Africonus

{{Short description|Subgenus of gastropods}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Conus borgesi 2.jpg | image_caption = Apertural and abapertural views of shell of ''Conus borgesi'' Trovão, 1979 | taxon = Africonus | authority = Petuch, 1975{{No-gastropod-genus-ref}} | synonyms_ref = <ref name="WoRMS" /> | synonyms = * ''Afroconus'' Petuch, 1975 | type_species= ''Conus cuneolus'' Reeve, 1843 }}

'''''Africonus''''' is a taxon of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae. Although originally described as a distinct subgenus, it is currently considered as an alternative representation of the cone snail genus, ''Conus''.<ref name="WoRMS">{{WRMS species|429091|''Africonus'' Petuch, 1975||10/13/22}}</ref>

==Distinguishing characteristics== The Tucker & Tenorio 2009 taxonomy distinguishes ''Africonus'' from ''Conus'' in the following ways:<ref name="Systematic">Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2009), Systematic Classification of Recent and Fossil Conoidean Gastropods, ConchBooks, Hankenheim, Germany, 295 pp.</ref>

* Genus '''''Conus''''' ''sensu stricto'' Linnaeus, 1758 :: Shell characters (living and fossil species) :::The basic shell shape is conical to elongated conical, has a deep anal notch on the shoulder, a smooth periostracum and a small operculum. The shoulder of the shell is usually nodulose and the protoconch is usually multispiral. Markings often include the presence of tents except for black or white color variants, with the absence of spiral lines of minute tents and textile bars. ::Radular tooth (not known for fossil species) :::The radula has an elongated anterior section with serrations and a large exposed terminating cusp, a non-obvious waist, blade is either small or absent and has a short barb, and lacks a basal spur. ::Geographical distribution :::These species are found in the Indo-Pacific region. ::Feeding habits :::These species eat other gastropods including cones.<ref name="Systematic" />

* Subgenus ''Africonus'' Petuch, 1975 ::Shell characters (living and fossil species) :::The protoconch is paucispiral, the whorl tops may be concave when viewed in cross section, with cords on the whorl tops that may be lost in middle spire whorls or persist thereafter. The shell has a shallow to moderately deep anal notch. The periostracum is smooth and thin, and the operculum is small. ::Radular tooth (not known for fossil species) :::The anterior section of the radula is usually shorter than the posterior section but in some species they are subequal in length, the lumen of the radular tooth is wide, a basal spur is present, the barb is short, and the blade is long and extends along most of the anterior section of the radular tooth. Serrations are usually in multiple rows with one or two rows of large serrations and rows of smaller serrations on either side, although serrations can be in a single row in juveniles or small specimens. ::Geographical distribution :::These species are endemic to the Cape Verde Islands in the West African Region. ::Feeding habits :::These species are vermivorous (meaning that they prey on marine worms).<ref name="Systematic" />

==Species== Prior to 2009, all species within the family Conidae were placed in one genus, ''Conus''. In 2009 however, J.K. Tucker and M.J. Tenorio proposed a classification system for the over 600 recognized species that were in the family. Their classification proposed 3 distinct families and 82 genera for the living species of cone snails. This classification was based upon shell morphology, radular differences, anatomy, physiology, cladistics, with comparisons to molecular (DNA) studies.<ref name="Systematic" /> Published accounts of genera within the Conidae that include the genus ''Africonus'' include J.K. Tucker & M.J. Tenorio (2009), and Bouchet et al. (2011).<ref>Bouchet P., Kantor Yu.I., Sysoev A. & Puillandre N. (2011). "A new operational classification of the Conoidea". Journal of Molluscan Studies 77: 273-308.</ref>

Testing in order to try to understand the molecular phylogeny of the Conidae was initially begun by Christopher Meyer and Alan Kohn,<ref>Interview of Professor Alan Kohn, Professor Emeritus, Zoology {{cite web|url=http://www.seashell-collector.com/articles/interviews/2009-kohn.html |title=2009 Kohn |accessdate=2011-12-04 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227030848/http://www.seashell-collector.com/articles/interviews/2009-kohn.html |archivedate=2012-02-27 }}</ref> and is continuing, particularly with the advent of nuclear DNA testing in addition to mDNA testing.

