Addo Elephant National Park

{{short description|Wildlife conservation park near Gqeberha in the Eastern Cape, South Africa}} {{Use South African English|date=July 2024}} {{Infobox protected area | name = Addo Elephant National Park | image = Elephant Addo.jpg | image_caption = Bull elephant at Addo | image_size = | image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|from=Addo Elephant National Park.map|zoom=7}} | relief = 1 | map_caption = Location of the park | map_width = | location = Eastern Cape, South Africa | nearest_city = Gqeberha | coordinates = {{coord|33|26|46|S|25|44|45|E|region:ZA-EC|display=inline, title}} | area_km2 = 1640 | area_ref = <ref name="SANParks-Main" /> | established = 1931<ref name="SANParks-Main" /> | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = South African National Parks | world_heritage_site = | url = https://www.sanparks.org/parks/addo-elephant | module = {{Location map | South Africa | relief=1 | width=300 }} }}

'''Addo Elephant National Park''' ('''AENP''') is a diverse wildlife conservation park situated close to Gqeberha in South Africa and is one of the country's 20 national parks. It currently ranks third in size after Kruger National Park and the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park.

== History == The foundations of the Park lay in the near-extermination of the local elephant population. Local fruit farmers had been sold their farms at greatly reduced rates and favourable terms because of the elephant presence. Nevertheless, these farmers complained to the authorities about damage to their crops, broken water pipelines and reservoirs, and even loss of lives.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hoffman|first=M.T.|date=1993-09-25|title=Major P.J. Pretorius and the decimation of the Addo elephant herd in 1919-1920: important reassessments|journal=Koedoe|volume=36|issue=2|doi=10.4102/koedoe.v36i2.372|issn=2071-0771|doi-access=free}}</ref> From June 1919 to August 1920, the professional hunter Major P. J. Pretorius was brought in to thin out the herd, and shot a figure of "120-odd" elephants, reducing the population from about 130 to 16 individuals.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hoffman|first=M.T.|date=1993-09-25|title=Major P.J. Pretorius and the decimation of the Addo elephant herd in 1919-1920: important reassessments|journal=Koedoe|volume=36|issue=2|doi=10.4102/koedoe.v36i2.372|issn=2071-0771|doi-access=free}}</ref>

In 1925 Deneys Reitz, in his capacity as Minister for Lands, stepped in to proclaim the area a sanctuary.<ref>{{cite web |title=Information for Guides Operating in the Addo Elephant National Park |url=https://www.sanparks.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/guide-for-field-guides.pdf |publisher=South African National Parks |access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref> In the following years Reitz often stopped by to check in on the elephant population.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Reitz |first1=Deneys |editor1-last=Emslie |editor1-first=Trevor |title=Adrift on the Open Veld |date=1999 |publisher=Stormberg |location=Cape Town |isbn=978-0-6202-4380-3 |pages=737,757}}</ref>

Following the passing of the Natural Parks Act in 1926, the Addo forest was formally established as a national park in 1931, in part due to the efforts of Sydney Skaife .<ref name="SANParks-Main">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sanparks.org/parks/addo-elephant |title=Addo Elephant National Park |publisher=South African National Parks |access-date=2024-08-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/people/skaife-sh/ |title=Skaife, Sydney Harold ('Stacey') (1889-1976) |publisher=Iziko Museums of Cape Town |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718075626/http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/people/skaife-sh/ |archive-date=2011-07-18 |access-date=2009-04-24}}</ref> The first Park manager, Stephen Harold Trollope (a former Kruger National Park ranger), chased elephants into the Park area using shotguns, firecrackers and fires. Only one bull remained outside the park and it was unfortunately shot by Trollope when it charged one of his men. This would have been the twelfth elephant in the park, leaving only 11.<ref>{{cite web |title=Information for Guides Operating in the Addo Elephant National Park |url=https://www.sanparks.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/guide-for-field-guides.pdf |publisher=South African National Parks |access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref>

Over the years the rangers struggled with the elephants' determination to leave the farm to raid neighbouring farms, eventually constructing a barrier made of mineshaft lift cable, and tramlines donated by the Port Elizabeth City Council and City of Johannesburg, which could withstand all but the biggest elephants.<ref>{{cite web |title=Information for Guides Operating in the Addo Elephant National Park |url=https://www.sanparks.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/guide-for-field-guides.pdf |publisher=South African National Parks |access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref>

