 | doi = 10.1590/S1415-47572003000100002|display-authors=etal| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name=Moraes-Barros2011>{{cite journal | author = Moraes-Barros, M.C.| year = 2011 | title = Morphology, molecular phylogeny, and taxonomic inconsistencies in the study of Bradypus sloths (Pilosa: Bradypodidae) | journal = Journal of Mammalogy | volume = 92 | issue = 1 | pages = 86–100 | doi = 10.1644/10-MAMM-A-086.1|display-authors=etal| doi-access = free }}</ref>
==Description== thumb|left|Skull The pale-throated sloth has a rounded head with a blunt nose and small external ears. Its limbs are long and relatively weak, with the arms nearly twice the length of the hindlimbs. Both the hands and feet have three digits, each equipped with long, arched claws, the middle claw being the largest and strongest.[citation needed]
Adult males measure 45 to 55 centimetres (18 to 22 in) in head-body length, with a short tail of 4 to 6 centimetres (1.6 to 2.4 in), and weigh between 3.2 and 6 kilograms (7.1 to 13.2 lb). Females are generally larger, ranging from 50 to 75 centimetres (20 to 30 in) in length and weighing 3.8 to 6.5 kilograms (8.4 to 14.3 lb).[1]
The body is covered with coarse guard hairs up to {{convert|10|cm}} long, with a finer undercoat. Green algae live mutualistically between the microscopic scales on the surface of the guard hairs, giving the sloth a somewhat greenish appearance that serves as camouflage. Adults are blackish-grey over most of the body, with darker patches distributed over the backs, shoulders, and hips. Males have a bright yellow or orange patch on the back, divided by a central black stripe. Pale-throated sloths are difficult to distinguish from the closely related brown-throated sloth, but, as their name implies, they have a pale yellow patch on the throat.<ref name="Hayssen2009">{{cite journal |author=Hayssen, V. |year=2009 |title=''Bradypus tridactylus'' (Pilosa: Bradypodidae) |url=https://zenodo.org/record/5033721 |journal=Mammalian Species |volume=839 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1644/839.1 |s2cid=85870343}}</ref>
The eyes are large and forward facing for binocular vision, with round pupils. Unusually, they appear to lack any cone cells in the retina, suggesting that the sloth is unable to see color. Despite its apparently small ears, the pale-throated sloth has excellent hearing; it has also been reported to have a good sense of smell.<ref name=Hayssen2009/>
===Anatomy=== thumbnail|left|Skeleton of pale-throated sloth The sloth has nine cervical vertebrae, giving it extreme flexibility. As a result, a pale-throated sloth can bend its head backwards and forwards through 270° and rotate it through 330°. It possesses a pair of foramina in the anterodorsal nasopharynx, a feature that distinguishes it from its sister species. The females have two mammae in the chest region, a simple uterus. Males have no discrete prostate gland, no scrotum, and only rudimentary seminal vesicles.<ref name=Hayssen2009/>
The mouth is lined by a black mucosa, although the large and heavy tongue is pink. The palate is wrinkled in texture, and the tongue is lined with numerous grooves, apparently adaptations to the sloth's diet. Like other three-toed sloths, it has just five teeth on each side of the upper jaw, and four on each side of the lower jaw; these are all simple and rounded in shape, with the front teeth in the upper jaw being much smaller than the others. The esophagus is short, but the stomach is large and complex, and there is also a large diverticulum in the cecum.<ref name=Hayssen2009/>
==Distribution and habitat== The pale-throated sloth is found only in the tropical forests of northern South America, including Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, eastern Venezuela and Brazil north of the Amazon River.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> There are no recognised subspecies.
==Behavior and biology== Pale-throated sloths are solitary,<ref name=Taube1999>{{cite journal | author = Taube, E.| year = 1999 | title = Distribution of two sympatric species of sloths (''Choloepus didactylus'' and ''Bradypus tridactylus'') along the Sinnamary River, French Guiana | journal = Biotropica | volume = 31 | issue = 4 | pages = 686–691 | doi = 10.1111/j.1744-7429.1999.tb00418.x| bibcode = 1999Biotr..31..686T | s2cid = 54226310 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> herbivorous animals that spend almost their entire lives in trees. Depending on habitat, population densities of anything from {{convert|1.7|to|221|/km2}} have been reported.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> They eat only leaves, including those of ''Cecropia'', ''Ceiba'', ''Elizabetha'', and ''Hevea''.<ref name=Hayssen2009/> Known predators include jaguars, margays, harpy eagles, and anacondas.<ref name=Hayssen2009/>
They have been reported to spend over eighteen hours each day asleep, and move through the tree canopy only very slowly. They periodically descend from the trees to defecate, depositing a pile of small pellets in a hole dug into the ground. Despite their arboreal lifestyle, they are effective swimmers. Their call is a bird-like whistle described as an "ai-ai" sound.<ref name=Hayssen2009/>
In addition to their mutualism with green algae, pale-throated sloths are also commensal with sloth moths, and with certain species of beetle. These insects live in the sloth's fur, and lay their eggs in its dung, on which their larvae feed.<ref name=Hayssen2009/>
==Reproduction== Mating takes place in the trees, with the pair either face to face, or with the male on the female's back. The female gives birth to a single infant after a gestation period of about six months.<ref name=Taube2001>{{cite journal | author = Taube, E.| year = 2001 | title = Reproductive biology and postnatal development in sloths, ''Bradypus'' and ''Choloepus'': review with original data from the field (French Guiana) and from captivity | journal = Mammalian Review | volume = 31 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 173–188 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2907.2001.00085.x| bibcode = 2001MamRv..31..173T |display-authors=etal}}</ref>
The young are born already fully furred, and with open eyes. The young animal clings to the mother's underside for the first month of life, by which time it has reached a weight of around {{convert|300|g|sigfig=1}}. They begin to take solid food at three weeks, and are fully weaned some time after the first month. The young initially have soft greyish-brown fur, which darkens and becomes rougher as they age.<ref name=Hayssen2009/> They reach sexual maturity at around three years.<ref name=Taube2001/>
==References== {{Reflist|30em}} *{{cite web | author = BBC Science | author2 = Nature | name-list-style=amp | title = Wildfacts - Pale throated Three-toed Sloth | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/wildfacts/factfiles/608.shtml | access-date = 2007-01-02 }}
==External links== {{Wikispecies|Bradypus tridactylus}} *{{Commons category-inline|Bradypus tridactylus}} *[http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bradypus_tridactylus.html University of Michigan Museum of Zoology]
{{Pilosa}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q142715}} {{Authority control}}
Category:Sloths Category:Mammals of Brazil Category:Mammals of French Guiana Category:Mammals of Guyana Category:Mammals of Suriname Category:Mammals of Venezuela Category:Fauna of the Amazon Category:Mammals described in 1758 Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Category:Arboreal mammals