Many authorities continue to use the traditional classification, where all species are placed in ''Conus'' within the single family Conidae including the current (October 2022) version of the World Register of Marine Species. The binomial names of species in the 82 cone snail genera listed in Tucker & Tenorio 2009 are currently recognized by the World Register of Marine Species as "alternative representations".<ref>http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=14107 '''Classification:''' Traditionally, all cone shells have been included in the Linnaean genus Conus. Tucker & Tenorio (2009) have recently proposed an alternative shell- and radula-based classification that recognizes 4 families and 80 genera of cones. In WoRMS, we currently still recognize a single family Conidae (following Puillandre et al. 2011), but Tucker & Tenorio's 80 genera classification is presented as "alternative representation". [P. Bouchet, 14 Aug. 2011]</ref> Debate within the scientific community regarding this issue continues, and additional molecular phylogeny studies are being carried out in an attempt to clarify the issue.<ref name="Systematic" /><ref>C.M.L. Afonso & M.J. Tenorio (August 2011), ''A new, distinct endemic Africonus species (Gastropoda, Conidae) from Sao Vicente Island, Cape Verde Archipelago, West Africa'', Gloria Maris 50(5): 124-135</ref><ref>P. Bouchet, Yu I. Kantor, A. Sysoev, and N. Puillandre (March 2011), ''A New Operational Classification of the Conoidea'', Journal of Molluscan Studies 77:273-308, at p. 275.</ref><ref>N. Puillandre, E. Strong, P. Bouchet, M. Boisselier, V. Couloux, & S. Samadi (2009), ''Identifying gastropod spawn from DNA barcodes: possible but not yet practicable'', Molecular Ecology Resources 9:1311-1321.</ref><ref>P.K. Bandyopadhyay, B.J. Stevenson, J.P. Ownby, M.T. Cady, M. Watkins, & B. Olivera (2008), ''The mitochondrial genome of Conus textile, coxI-conII intergenic sequences and conoidean evolution.'' Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46: 215-223.</ref><ref>S.T. Williams & T.F. Duda, Jr. (2008), ''Did tectonic activity stimulate Oligo-Miocene speciation in the Indo-West Pacific?'' Evolution 62:1618-1634.</ref><ref>R.L. Cunha, R. Castilho, L. Ruber, & R. Zardoya (2005), ''Patterns of cladogenesis in the venomous marine gastropod genus Conus from the Cape Verde Islands'' Systematic Biology 54(4):634-650.</ref><ref>T.F. Duda, Jr. & A.J. Kohn (2005), ''Species-level phylogeography and evolutionary history of the hyperdiverse marine gastropod genus Conus'', Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 34:257-272.</ref><ref>T.F. Duda, Jr. & E. Rolan (2005), ''Explosive radiation of Cape Verde Conus, a marine species flock'', Molecular Ecology 14:267-272.</ref><ref>B. Vallejo, Jr. (2005), ''Inferring the mode of speciation in the Indo-West Pacific Conus (Gastropoda: Conidae)'', Journal of Biogeography 32:1429-1439.</ref><ref>Monteiro A., Tenorio M. J. & Poppe G. T., 2004. The Family Conidae: The West African and Mediterranean species of Conus</ref>

In 2015, in the ''Journal of Molluscan Studies'', Puillandre, Duda, Meyer, Olivera & Bouchet presented a new classification for the old genus ''Conus''. Using 329 species, the authors carried out molecular phylogenetic analyses. The results suggested that the authors should place all cone snails in a single family, Conidae, containing four genera: ''Conus'', ''Conasprella'', ''Profundiconus'' and ''Californiconus''. The authors group 85% of all known cone snail species under ''Conus'', They recognize 57 subgenera within ''Conus'', and 11 subgenera within the genus ''Conasprella''.<ref name="Puillandre" /> In this description of the family Conidae, ''Africonus'' is classified as a subgenus of ''Conus'': ''Conus (Lautoconus)'' Monterosato, 1923 (type species: ''Conus mediterraneus'' Hwass in Bruguière, 1792) represented as ''Conus'' Thiele, 1929<ref name="Puillandre">[https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyu055 Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bouchet P. (2015). ''One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails''. Journal of Molluscan Studies. 81: 1-23]</ref>

