{{Short description|1963 book by Clifford Geertz}} {{Italic title}} {{Infobox book | name = Agricultural Involution: The Processes of Ecological Change in Indonesia | author = Clifford Geertz | image = AgriculturalInvolution.jpg | language = English | country = United States | published = 1963 | isbn = 978-0-520-00459-7 | publisher = University of California Press | caption = Cover page of 1st edition published in 1963 }} '''''Agricultural Involution: The Processes of Ecological Change in Indonesia''''' is one of the most famous of the early works of Clifford Geertz. Its principal thesis is that many centuries of intensifying wet-rice cultivation in Indonesia had produced greater social complexity without significant technological or political change, a process Geertz terms "involution". The term, also known as Neijuan, has drawn significant attention in China since its introduction in China's social sciences research, making it one of the most popular buzzwords in China.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2021-05-14 |title=China's "Involuted" Generation |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/chinas-involuted-generation |access-date=2022-05-14 |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |author=刘世定; 邱泽奇 |year=2004 |title="内卷化"概念辨析 |url=http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-SHXJ200405008.htm |journal=社会学研究 |volume= |issue=5 |page= |doi= |pmid= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504230754/http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SHXJ200405008.htm |archive-date=2019-05-04 |access-date=2019-05-12}}</ref>
== Content == Written for a particular US-funded project on the local developments and following the modernisation theory of Walt Whitman Rostow,<ref name=":02">{{cite journal |last=Reyna |first=Steve |year=1998 |title=Right and Might: Of Approximate Truths and Moral Judgments |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1070289X.1998.9962597 |journal=Identities |language=en |volume=43 |issue=3–4 |pages=431–465 |doi=10.1080/1070289X.1998.9962597 |pmid=|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Geertz examines in this book the agricultural system in Indonesia. The two dominant forms of agriculture are swidden and sawah. Swidden is also known as slash and burn and sawah involves irrigated rice paddies. The geographical location of these different types is important. Sawah is the dominant form in both Java and Bali where nearly three-quarters of Indonesia's population live, and swidden more common in the less central regions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=McCullough |first=Colin |date=2019-03-29 |title=Review of "agricultural involution: the processes of ecological change in Indonesia" by Clifford Geertz |journal=International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=5 |doi=10.1186/s41257-019-0021-y |s2cid=92991498 |issn=2366-1003|doi-access=free }}</ref>
Having looked at the agricultural system, the book turns to an examination of the system's historical development. Of particular note is Geertz's discussion of what he famously describes as the process of "agricultural involution". This is his description of the process in Java where both the external economic demands of the Dutch rulers and the internal pressures due to population growth led to intensification rather than change. What this amounted to was increasing the labour intensity in the paddies, increasing output per area but not per head.<ref name=":0" /> In his book, Geertz credits the term to Alexander Goldenweiser:{{blockquote|I borrowed the concept of involution from the American anthropologist Alexander Goldenweiser. He had used it to describe cultural forms - Gothic architecture, Maori carvings - that, having reached a definitive form, continued to develop by becoming internally more complicated. Here, I attempted to explain how such increasing internal complexity had taken place in the sedentary wet rice agriculture as opposed to the dry rice shifting cultivation regimes in the rest of Indonesia.<ref>Clifford Geertz. [http://hypergeertz.jku.at/GeertzTexts/Change_without_progress.htm Change without progress in a wet rice culture: A citation classic commentary on Agricultural Involution], in Current Contents/Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa., Institute for Scientific Information, vol. 22 no. 12, 1991, p. 8. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220727011830/http://hypergeertz.jku.at/GeertzTexts/Change_without_progress.htm Archived]</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=White |first=Benjamin |date=1983 |title="Agricultural involution" and its critics: Twenty years after |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14672715.1983.10404871 |journal=Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=18–31 |doi=10.1080/14672715.1983.10404871 |issn=0007-4810|url-access=subscription }}</ref>}}
== Critics == This was politically the most controversial text of Geertz as the Modjokuto Project (1953-1959) was a CIA-funded program for CENIS at MIT.<ref name="Price 2003">{{cite journal | url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0308275X03234002 | doi=10.1177/0308275X03234002 | title=Subtle Means and Enticing Carrots | year=2003 | last1=Price | first1=David H. | journal=Critique of Anthropology | volume=23 | issue=4 | pages=373–401 | s2cid=143560088 | url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>Thomas Gibson. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41302395 Review of Life Among the Anthros and Other Essays by Clifford Geertz, Fred Inglis], ''The Journal of Asian Studies'', August 2011, Vol. 70, No. 3, pp. 787-789</ref> However, in an interview with David Price he asserted that he was not involved with the political side of the project.<ref name="Price 2003"/> Late in his career, Geertz reflected that the book had become an "orphan," widely read and criticized without reference to his larger body of work.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Geertz |first=Clifford |year=1991 |title=Change without Progress in a Wet Rice Culture |journal=Current Contents |volume=12 |page=8 |url=http://garfield.library.upenn.edu/classics1991/A1991FA58100001.pdf}}</ref>
== In popular culture == The term involution was introduced to social sciences research about China in the 1985 book ''The peasant economy and social change in North China'' by Philip C. C. Huang at UCLA, in which he uses it to explain why family farming, rather than industrial agriculture, dominates the agriculture in North China. The term is again used in Prasenjit Duara's 1988 book ''Culture, Power, and the State: Rural North China, 1900-1942'', where Duara describes an involution of the state in the forms of its rural government. Since then, the term involution has drawn great attention in China.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite book |author1=黄宗智 |title=The Peasant Economy and Social Change in North China |date=1985-03-01 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9780804712200}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=黄宗智 |title=中国农村的过密化与现代化 |date=1992 |publisher=上海社会科学院出版社 |isbn=9787805157740}}</ref>
Since then, the term has been gradually extended to be used to describe a variety of aspects of the highly competitive Chinese society. In 2020, it has become one of the most popular buzzwords on Weibo, where it is used to describe the feeling of exhaustion in an overly competitive society.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Liu |first1=Yi-Ling |date=2021-05-14 |title=China's "Involuted" Generation |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/chinas-involuted-generation |magazine=The New Yorker |access-date=2022-03-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Wang |first1=Qianni |last2=Ge |first2=Shifan |date=2020-11-04 |title=How One Obscure Word Captures Urban China's Unhappiness |url=https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1006391/how-one-obscure-word-captures-urban-chinas-unhappiness |magazine=Sixth Tone |access-date=2022-03-28}}</ref>
==References== * ''Agricultural Involution: The Processes of Ecological Change in Indonesia''. By Clifford Geertz. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press, 1963.<ref>Smail, John R. W. (1965) Review of Agricultural Involution: The Process of Ecological Change in Indonesia. By Clifford Geertz. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1963, Journal of Southeast Asian History (1965), 6: 158-161</ref>
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Category:1963 non-fiction books Category:1963 in the environment Agricultural Involution: the process of ecological change in Indonesia Agricultural Involution: the process of ecological change in Indonesia Category:Books about Indonesia Category:University of California Press books