Aeridinae

{{Short description|Subtribe of orchids}} {{more citations needed|date=March 2020}} {{Automatic taxobox |image = Aerides leeana Rchb.f., Gard. Chron., n.s., 15 656 (1881) (50903770298).jpg |image_caption = ''[[Aerides leeana]]'' |taxon = Aeridinae |authority = Pfitzer (1887)<ref name = "Pridgeon et al., 2014"/> |subdivision_ranks = Genera |subdivision = See [[Aeridinae#Genera|here]] |synonyms = *Sarcanthinae Benth. *Vandinae Rchb.f. *Deceptorinae Szlach. *Diplocentrinae Szlach. *Gastrochilinae Szlach. *Pelatantheriinae Szlach. *Phalaenopsidinae Szlach. *Taeniophyllinae Szlach. |synonyms_ref = <ref name = "Zou et al. 2015">Zou, L. H., Huang, J. X., Zhang, G. Q., Liu, Z. J., & Zhuang, X. Y. (2015). [https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S1055790315000445?token=C15F11279A46B4F47FEF5BED742CF6CED32DF4B17D42720C863031F4A0BFE9AEEFDEE16C52C3B93F61BB633ED9F91805&originRegion=eu-west-1&originCreation=20221009111735 "A molecular phylogeny of Aeridinae (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae) inferred from multiple nuclear and chloroplast regions."] Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 85, 247-254.</ref><ref name = "Carlsward et al., 2006">Carlsward, B. S., Whitten, W. M., Williams, N. H., & Bytebier, B. (2006). [https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.3732/ajb.93.5.770 "Molecular phylogenetics of Vandeae (Orchidaceae) and the evolution of leaflessness."] American Journal of Botany, 93(5), 770-786.</ref><ref name = "Pridgeon et al., 2014">Pridgeon, A., Cribb, P., Rasmussen, F., & Chase, M. (2014). [https://books.google.com/books?id=s9HQAgAAQBAJ&dq=Phalaenopsidinae+Szlach.&pg=PA111 "Genera Orchidacearum: Epidendroideae."] p. 111 Oxford University Press.</ref> |type_genus = ''Aerides'' Lour.<ref name = "Tropicos" /> }}

In the botanical classification of plants, '''Aeridinae''' Pfitzer is a [[subtribe]] of the [[Tribe (biology)|tribe]] '''[[Vandeae]]''' ([[Family (taxonomy)|Family]] [[Orchidaceae]]) whose representatives all have a [[monopodial]] growth habit and do not possess [[pseudobulb]]s.

This subtribe is a monophyletic group within Vandeae,<ref name = "Carlsward et al., 2006" /> and it contains more than 1,300 species in 103 genera, including about 208 (38%) hybrid genera. They occur mostly in Asia with a few in Africa. They are distinguished from the other subtribes of Vandeae by having an entire [[rostellum]], a relatively small [[spur]] formed by the lip, and four (or two) [[pollinia]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mosquera-Mosquera|first1=Hilda R.|last2=Valencia-Barrera|first2=Rosa M.|last3=Acedo|first3=Carmen|date=2019-04-08|title=Variation and evolutionary transformation of some characters of the pollinarium and pistil in Epidendroideae (Orchidaceae)|url=https://paperity.org/p/192526211/variation-and-evolutionary-transformation-of-some-characters-of-the-pollinarium-and|journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution|volume=305 |issue=5 |pages=353–374 |doi=10.1007/s00606-019-01575-5 |s2cid=254060013 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2019PSyEv.305..353M }}</ref>

Some of the genera it contains have some of the largest and most spectacular flowers in the whole of the orchid family. Also included in this subtribe are some of the most economically important genera in the horticultural trade, such as ''[[Phalaenopsis]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ko|first1=Ya-Zhu|last2=Shih|first2=Huei-Chuan|last3=Tsai|first3=Chi-Chu|last4=Ho|first4=Hsing-Hua|last5=Liao|first5=Pei-Chun|last6=Chiang|first6=Yu-Chung|date=2017-12-01|title=Screening transferable microsatellite markers across genus Phalaenopsis (Orchidaceae)|url=https://paperity.org/p/85412416/screening-transferable-microsatellite-markers-across-genus-phalaenopsis-orchidaceae|journal=Botanical Studies|volume=58 |issue=1|page=48 |doi=10.1186/s40529-017-0200-z |pmid=29143146 |pmc=5688051 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017BotSt..58...48K }}</ref> and ''[[Vanda]]''.