All the species formerly classified in the genus ''Africonus'' are now considered as "alternate representations" of species in the genus ''Conus'':<ref name="WoRMS" />{{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''Africonus antoniaensis'' Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2014: synonym of ''Conus antoniaensis'' (Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2014) * ''Africonus antoniomonteiroi'' (Rolán, 1990): synonym of ''Conus antoniomonteiroi'' Rolán, 1990 * ''Africonus bellulus'' (Rolán, 1990): synonym of ''Conus bellulus'' Rolán, 1990 * ''Africonus boavistensis'' (Rolán & F. Fernandes, 1990): synonym of ''Conus'' Rolán & F. Fernandes, 1990 * ''Africonus borgesi'' (Trovão, 1979): synonym of ''Conus borgesi'' Trovão, 1979 * ''Africonus calhetae'' (Rolán, 1990): synonym of ''Conus calhetae'' Rolán, 1990 * ''Africonus crotchii'' (Reeve, 1849): synonym of ''Conus crotchii'' Reeve, 1849 * ''Africonus cuneolus'' (Reeve, 1843): synonym of ''Conus cuneolus'' Reeve, 1843 * ''Africonus curralensis'' (Rolán, 1986): synonym of ''Conus curralensis'' Rolán, 1986 * ''Africonus damottai'' (Trovão, 1979): synonym of ''Conus damottai'' Trovão, 1979 * ''Africonus decoratus'' (Röckel, Rolán & Monteiro, 1980): synonym of ''Conus decoratus'' Röckel, Rolán & Monteiro, 1980 * ''Africonus delanoyae'' (Trovão, 1979): synonym of ''Conus delanoyae'' Trovão, 1979 * ''Africonus denizi'' Afonso & Tenorio, 2011: synonym of ''Conus denizi'' (Afonso & Tenorio, 2011) * ''Africonus espingueirensis'' T. Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2017: synonym of ''Conus docensis'' (Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2017) * ''Africonus felitae'' (Rolán, 1990): synonym of ''Conus felitae'' Rolán, 1990 * ''Africonus fernandesi'' (Tenorio, Afonso & Rolán, 2008): synonym of ''Conus fernandesi'' Tenorio, Afonso & Rolán, 2008 * ''Africonus freitasi'' Tenorio, ''et al.'', 2018: synonym of ''Conus freitasi'' (Tenorio, ''et al.'', 2018) * ''Africonus furnae'' (Rolán, 1990): synonym of ''Conus furnae'' Rolán, 1990 * ''Africonus fuscoflavus'' (Röckel, Rolán & Monteiro, 1980): synonym of ''Conus fuscoflavus'' Röckel, Rolán & Monteiro, 1980 * ''Africonus galeao'' (Rolán, 1990): synonym of ''Conus galeao'' Rolán, 1990 * ''Africonus gonsaloi'' Afonso & Tenorio, 2014: synonym of ''Conus gonsaloi'' (Afonso & Tenorio, 2014) * ''Africonus grahami'' (Röckel, Cosel & Burnay, 1980): synonym of ''Conus grahami'' Röckel, Cosel & Burnay, 1980 * ''Africonus infinitus'' (Rolán, 1990): synonym of ''Conus infinitus'' Rolán, 1990 * ''Africonus insulae'' Tenorio, ''et al.'', 2018: synonym of ''Conus insulae'' (Tenorio, ''et al.'', 2018) * ''Africonus isabelarum'' (Tenorio & Afonso, 2004): synonym of ''Conus isabelarum'' Tenorio & Afonso, 2004 * ''Africonus josephinae'' (Rolán, 1980): synonym of ''Conus josephinae'' Rolán, 1980 * ''Africonus kersteni'' (Tenorio, Afonso & Rolán, 2008): synonym of ''Conus kersteni'' Tenorio, Afonso & Rolán, 2008 * ''Africonus longilineus'' (Röckel, Rolán & Monteiro, 1980): synonym of ''Conus longilineus'' Röckel, Rolán & Monteiro, 1980 * ''Africonus lugubris'' (Reeve, 1849): synonym of ''Conus lugubris'' Reeve, 1849 * ''Africonus maioensis'' (Trovão, Rolán & Félix-Alves, 1990): synonym of ''Conus maioensis'' Trovão, Rolán & Félix-Alves, 1990 * ''Africonus miruchae'' (Röckel, Rolán & Monteiro, 1980): synonym of ''Conus miruchae'' Röckel, Rolán & Monteiro, 1980 * ''Africonus navarroi'' (Rolán, 1986): synonym of ''Conus navarroi'' Rolán, 1986 * ''Africonus perrineae'' T. Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2018: synonym of ''Conus perrineae'' (T. Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2018) * ''Africonus raulsilvai'' (Rolán, Monteiro & Fernandes, 1998): synonym of ''Conus raulsilvai'' Rolán, Monteiro & Fernandes, 1998 * ''Africonus regonae'' (Rolán & Trovão, 1990): synonym of ''Conus regonae'' Rolán & Trovão, 1990 * ''Africonus roeckeli'' (Rolán, 1980): synonym of ''Conus roeckeli'' Rolán, 1980 * ''Africonus salletae'' Cossignani, 2014: synonym of ''Conus salletae'' (Cossignani, 2014) * ''Africonus santaluziensis'' T. Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2015: synonym of ''Conus santaluziensis'' (T. Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2015) * ''Africonus santanaensis'' Afonso & Tenorio, 2014: synonym of ''Conus santanaensis'' (Afonso & Tenorio, 2014) * ''Africonus saragasae'' (Rolán, 1986): synonym of ''Conus saragasae'' Rolán, 1986 * ''Africonus verdensis'' (Trovão, 1979): synonym of ''Conus verdensis'' Trovão, 1979 * ''Africonus vulcanus'' (Tenorio & Afonso, 2004): synonym of ''Conus vulcanus'' Tenorio & Afonso, 2004 {{div col end}}

