Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service

{{Short description|Independent public prosecution service for Scotland}} {{distinguish|text=the United Kingdom [[Crown Office in Chancery]]}} {{Redirect|Scottish Charities Office|the successor body (since 2003)|Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator}} {{Use British English|date=September 2015}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}} {{Infobox government agency | agency_name = Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service | type = | nativename = | nativename_a = | nativename_r = | logo = Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service logo.svg | logo_caption = | seal = | seal_width = | seal_caption = | picture = Edinburgh - Edinburgh, 23-25 Chambers Street, Crown Office - 20140421181459.jpg | picture_width = | picture_caption = Crown Office, Chambers Street | formed = | preceding1 = | dissolved = | superseding = | jurisdiction = [[Scotland]] | headquarters = 25 [[Chambers Street, Edinburgh|Chambers Street]], [[Edinburgh]], Scotland | region_code = | coordinates = | employees = 1,650 | budget = {{plainlist| *£120.7 million (2019-2020) }} | minister1_name = [[Dorothy Bain]] [[Queen's Counsel|KC]] | minister1_pfo = [[Lord Advocate]] | minister2_name = [[Ruth Charteris]] [[Queen's Counsel|KC]] | minister2_pfo = [[Solicitor General for Scotland]] | chief1_name = John Logue | chief1_position = Crown Agent | agency_type = | parent_agency = [[Scottish Government]] | child1_agency = | keydocument1 = | website = {{Official URL}} | footnotes = | embed = {{Infobox designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Category B listed building | designation1_date = {{Start date and age|1977|04|29|df=yes}}<ref name="HES"/> | designation1_offname =25 Chambers Street, Crown Office (Former Heriot Watt University)<ref name="HES"/> | designation1_number = LB27981<ref name="HES">{{Historic Environment Scotland|num= LB27981|desc=25 Chambers Street, Crown Office (Former Heriot Watt University)|cat=B |access-date= 17 July 2022}}</ref> }} }} {{PoliticsScotland}}

The '''Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service''' ({{langx|gd|Oifis a' Chrùin agus Seirbheis Neach-casaid a' Chrùin}}) is the independent public [[prosecutor|prosecution service]] for [[Scotland]], and is a Ministerial Department of the [[Scottish Government]]. The department is headed by [[Charles III|His Majesty]]'s [[Lord Advocate]], who under the [[Scots law|Scottish legal system]] is responsible for prosecution, along with the sheriffdom [[procurators fiscal]]. In Scotland, virtually all prosecution of criminal offences is undertaken by [[the Crown]]. Private prosecutions are extremely rare.

The Service's jurisdiction covers all of Scotland, and includes investigation and prosecution of criminal offences, sudden or suspicious deaths, and criminal conduct by the police. It also includes assessment and possession of [[bona vacantia]] and [[treasure trove]]. The [[Lord Advocate]] is assisted by the [[Solicitor General for Scotland]], both of whom are [[Law Officers]]. The day-to-day running of the Service is carried out by the [[Chief Executive|Crown Agent & Chief Executive]] and an executive board who are based in the service headquarters at Crown Office in [[Chambers Street (Edinburgh)|Chambers Street]], Edinburgh. The Service employs both [[Civil Service (United Kingdom)|civil servants]] who carry out administrative and other duties and [[solicitors]] and advocates who represent the [[The Crown|Crown]] in Court.