== Leaflessness == Aeridinae contains the largest diversity of leafless taxa within the tribe Vandeae. These leafless species of the genera ''[[Chiloschista]]'', ''[[Phalaenopsis]]'', and ''[[Taeniophyllum]]'' (syn. ''Microtatorchis''<ref>{{cite POWO |id=29986-1 |title=''Microtatorchis'' Schltr. |accessdate=10 October 2022}}</ref>), which is the most species rich genus of Aeridinae with 245 accepted species,<ref>{{cite POWO |id=30774-1 |title=''Taeniophyllum'' Blume |accessdate=10 October 2022}}</ref> exhibit reduced stems and enhanced importance and photosynthetic function of the root system. This extreme reduction of leaves has likely evolved in three to four separate instances within Aeridinae.<ref name = "Carlsward et al., 2006" /><ref>Carlsward, B. S. (2004). [https://www.proquest.com/openview/fd33aa2f1847c80da9d52175e5646eeb/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y "Molecular systematics and anatomy of Vandeae (Orchidaceae): the evolution of monopodial leaflessness."] University of Florida.</ref> These leafless genera have a tight relationship with fungi of the ''[[Ceratobasidiaceae ]]'' family.<ref>Qin, J., Zhang, W., Feng, J. Q., & Zhang, S. B. (2021). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jiao-Qin-2/publication/353524619_Leafless_epiphytic_orchids_share_Ceratobasidiaceae_mycorrhizal_fungi/links/61108efd1e95fe241abafddc/Leafless-epiphytic-orchids-share-Ceratobasidiaceae-mycorrhizal-fungi.pdf?_sg%5B0%5D=started_experiment_milestone&_sg%5B1%5D=started_experiment_milestone&origin=journalDetail "Leafless epiphytic orchids share Ceratobasidiaceae mycorrhizal fungi."] Mycorrhiza, 31(5), 625-635.</ref> The roots of leafless epiphytic orchids are also heavily colonized by nitrogen-fixating [[cyanobacteria]], which are thought to supply the plants with [[nitrogen]].<ref>Tsavkelova, E. A., Glukhareva, I. D., Volynchikova, E. A., Egorova, M. A., Leontieva, M. R., Malakhova, D. V., ... & Netrusov, A. I. (2022). [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/5/1006/htm "Cyanobacterial Root Associations of Leafless Epiphytic Orchids."] Microorganisms, 10(5), 1006.</ref> [[File:Dark purple Trichoglottis (70213s)c.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Trichoglottis atropurpurea]]'']] [[File:Phalaenopsis taenialis - Flickr. 003.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Flowering ''[[Phalaenopsis taenialis]]'']] [[File:Thrixspermum saruwatarii (Hayata) Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 4 275 (1919) (32776459438).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Thrixspermum saruwatarii]]'']] [[File:Cleisostoma crochetii - Flickr 003.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Cleisostoma crochetii]]'']] [[File:Robiquetia ilocosnortensis Calaramo, Cootes & K.Gaspar, OrchideenJ. 25(1) 41 (2018) (47959865138).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Robiquetia ilocosnortensis]]'']]

==Taxonomy== It was published by [[Pfitzer]] in 1887<ref name = "NCBI">''Aeridinae'' Pfitzer. (n.d.). NCBI Taxonomy. Retrieved December 1, 2024, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=158424</ref><ref name = "Tropicos">Missouri Botanical Garden. (n.d.-a). Aeridinae Pfitzer. Tropicos. Retrieved December 1, 2024, from http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/100481635</ref> with ''Aerides'' Lour. as the type genus.<ref name = "Tropicos" /> It has multiple synonyms:<ref name = "Tropicos" /> {{Div col}} *Deceptorinae Szlach. *Diplocentrinae Szlach. *Gastrochilinae Szlach. *Pelatantheriinae Szlach. *Phalaenopsidinae Szlach. *Sarcanthinae Benth. *Taeniophyllinae Szlach. *Vandinae Rchb. f. {{Div col end}}