By 1954 there were 22 elephant in the park, and in 1957 eland were introduced. In the 1990s, hippopotamus and rhino were introduced along with Burchell’s Zebra and warthog. Finally in 2003, six Kalahari lions were introduced to the park as were the first hyaenas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Information for Guides Operating in the Addo Elephant National Park |url=https://www.sanparks.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/guide-for-field-guides.pdf |publisher=South African National Parks |access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref> Today there are over 600 elephants in the Park.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mammals |url=https://www.sanparks.org/parks/addo-elephant/explore/fauna-flora/mammals |website=Addo Elephant National Park |publisher=South African National Parks |access-date=26 November 2025}}</ref>

=== Expansion === The original park has subsequently been expanded to include the Woody Cape Nature Reserve that extends from the Sundays River mouth towards Alexandria and a marine reserve, which includes St. Croix Island and Bird Island, both breeding habitat for gannets and penguins, as well as a large variety of other marine life. Bird Island is home to the world's largest breeding colony of gannets - about 120,000 birds - and also hosts the second largest breeding colony of African penguins, the largest breeding colony being St. Croix island. These marine assets form part of the plan to expand the {{cvt|1,640|km2}} Addo National Elephant Park into the {{cvt|3,600|km2}} ''Greater Addo Elephant National Park''. The expanded park contains five of South Africa's seven major vegetation zones (biomes), and is also the only park to house Africa's "Big 7" (elephant, rhinoceros, lion, buffalo, leopard, whale and great white shark) in their natural habitat.<ref name="SANParks-Main" />

== Flora and fauna == thumb|Flightless dung beetle The flora within the AENP is quite varied, and like all plant life, is a central factor to the ecological system in place. Several species of rare and endemic plants, particularly succulent shrubs and geophytes are native to the South African region within the AENP. Many species are under environmental pressure, however, and are facing possible extinction.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Johnson, C.F. |last2=Cowling, R.M. |last3=Phillipson, P.B. |year=1999 |title=The Flora of Addo Elephant National Park: are threatened species vulnerable to elephant damage? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262890073 |journal=Biodiversity and Conservation |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=1447–1456 |doi=10.1023/A:1008980120379|s2cid=1480328 }}</ref>

The park is home to more than 600 elephants, 400 Cape buffaloes, over 48 endangered south-western black rhinoceros' ''(Diceros bicornis occidentalis)'' as well as a variety of antelope species. Lion and spotted hyena have also recently been re-introduced to the area. The largest remaining population of the flightless dung beetle (''Circellium bacchus'') is located within the park.

== Extinction and overpopulation== Two major environmental issues facing the AENP: extinction and overpopulation, which are interrelated. Since the AENP's original mission was to reintroduce certain megaherbivores, like the African bush elephant and eastern black rhinoceros,<ref>Landman, M. "Relevance of elephant herbivory as a threat to Important Plants in the Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa," ''Journal of Zoology'' 2008, p.51-58</ref> primary ecological efforts were made to preserve mammalian species. However, by overlooking the other contributors to this environmental chain, certain plant species have been subjected to overgrazing and trampling,<ref>Kerley, Graham. "The impacts of elephants on biodiversity in the Eastern Cape Subtropical Thickets," ''South African Journal of Science'' 2006, p.395-402</ref> mostly by the elephants of the park. This overgrazing and trampling not only destroys much of the plant life, but also forces it to adapt its physiology to stimuli<ref>Marris, Emma. "Africa conservation: making room," ''Nature'' 2008, p.860-863</ref> that are not inherent to its evolutionary progress. Some biologists argue that it is not herbivorization<ref>Knight, M.H. "Evaluating herbivore extinction probabilities in Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa," ''African Zoology'' 2006, p.13</ref> alone that is threatening the flora, but a number of other ecological factors including zoochory and nutrient cycling. Up to 77 species of South African endemic plant species have been listed as "vulnerable to elephant browsing."