;Species brought into synonymy The following species were synonymized:<ref name="WoRMS" /> * ''Africonus angeluquei'' Tenorio, Abalde & Zardoya, 2018 accepted as ''Africonus perrineae'' T. Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2018 * ''Africonus anthonyi'' Petuch, 1975 accepted as ''Africonus cuneolus'' (Reeve, 1843) * ''Africonus antonioi'' T. Cossignani, 2014 accepted as ''Africonus crotchii'' (Reeve, 1849) * ''Africonus barrosensis'' T. Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2017 accepted as ''Africonus boavistensis'' (Rolán & F. Fernandes, 1990) * ''Africonus bernardinoi'' T. Cossignani, 2014 accepted as ''Africonus cuneolus'' (Reeve, 1843) * ''Africonus cabraloi'' T. Cossignani, 2014 accepted as ''Africonus crotchii'' (Reeve, 1849) * ''Africonus cagarralensis'' T. Cossignani, 2014 accepted as ''Africonus longilineus'' (Röckel, Rolán & Monteiro, 1980) * ''Africonus calhetinensis'' T. Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2014 accepted as ''Africonus crotchii'' (Reeve, 1849) * ''Africonus cazalisoi'' T. Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2018 accepted as ''Kalloconus trochulus'' (Reeve, 1844) * ''Africonus claudiae'' (Tenorio & Afonso, 2004) accepted as ''Africonus galeao'' (Rolán, 1990) * ''Africonus condei'' Afonso & Tenorio, 2014 accepted as ''Africonus crotchii'' (Reeve, 1849) * ''Africonus cossignanii'' T. Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2014 accepted as ''Africonus maioensis'' (Trovão, Rolán & Félix-Alves, 1990) * ''Africonus crioulus'' (Tenorio & Afonso, 2004) accepted as ''Africonus maioensis'' (Trovão, Rolán & Félix-Alves, 1990) * ''Africonus cristinapessoae'' T. Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2017 accepted as ''Africonus fuscoflavus'' (Röckel, Rolán & Monteiro, 1980) * ''Africonus damioi'' T. Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2015 accepted as ''Africonus roeckeli'' (Rolán, 1980) * ''Africonus decolrobertoi'' T. Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2017 accepted as ''Africonus maioensis'' (Trovão, Rolán & Félix-Alves, 1990) * ''Africonus demisgeraldoi'' T. Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2018 accepted as ''Africonus josephinae'' (Rolán, 1980) * ''Africonus derrubado'' (Rolán & F. Fernandes, 1990) accepted as ''Africonus damottai'' (Trovão, 1979) * ''Africonus diegoi'' T. Cossignani, 2014 accepted as ''Africonus damottai'' (Trovão, 1979) * ''Africonus diminutus'' (Trovão & Rolán, 1986) accepted as ''Conus diminutus'' Trovão & Rolán, 1986 * ''Africonus docensis'' T. Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2014 accepted as ''Africonus crotchii'' (Reeve, 1849) * ''Africonus echinophilus'' Petuch, 1975 accepted as ''Conus echinophilus'' (Petuch, 1975) * ''Africonus evorai'' (Monteiro, C. Fernandes & Rolán, 1995) accepted as ''Africonus crotchii'' (Reeve, 1849) * ''Africonus fantasmalis'' (Rolán, 1990) accepted as ''Africonus fuscoflavus'' (Röckel, Rolán & Monteiro, 1980) * ''Africonus fiadeiroi'' Tenorio, Afonso, R. Cunha & Rolán, 2014 accepted as ''Africonus crotchii'' (Reeve, 1849) * ''Africonus fontonae'' (Rolán & Trovão, 1990) accepted as ''Africonus cuneolus'' (Reeve, 1843) * ''Africonus gallopalvoi'' T. Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2017 accepted as ''Africonus fuscoflavus'' (Röckel, Rolán & Monteiro, 1980) * ''Africonus gonsalensis'' T. Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2014 accepted as ''Africonus santanaensis'' Afonso & Tenorio, 2014 * ''Africonus guiandradoi'' T. Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2017 accepted as ''Africonus josephinae'' (Rolán, 1980) * ''Africonus irregularis'' (G. B. Sowerby II, 1858) accepted as ''Africonus crotchii'' (Reeve, 1849) * ''Africonus josegeraldoi'' T. Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2018 accepted as ''Africonus crotchii'' (Reeve, 1849) * ''Africonus joserochoi'' T. Cossignani, 2014 accepted as ''Africonus delanoyae'' (Trovão, 1979) * ''Africonus luquei'' (Rolán & Trovão, 1990) accepted as ''Africonus delanoyae'' (Trovão, 1979) * ''Africonus marckeppensi'' T. Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2017 accepted as ''Africonus josephinae'' (Rolán, 1980) * ''Africonus marcocastellazzii'' T. Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2014 accepted as ''Africonus maioensis'' (Trovão, Rolán & Félix-Alves, 1990) * ''Africonus melissae'' (Tenorio, Afonso & Rolán, 2008) accepted as ''Africonus longilineus'' (Röckel, Rolán & Monteiro, 1980) * ''Africonus messiasi'' (Rolán & F. Fernandes, 1990) accepted as ''Africonus fuscoflavus'' (Röckel, Rolán & Monteiro, 1980) * ''Africonus miguelfiaderoi'' T. Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2015 accepted as ''Africonus vulcanus'' (Tenorio & Afonso, 2004) * ''Africonus minimus'' T. Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2015 accepted as ''Africonus longilineus'' (Röckel, Rolán & Monteiro, 1980) * ''Africonus mordeirae'' (Rolán & Trovão, 1990) accepted as ''Africonus cuneolus'' (Reeve, 1843) * ''Africonus morroensis'' T. Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2014 accepted as ''Africonus diminutus'' (Trovão & Rolán, 1986) * ''Africonus nelsonandradoi'' T. Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2015 accepted as ''Africonus longilineus'' (Röckel, Rolán & Monteiro, 1980) * ''Africonus nelsontiagoi'' T. Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2014 accepted as ''Africonus verdensis'' (Trovão, 1979) * ''Africonus padarosae'' T. Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2018 accepted as ''Africonus antoniaensis'' T. Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2014 * ''Africonus pedrofiadeiroi'' T. Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2015 accepted as ''Africonus borgesi'' (Trovão, 1979) * ''Africonus pinedensis'' T. Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2017 accepted as ''Africonus damottai'' (Trovão, 1979) * ''Africonus pseudocuneolus'' (Röckel, Rolán & Monteiro, 1980) accepted as ''Africonus cuneolus'' (Reeve, 1843) * ''Africonus purvisi'' T. Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2017 accepted as ''Africonus damottai'' (Trovão, 1979) * ''Africonus roquensis'' T. Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2015 accepted as ''Africonus damottai'' (Trovão, 1979) * ''Africonus salreiensis'' (Rolán, 1980) accepted as ''Africonus crotchii'' (Reeve, 1849) * ''Africonus serranegrae'' (Rolán, 1990) accepted as ''Africonus cuneolus'' (Reeve, 1843) * ''Africonus silviae'' T. Cossignani, 2014 accepted as ''Africonus fuscoflavus'' (Röckel, Rolán & Monteiro, 1980) * ''Africonus swinneni'' Tenorio, Afonso, R. Cunha & Rolán, 2014 accepted as ''Africonus delanoyae'' (Trovão, 1979) * ''Africonus tarafensis'' T. Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2018 accepted as ''Africonus fuscoflavus'' (Röckel, Rolán & Monteiro, 1980) * ''Africonus teodorae'' (Rolán & F. Fernandes, 1990) accepted as ''Africonus crotchii'' (Reeve, 1849) * ''Africonus umbelinae'' T. Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2014 accepted as ''Africonus damottai'' (Trovão, 1979) * ''Africonus varandinhensis'' T. Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2017 accepted as ''Africonus boavistensis'' (Rolán & F. Fernandes, 1990) * ''Africonus wandae'' T. Cossignani, 2014 accepted as ''Africonus borgesi'' (Trovão, 1979) * ''Africonus zinhoi'' T. Cossignani, 2014 accepted as ''Africonus maioensis'' (Trovão, Rolán & Félix-Alves, 1990)