== Phylogeny == The subtribe Aeridinae is the sister group to the subtribe Angraecinae (incl. Aerangidinae):<ref>Freudenstein, J. V., & Chase, M. W. (2015). [https://academic.oup.com/aob/article-pdf/115/4/665/17847871/mcu253.pdf "Phylogenetic relationships in Epidendroideae (Orchidaceae), one of the great flowering plant radiations: progressive specialization and diversification."] Annals of botany, 115(4), 665-681.</ref> {{clade |label1=Vandeae s.l. |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1='''Aeridinae''' |2=Angraecinae (including Aerangidinae)}} |2=Adrorhizinae}} |2=Polystachyinae}} }}

== Genera == The following genera are accepted members of the subtribe Aeridinae according to Chase et al., 2015:<ref name = "Chase et al., 2015">Chase, M. W., Cameron, K. M., Freudenstein, J. V., Pridgeon, A. M., Salazar, G., Van den Berg, C., & Schuiteman, A. (2015). [https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article-pdf/177/2/151/17040283/boj12234.pdf "An updated classification of Orchidaceae."] Botanical journal of the Linnean Society, 177(2), 151-174.</ref> {{Div col|colwidth=18em}} *''[[Acampe]]'' Lindl. *''[[Adenoncos]]'' Blume *''[[Aerides]]'' Lour. *''[[Amesiella]]'' Schltr. ex Garay *''[[Arachnis (plant)|Arachnis]]'' Blume *''[[Biermannia]]'' King & Pantl. *''[[Bogoria (plant)|Bogoria]]'' J.J.Sm. *''[[Brachypeza]]'' Garay *''[[Calymmanthera]]'' Schltr. *''[[Ceratocentron]]'' Senghas *''[[Chamaeanthus]]'' Schltr. *''[[Chiloschista]]'' Lindl. *''[[Chroniochilus]]'' J.J.Sm. *''[[Cleisocentron]]'' Brühl *''[[Cleisomeria]]'' Lindl. ex D.Don *''[[Cleisostoma]]'' Blume *''[[Cleisostomopsis]]'' Seidenf. *''[[Cottonia]]'' Wight *''[[Cryptopylos]]'' Garay *''[[Deceptor]]'' Seidenf. *''[[Dimorphorchis]]'' Rolfe *''[[Diplocentrum]]'' Lindl. *''[[Diploprora]]'' Hook.f. *''[[Dryadorchis]]'' Schltr. *''[[Drymoanthus]]'' Nicholls *''[[Dyakia (plant)|Dyakia]]'' Christenson *''[[Eclecticus (plant)|Eclecticus]]'' P.O’Byrne *''[[Gastrochilus]]'' D.Don *''[[Grosourdya]]'' Rchb.f. *''[[Gunnarella]]'' Senghas *''[[Holcoglossum]]'' Schltr. *''[[Hymenorchis]]'' Schltr. *''[[Jejewoodia]]'' Szlach. *''[[Luisia]]'' Gaudich. *''[[Macropodanthus]]'' L.O.Williams *''[[Micropera]]'' Lindl. *''[[Microsaccus]]'' Blume *''[[Mobilabium]]'' Rupp *''[[Omoea]]'' Blume *''[[Ophioglossella]]'' Schuit. & Ormerod *''[[Papilionanthe]]'' Schltr. *''[[Papillilabium]]'' Dockrill *''[[Paraphalaenopsis]]'' A.D.Hawkes *''[[Pelatantheria]]'' Ridl. *''[[Pennilabium]]'' J.J.Sm. *''[[Peristeranthus]]'' T.E.Hunt *''[[Phalaenopsis]]'' Blume *''[[Phragmorchis]]'' L.O.Williams *''[[Plectorrhiza]]'' Dockrill *''[[Pomatocalpa]]'' Breda *''[[Porrorhachis]]'' Garay *''[[Pteroceras]]'' Hassk. *''[[Renanthera]]'' Lour. *''[[Rhinerrhiza]]'' Rupp *''[[Rhinerrhizopsis]]'' Ormerod *''[[Rhynchogyna]]'' Seidenf. & Garay *''[[Rhynchostylis]]'' Blume *''[[Robiquetia]]'' Gaudich. *''[[Saccolabiopsis]]'' J.J.Sm. *''[[Saccolabium]]'' Blume *''[[Santotomasia]]'' Ormerod *''[[Sarcanthopsis]]'' Garay *''[[Sarcochilus]]'' R.Br. *''[[Sarcoglyphis]]'' Garay *''[[Sarcophyton (plant)|Sarcophyton]]'' Garay *''[[Schistotylus]]'' Dockrill *''[[Schoenorchis]]'' Reinw. ex Blume *''[[Seidenfadenia]]'' Garay *''[[Seidenfadeniella]]'' C.S.Kumar *''[[Singchia]]'' Z.J.Liu & L.J.Chen *''[[Smithsonia]]'' C.J.Saldanha *''[[Smitinandia]]'' Holttum *''[[Spongiola]]'' J.J.Wood & A.L.Lamb *''[[Stereochilus (plant)|Stereochilus]]'' Lindl. *''[[Taeniophyllum]]'' Blume *''[[Taprobanea]]'' Christenson *''[[Thrixspermum]]'' Lour. *''[[Trachoma (plant)|Trachoma]]'' Garay *''[[Trichoglottis]]'' Blume *''[[Tuberolabium]]'' Yaman. *''[[Uncifera]]'' Lindl. *''[[Vanda]]'' R.Br. *''[[Vandopsis]]'' Pfitzer {{Div col end}}

