{{short description|American judge, botanist, and amateur astronomer (1830–1913)}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = | name = Addison Brown | honorific_suffix = | image = Portrait of Addison Brown (cropped).jpg | alt = | caption = | office = Judge of the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York]] | term_start = June 2, 1881 | term_end = August 30, 1901 | nominator = | appointer = [[List of federal judges appointed by James A. Garfield|James A. Garfield]] (recess)<br/>[[List of federal judges appointed by Chester A. Arthur|Chester A. Arthur]] (commission) | predecessor = [[William Gardner Choate]] | successor = [[George B. Adams]] | pronunciation = | birth_name = Addison C. Brown<ref name=StandardUnionObit/> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1830|02|21}} | birth_place = [[West Newbury, Massachusetts]], U.S. | death_date = {{Death date and age|1913|04|09|1830|02|21}} | death_place = New York City, U.S. | death_cause = | resting_place = [[Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)|Woodlawn Cemetery]]<br/>[[The Bronx]], New York City | resting_place_coordinates = | citizenship = | party = Republican | other_party = | height = | spouse = {{plainlist| * {{marriage|Mary Chadwick Barrett|1854|1887|end=died}} * {{marriage|Helen Carpenter Gaskin|1893}} }} | partner = | relations = | children = 4 | parents = | mother = | father = | relatives = [[Henry B. R. Brown]] (grandson) | education = [[Harvard University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|A.B.]])<br/>[[Harvard Law School]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B.]]) | alma_mater = | occupation = | profession = | known_for = | salary = | net_worth = | cabinet = | committees = | portfolio = | awards = | signature = | signature_alt = | website = <!--Embedded templates / Footnotes--> | footnotes = }} '''Addison C. Brown''' (February 21, 1830 – April 9, 1913) was a [[United States federal judge|United States district judge]] of the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York]], a [[Botany|botanist]], and a serious [[Amateur astronomy|amateur astronomer]].
==Early life, education and career==
Addison Brown was born on February 21, 1830, in [[West Newbury, Massachusetts|West Newbury]], [[Massachusetts]], the oldest of five children of Addison Brown Sr., a shoemaker, and Catherine Babson Griffin,<ref name="WNBirths">{{cite web |title=West Newbury Births |url=http://ma-vitalrecords.org/MA/Essex/WestNewbury/Images/WestNewbury_B011.shtml |website=Early Vital Records of Massachusetts From 1600 to 1850 |publisher=Massachusetts Vital Records Project |accessdate=28 January 2020 |archive-date=29 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129124240/http://ma-vitalrecords.org/MA/Essex/WestNewbury/Images/WestNewbury_B011.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Brown|1972|pp=22–24.}}</ref> both descended from Massachusetts' earliest Pilgrim settlers.<ref name=NYTObit/> He attended West Newbury's one-room school until he had exhausted its offerings at age 12. In 1843 he began more advanced studies in such areas as Latin, physics, algebra, and philosophy.<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|1972|pp=27–35, 41, 49–52.}}</ref>
In 1848 Brown entered [[Amherst College]], intending from the start to transfer to [[Harvard University]] in his sophomore year.<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|1972|pp=53–57.}}</ref> While at Harvard, Brown earned money as the college organist and unhappily spent some summer months as a village school teacher.<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|1972|pp=61–62.}}</ref> Brown befriended and roomed with his Harvard classmate [[Horatio Alger]] and counted Ephraim Whitman Gurney (who became a professor of philosophy and history and dean of the Harvard faculty)<ref>{{cite journal |title=Ephraim Whitman Gurney |journal=Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences |date=1886 |volume=22 |pages=523–27 |jstor=25129881 }}</ref> as his closest college friend.<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|1972|pp=64–65, 97.}}</ref>