==History==

The history of the Lord Advocate, and the resulting department of the Crown Office, is somewhat obscure. There are references on record to a king's procurator-fiscal in 1434 and 1457, and a queen's advocate in 1462. An office of king's advocate dates from 1478 but between 1478 and 1494 there are references to "advocates" (unnamed) and it is only from 1494 that one can be sure that there was a single king's advocate as the normal representative of the king in treason trials and in civil litigation. The office thus dates back to [[Scotland in the Middle Ages|mediaeval]] times, with the earliest [[Lord Advocate]] being John Ross of Montgrenan, whom the King appointed as his commissioner at a hearing in [[Stirling]] in 1476, then as procurator for another case in [[Edinburgh]] in the following year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.copfs.gov.uk/News/Historical/HistOffLordAdv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927143320/http://www.copfs.gov.uk/News/Historical/HistOffLordAdv |archive-date=2011-09-27 |title=History of the office of Lord Advocate |website=Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service|date=28 November 2005 }}</ref>

The history of the procurator fiscal is similarly difficult to set down with exactness, though the role has developed significantly over time. The first documentary reference appears in the Records of the [[Parliament of Scotland]] for 22 August 1584, naming several procurators fiscal in Edinburgh. The fiscal was an officer appointed by, and accountable to, the [[Sheriff]], who by the 18th century was responsible for most prosecutions in local areas. By the 19th century, advocates depute were first appointed, to assist him in conducting cases in the High Court of Justiciary and the Crown Office was first established. This became the centre of the prosecution system, and it was to the Lord Advocate now to whom the procurators fiscal were responsible, evidenced by the "Book of Regulations" issued by him to procurators fiscal providing instructions about how to conduct their business.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.copfs.gov.uk/News/Historical/HistDevPF |title=Historical development of the office of Procurator Fiscal |publisher=Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service |access-date=18 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312022836/http://www.copfs.gov.uk/News/Historical/HistDevPF |archive-date=12 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Book of Regulations is still used today in providing the framework for local prosecution in Scotland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.copfs.gov.uk/FOI/Regulations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927143459/http://www.copfs.gov.uk/FOI/Regulations |archive-date=2011-09-27 |title=Freedom of Information: Book of Regulations |date=28 May 2008 |publisher=Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service }}</ref>

==Prosecutors==

===Lord Advocate and Solicitor General for Scotland=== {{Main|Lord Advocate|Solicitor General for Scotland}}

As well as departmental management responsibility, the [[Lord Advocate]] is directly responsible for prosecuting the most serious crimes, in the [[High Court of Justiciary]] at first instance and the [[High Court of Justiciary|Court of Criminal Appeal]]. Unless the cases are of especial importance, such as the [[Pan Am Flight 103|Lockerbie trial]] held at [[Scottish Court in the Netherlands|Camp Zeist]] in the [[Netherlands]], the prosecutions are normally (but not always) led by advocates depute, who are known collectively as Crown counsel and are experienced members of the [[Faculty of Advocates]] normally appointed for a limited period of three years. Their decision to prosecute in this way is taken in the light of the procurator fiscal's recommendations and a report prepared by the police, and any such reports are subject to the direction of the Lord Advocate.<ref>[https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1995/46/contents Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 (c.46)]</ref> This prosecutorial role cannot be removed from her by the [[Scottish Parliament]].

The Lord Advocate is the senior of the two Scottish Law Officers, and is the chief legal adviser to the [[Scottish Government]] as well as representing its ministers in civil proceedings.<ref>[https://www.gov.scot/publications/lord-advocate-role-and-functions/ "Lord Advocate: role and functions"]. Scottish Government.</ref> He is also responsible under the [[Scotland Act 1998]] for ensuring that each [[Act of the Scottish Parliament]] is within the legislative competence of that Parliament. Additionally, the Lord Advocate and the [[Solicitor General for Scotland]] are ''[[ex officio]]'' entitled to participate (but not vote) in proceedings of the Scottish Parliament to the extent permitted by standing orders.<ref>{{cite legislation UK |type=act |year=1998 |chapter=46 |act=Scotland Act 1998 |section=27}}</ref> The Solicitor General can act as the deputy for the Lord Advocate.