However, this classification includes genera, which are not recognized by Plants of the World Online of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: *''Cryptopylos'' Garay is a synonym of ''[[Macropodanthus]]'' L.O.Williams<ref>{{cite POWO |id=29934-1 |title=''Macropodanthus'' L.O.Williams |accessdate=31 March 2023}}</ref> *''Papillilabium'' Dockrill is a synonym of ''[[Plectorrhiza]]'' Dockrill<ref name = "POWO Plectorrhiza">{{cite POWO |id=30374-1 |title=''Plectorrhiza'' Dockrill |accessdate=31 March 2023}}</ref> *''Rhinerrhizopsis'' Ormerod is a synonym of ''[[Bogoria (plant)|Bogoria]]'' J.J.Sm.<ref>{{cite POWO |id=28849-1 |title=''Bogoria'' J.J.Sm. |accessdate=31 March 2023}}</ref> *''Schistotylus'' Dockrill is a synonym of ''Plectorrhiza'' Dockrill<ref name = "POWO Plectorrhiza" /> *''Seidenfadeniella'' C.S.Kumar is a synonym of ''[[Cleisostomopsis]]'' Seidenf.<ref>{{cite POWO |id=967839-1 |title=''Cleisostomopsis'' Seidenf. |accessdate=31 March 2023}}</ref> *''Singchia'' Z.J.Liu & L.J.Chen is a synonym of ''[[Cleisocentron]]'' Brühl<ref>{{cite POWO |id=29059-1 |title=''Cleisocentron'' Brühl |accessdate=31 March 2023}}</ref> *''Spongiola'' J.J.Wood & A.Lamb is a synonym of ''[[Pennilabium]]'' J.J.Sm.<ref>{{cite POWO |id=30297-1 |title=''Pennilabium'' J.J.Sm. |accessdate=31 March 2023}}</ref>

Additionally, some new genera have been recognized since the publication from Chase et al., 2015: *''[[Cymbilabia]]'' D.K.Liu & Ming H.Li<ref>Liu, Dk; Tu, Xiong-De; Zhuang, Zhao; Zeng, Meng-Yao; Zhang, Sai; Ma, Liang; Zhang, Guo-Qiang; Wang, Miao-Miao; Liu, Zhong-Jian; Lan, Si-Ren; Chen, Shi-Pin & Li, Ming-he. (2020). Plastid phylogenomic data yield new and robust insights into the phylogeny of ''Cleisostoma''–''Gastrochilus'' clades (Orchidaceae, Aeridinae). ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution''. '''145'''. 106729. 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106729.</ref>

==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== *{{Commons category-inline}}

[[Category:Aeridinae| ]] [[Category:Orchid subtribes]]