==References== {{Reflist}}

== Further reading == * Kohn A. A. (1992). ''Chronological Taxonomy of ''Conus", 1758-1840". Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London. * Monteiro A. (ed.) (2007). [http://www.seashell-collector.com/Html/theconecollector/The%20Cone%20Collector%201.pdf The Cone Collector '''1''']: 1-28. * Berschauer D. (2010). ''Technology and the Fall of the Mono-Generic Family'' [http://www.seashell-collector.com/Html/theconecollector/tcc_15.pdf The Cone Collector '''15''']: pp. 51–54 * Puillandre N., Meyer C.P., Bouchet P., and Olivera B.M. (2011), ''Genetic divergence and geographical variation in the deep-water Conus orbignyi complex (Mollusca: Conoidea)'', Zoologica Scripta 40(4) 350–363.

==External links== * {{NCBI taxid|6489|Conidae}} * [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=429091 To World Register of Marine Species] * [http://www.gastropods.com/Taxon_pages/Family_CONIDAE.shtml Gastropods.com: ''Conidae'' setting forth the genera recognized therein.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317182650/http://www.schnr-specimen-shells.com/ConidaeChecklist.html Checklist of the Living Conidae, by Paul Kersten.] *[http://www.coneshells-am.ru/ Cone Shells - Knights of the Sea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306014729/http://www.coneshells-am.ru/ |date=2012-03-06 }}

Category:Cone snails Category:Gastropod genera Category:Taxa named by Edward James Petuch

Africonus

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