The Lord Advocate is one of the [[Great Officers of State]] in Scotland and one of the Scottish Ministers, though since 23 May 2007 the Lord Advocate has not attended the cabinet of the Scottish Government. The position of Lord Advocate has been the subject of controversy, most notably sparked by Scottish High Court judges, wanting the ministerial and prosecutorial role to be separated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/judges-call-for-lord-advocate-to-be-stripped-of-powers-1.826605 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531075038/http://www.heraldscotland.com/judges-call-for-lord-advocate-to-be-stripped-of-powers-1.826605 |archive-date=2012-05-31|title=Judges call for Lord Advocate to be stripped of powers |newspaper=[[Sunday Herald]] |date=1 November 2008}}</ref>

===Crown Agent, King's and Lord Treasurer's Remembrancer and Chief Executive<span class="anchor" id="Crown Agent"></span>=== The Crown Agent is the principal legal adviser to the Lord Advocate on prosecution matters, as well as serving as chief executive for the department.<ref name="John Logue">{{cite web |title=John Logue |url=https://www.gov.scot/about/how-government-is-run/civil-service/john-logue/ |website=gov.scot |publisher=Scottish Government |access-date=12 January 2024}}</ref> The Crown Agent acts as the principal legal adviser to the Lord Advocate in all legal proceedings in which the Lord Advocate appears as representing his or her own department, and issues general instructions from and on behalf of the Lord Advocate for the guidance of Crown counsel, procurators fiscal, sheriff clerks and other public officials.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our leadership and structure |url=https://www.copfs.gov.uk/about-copfs/our-structure/#:~:text=The%20current%20Crown%20Agent%20is,with%20the%20COPFS%20in%201994. |publisher=Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service |access-date=12 January 2024}}</ref> The Crown Agent also transmits instructions from Crown counsel to procurators fiscal about prosecutions, and, subject to the direction of the [[Principal Clerk of Justiciary]], arranges sittings of the [[High Court of Justiciary]]. At trials in the High Court in Edinburgh, the Crown Agent attends as instructing solicitor. The Crown Agent is ultimately responsible for serious crime committed and re–offending as well as ensuring all deaths reported to the procurator fiscal service are investigated whilst providing support services and information to victims and witnesses.<ref name="John Logue"/>

The Crown Agent also holds the office of [[King's and Lord Treasurer's Remembrancer]], and all property that falls to the Crown as a result of [[bona vacantia]] in Scotland is his responsibility, as is [[Treasure trove#Scotland|treasure trove]]. The post of Remembrancer was created in 1837 by the amalgamation of two existing posts created in 1707 – the King's/Queen's Remembrancer and the Lord Treasurer's Remembrancer – and has been held since 1981 by the holder of the office of Crown Agent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kltr.gov.uk/|title=KLTR Overview – King's and Lord Treasurer's Remembrancer|website=kltr.gov.uk}}</ref>

===Advocate deputes=== At the [[High Court of Justiciary]] prosecutions are brought by the [[Lord Advocate]], who is represented in Court by an advocate depute. Advocate deputes are either [[solicitor-advocates]] to whom rights of audience in the High Court have been given by that Court or [[advocates]].

===Procurators fiscal=== {{Main|Procurator fiscal}} [[File:Old Courthouse, Kilmarnock - geograph.org.uk - 1610366.jpg|thumb|right|Procurator Fiscal office in [[Kilmarnock]]]] For the majority of crimes in Scotland a procurator fiscal or fiscal depute presents the case for the prosecution in the [[sheriff court]] and [[justice of the peace court]]s, and the case for the defence is presented either by the accused's own solicitor or by one from the Public Defence Solicitors' Office, a part of the [[Scottish Legal Aid Board]].