== Marine protected areas == The Addo Elephant National Park Marine Protected Area<ref name="Sink_al.2004">{{Cite report |url=http://sanpcc.org.za/pssa-old/articles/includes/NSBA%20Vol%204%20Marine%20Component%20Oct%2004%20Appendices.pdf |title=Appendix 1. South African marine bioregions |last1=Sink |first1=K. |last2=Harris |first2=J. |date=October 2004 |pages=97–109 |last3=Lombard |first3=A. |work=South African National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment 2004: Technical Report Vol. 4 Marine Component DRAFT}}</ref><ref name="WWF AddoMarine">{{Cite web |url=http://mpaforum.org.za/marine-protected-areas/ |title=Marine Protected Areas |publisher=World Wildlife Fund |access-date=24 May 2018}}</ref> and Bird Island Marine Protected Area are associated with the park.

== Tourism == In 2018 the highest visitor count in the park's 87-year history was recorded. The park received 305,510<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Local/PE-Express/record-300-000-tourists-visit-addo-in-past-year-20180423 |title=Record 300 000 tourists visit Addo in past year}}</ref> visitors between 1 April 2017 and 31 March 2018 (up from 265,585 in the previous year).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sanparks.org/assets/docs/general/annual-report-2017.pdf |title=SAN Parks Annual Report 2016/2017 |access-date=2019-02-19 |archive-date=2020-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724172234/https://www.sanparks.org/assets/docs/general/annual-report-2017.pdf }}</ref> International visitors make up 55% of this number, with German, Dutch and British nationals in the majority.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.rnews.co.za/article/19542/visitor-numbers-to-addo-elephant-national-park-surpass-300-000 |title=Visitor numbers to Addo Elephant National Park surpass 300 000 |archive-date=2019-02-20 |access-date=2019-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220063303/https://www.rnews.co.za/article/19542/visitor-numbers-to-addo-elephant-national-park-surpass-300-000 }}</ref>

There is a main camp, featuring a swimming pool, restaurant, flood lit water hole and various accommodation, four other rest camps and four camps run by concessionaires. The main entrance as well as two looped tourist roads in the park are tarred while the others are graveled. There is also an additional access road through the southern block of the park feeding off the N2 highway near Colchester; it joins up with the existing tourist roads in the park.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

== Gallery == <gallery mode="packed"> File:Cape Buffalo (Addo).JPG|Cape Buffalo File:Elephant calf (Addo).JPG|Elephant calf File:Elephant (Addo).JPG|Elephant eating grass File:Addo_Elephant_National_Park-001.jpg|Elephants at the Hapoor Dam in the park File:Zebra (Addo).JPG|Adult Burchell's zebra and two foals File:Hartebeest (Addo).JPG|Red Hartebeest in morning mist File:Hartebeest Addo.JPG|Red Hartebeest in early morning light File:Warthog (Addo).JPG|Warthog mother and piglet File:Male lion (Addo).JPG|Male lion<ref name="Iucn2016Lion">{{Cite iucn | author = Bauer, H. | author2 = Packer, C. | author3 = Funston, P. F. | author4 = Henschel, P. |author5=Nowell, K. | title = ''Panthera leo'' | year= 2016 | errata= 2017 | article-number = e.T15951A115130419 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T15951A107265605.en | access-date = 13 January 2018}}</ref> File:Flowers in Addo.JPG|Blue plumbago (Plumbago auriculata) File:River Naboom (Euphorbia triangularis) (52844639244).jpg|River Naboom (Euphorbia triangularis) File:Lush Valley at Addo Elephant National Park.jpg|Lush Valley File:Erosion at Addo Elephant National Park.jpg|Erosion area File:Addo NP Scenery, lush after the rains ... (Photo JC PLE) (52655746697).jpg|The landscape after the rains </gallery>

== See also == {{Portal|South Africa}} * Addo Elephant Trail Run

== References == {{Reflist}}

== External links == {{Wikivoyage|Addo Elephant National Park}} {{Commons category}} *[https://www.sanparks.org/parks/addo-elephant Official website] *[http://mpaforum.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Management-Plan-aenp-man-plan.pdf] Park Management Plan

{{Biodiversity of South Africa|proare}} {{Eastern Cape Provincial Parks}} {{authority control}}

Category:National parks of South Africa Category:Protected areas of the Eastern Cape Category:Protected areas established in 1931 Category:Albany thickets Category:Sundays River