Procurators fiscal make preliminary investigations into criminal cases, take written statements from witnesses (known as [[precognition (Scots law)|precognition]]) and are responsible for the investigation and prosecution of crime. This includes the power to direct the police in their investigation, but except for serious crimes such as murder the police normally complete their enquiries before involving the procurator fiscal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crownoffice.gov.uk/About/roles/pf-role/prosecution/how-prosecution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704181111/http://www.crownoffice.gov.uk/About/roles/pf-role/prosecution/how-prosecution |archive-date=2008-07-04 |title=Investigation and Prosecution of Crime: How does the prosecution system work? |website=Crown Office}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hingstons.co.uk/laws-Procurator%20Fiscal%20-%20Powers-no.html |title=Procurator Fiscal - 'Powers' |publisher=Hingstons |access-date=2009-08-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528071415/http://www.hingstons.co.uk/laws-Procurator%20Fiscal%20-%20Powers-no.html |archive-date=28 May 2009 }}</ref> In the most serious cases, once someone has been charged with an offence and remanded in custody, [[the Crown]] must bring the case to court within 110 days or the accused will be admitted to bail. In serious cases (known as [[solemn procedure]] with a jury, as opposed to [[summary procedure]] without) where the accused is admitted to bail, the trial must commence within 12 months of the date of first appearance in court.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crownoffice.gov.uk/About/roles/pf-role/prosecution/110-day-rule |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006175832/http://www.crownoffice.gov.uk/About/roles/pf-role/prosecution/110-day-rule |archive-date=2008-10-06 |title=Investigation and Prosecution of Crime: 110/140 Day Rule |website=Crown Office}}</ref>

[[Procurator fiscal|Procurators fiscal]] work in the local [[sheriffdom]] and most of the fiscal offices in Scotland are either in or near the [[sheriff court]]. The procurator fiscal is also responsible for the investigation of all sudden, suspicious and unexplained deaths in Scotland. This includes the decision to call a [[fatal accident inquiry]]. The procurator fiscal is also responsible for the independent investigation of criminal police complaints made in that sherrifdom (administrative complaints are handled by the [[Police Investigations and Review Commissioner]] (PIRC)).

==Prosecution of crimes== The [[Scots law|law]] in Scotland does not say that a crime must be prosecuted and the [[procurator fiscal|procurators fiscal]]s have considerable discretion over what action to take. If they decide to prosecute a case, they can choose the level at which to prosecute (either through [[indictable offence|solemn]] or [[summary offence|summary]] procedure) with the [[defendant|accused]] having no right to choose a [[jury trial]] or for a victim to decide whether or not to press charges, as the decision on whether to try and by which method belongs to the prosecutor as "Master of the Instance".<ref>{{cite web|title=Summary Justice Reform Thematic Report on the Use of Fiscal Fine|page=7|quote="Although Scotland did not have the principle of 'legality' as in some foreign jurisdictions where the prosecutor has no discretion..."|url=http://www.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/264423/0079241.pdf|publisher=[[Scottish Government]]|access-date=10 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402095402/http://www.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/264423/0079241.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Procurator Fiscal Powers |url=http://www.hingstons.co.uk/laws-Procurator%20Fiscal%20-%20Powers-no.html |quote="We do not have the English system of someone deciding whether or not to press charges, nor of Magistrates [or in America, Grand Juries] deciding whether or not someone should be committed for trial, nor of the accused opting for trial by jury. In Scotland, these are decisions for the Procurator Fiscal to make. " |website=David Hingston LLB |access-date=12 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528071415/http://www.hingstons.co.uk/laws-Procurator%20Fiscal%20-%20Powers-no.html |archive-date=28 May 2009 }}</ref><ref name="Jones, T.H 2008">p. 46 {{Cite book | last1=Jones | first1=Timothy H. | last2=Christie | first2=Michael G.A. | title=Criminal Law | year=2008 | publisher=W.Green | location=Edinburgh | isbn=978-0-414-01683-5 }}</ref> Until 1987, however, their discretion only extended to the degree to which they should prosecute, if at all; there were no alternatives to prosecution. The Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1987 gave procurators fiscal the power to offer fixed penalties instead of prosecution (a [[fiscal fine]]), at the time limited to a maximum of £25 and subsequently increased to £300.<ref>"Where a procurator fiscal receives a report that a relevant offence has been committed he may send to the alleged offender a notice under this section (referred to in this section as a conditional offer){{cite web|title=The Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1987 s.56 |url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1987/pdf/ukpga_19870041_en.pdf | publisher=[[Office of Public Sector Information]]| access-date=11 August 2009}}</ref><ref>"Conditional offer of fixed penalty by procurator fiscal" {{cite web|title=The Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1987 Fixed Penalty Order 1987 |url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1987/Uksi_19872025_en_1.htm | publisher=[[Office of Public Sector Information]]| access-date=11 August 2009}}</ref><ref>"Penalties as alternative to prosecution" {{cite web|title=Criminal Proceedings etc. (Reform) (Scotland) Act 2007 |url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/legislation/scotland/acts2007/asp_20070006_en_7#pt3-pb2 | publisher=[[Office of Public Sector Information]]| access-date=11 August 2009}}</ref>

Since then these options have expanded to giving a warning, fiscal fines, [[reparation (legal)|compensation orders]], [[work order]]s, road traffic [[fixed penalty notice|fixed penalties]] or diversion from prosecution into [[social work]], [[psychological counselling]] or [[psychiatry|psychiatric treatment]].<ref>Alternatives to prosecution: {{cite web| title=Victimes of crime in Scotland| url=http://www.victimsofcrimeinscotland.org.uk/the-justice-process/prosecution-process/alternatives-to-prosecution/| publisher=[[Scottish Government]]| access-date=10 August 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215020637/http://www.victimsofcrimeinscotland.org.uk/the-justice-process/prosecution-process/alternatives-to-prosecution/| archive-date=15 February 2011| df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Functions== COPFS is organised into functions, namely Local Court, High Court, Specialist Casework and Operational Support, each of which is led by a deputy Crown agent. Within the Local Court function there are six sheriffdom procurators fiscal who are responsible for the consideration and prosecution of criminal casework within the sheriff and justice of the peace courts. Within Local Court there is also a National Initial Case Processing Unit which specialises in the decision making of summary level cases reported to COPFS by Police Scotland and other specialist reporting agencies. In early 2025, the COPFS took over the management of [[post-mortem examinations]] in [[Aberdeen]], due to staff shortages, with officials saying the development aimed to "ensure there are no gaps in the provision of these services and to minimise the distress to bereaved families".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gibson |first1=Ken |title=Crown Office to manage post-mortems in Aberdeen |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cn0y03l7r6xo |website=[[BBC News]] |access-date=24 February 2025 |date=16 February 2025}}</ref>

==Victim Information and Advice Service== Victim Information and Advice Service (VIA) is a dedicated and specialised victim information and advice service within the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service. VIA was created to provide information to victims, bereaved next of kin and keeping them informed about the progress of a case. It also has a duty to advise on and facilitate referral to other agencies for specialist support and [[psychotherapy|counselling]] as required.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crownoffice.gov.uk/Victims/VIA/via-services/Overview |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201091859/http://www.crownoffice.gov.uk/Victims/VIA/via-services/Overview |archive-date=2008-12-01 |title=VIA Overview |publisher=Crown Office}}</ref> VIA works closely with other statutory agencies, such as the [[Police Scotland|police]] and the [[Courts of Scotland|courts]] and with voluntary organisations, such as Court Witness Service, [[Women's Aid]] and [[Victim Support]], and is a unique service in the Scottish criminal justice system.

==See also== * [[Crown Prosecution Service]], equivalent body in England and Wales * [[Public Prosecution Service for Northern Ireland]]

==References== {{Reflist|2}}

== External links == * {{Official website}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Crown Office And Procurator Fiscal Service}} [[Category:Scottish Government]] [[Category:Scottish criminal law]] [[Category:Legal organisations based in Scotland]] [[Category:Prosecution services of the United Kingdom|Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal]] [[Category:Government-related organisations based in Edinburgh]] [[Category:Category B listed buildings in Edinburgh]] [[Category:Old Town, Edinburgh]]