Brown received an [[Bachelor of Arts|Artium Baccalaureus]] degree in 1852 from Harvard University, ranked second in his class. [[Joseph Hodges Choate]], who became a lawyer and diplomat, was ranked third.<ref name=NYTribObit>{{cite news |title=Obituary: Addison Brown |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/44160191/obitthorough_bio/?xid=637&_ga=2.170127712.1157192722.1581601636-2129257001.1535019961 |accessdate=14 February 2020 |work=New York Tribune |date=April 10, 1913 |page=9}}</ref> Joseph's brother, [[William Gardner Choate]], who preceded Brown in the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York]], was valedictorian;<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|1972|p=72.}}</ref> [[George B. Adams]], Brown's successor on the bench, was also a member of the class of 1852.<ref name=NYTObit>{{cite news |title=Addison Brown Dies: Ex-District Judge |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/04/10/100393859.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 |accessdate=14 February 2020 |work=New York Times |date=April 10, 1913 |page=11}}</ref> To restore his health after years dedicated to study, Brown spent the summer of 1852 working aboard a fishing boat, sailing out of [[Gloucester, Massachusetts]] to [[Prince Edward Island]].<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|1972|pp=80–86.}}</ref>
In his ''Autobiographical Notes'', Brown wrote that a college graduate in his circumstances had three career choices: the ministry, medicine or the law. He "knew nothing of the law, or of lawyers personally, ... and disliked the life of a physician."<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|1972|pp=76–77.}}</ref> After consideration, he deemed himself ill-suited for the ministry: "Only law remained."<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|1972|pp=78–79.}}</ref> Upon learning that he could save almost half of the cost of a [[Harvard Law School|Harvard law]] degree by working and studying in a law office for a year, Brown returned home to the law offices of John James Marsh.<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|1972|pp=79, 87–89.}}</ref> Brown entered Harvard Law School in 1853, receiving a [[Bachelor of Laws]] in late 1854.<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|1972|pp=90–91.}}</ref>[[File:Addison Brown by Whipple, 1852.png|thumb|Addison Brown by Whipple, 1852.]]
===Law practice===
Armed with introductions from a Harvard professor, in December 1854 Brown arrived in [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]] (whose burgeoning business community Brown found more promising than opportunities in his native small-town northeast Massachusetts) and began work as a clerk for the firm of Brown (unrelated), [[A. Oakey Hall|Hall]] (then-New York's mayor), and Vanderpoel. There he met other lawyers, learned about the practice of law, and studied for the New York bar examination, which he passed in February 1855.<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|1972|pp=93–94.}}</ref> In that year he began developing a small portfolio of clients of his own and supplemented his income with work as organist and choir director in the Episcopal Church in Newton, Long Island.<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|1972|p=95.}}</ref>
Brown struck out on his own and then joined Nelson Smith in 1856.<ref name = NYTObit/> In 1857 he partnered with Edwin E. Bogardus, who had an established and varied law practice, to form the firm of Bogardus and Brown. That firm prospered until its dissolution in May 1864, when Brown formed Stanley, Langdell & Brown with longtime friends. He remained in that partnership (later named Stanley, Brown & Clarke when [[Christopher Columbus Langdell|Langdell]] left to become dean of Harvard Law School) until his judicial appointment in 1881.<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|1972|pp=98 n.29, 103–11, 185.}}</ref><ref name=StandardUnionObit>{{cite news |title=Death Ends Long Career of Jurist: At 83, Ex-Judge Addison C. Brown Dies At Home In Manhattan |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/44159052/obitmemberships_ny_botanical_garden/?xid=637&_ga=2.186316137.1157192722.1581601636-2129257001.1535019961 |accessdate=15 February 2020 |work=Standard Union |date=April 9, 1913 |location=Brooklyn, New York |page=1}}</ref>
===Investment ventures===
Brown stated that when deciding on a path after college, he found a business career not to his taste, inasmuch as he had no interest in "mere wealth" or a "life of money-making."<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|1972|p=78.}}</ref> He did, however, participate in business ventures and accrue considerable wealth. In the late 1850s he began investing in and doing legal work for real estate transactions in which large areas of land at the edges of development in New York City were subdivided and sold at considerable profit.<ref name= "Brown 1972 106.">{{harvnb|Brown|1972|p=106.}}</ref>
His success was such that prosperous individuals in Brown's hometown of West Newbury and surrounding areas entrusted him to invest their funds, providing the investors a 7% return and Brown any amounts over that. This allowed him to engage in more real estate ventures. Brown stated, "The handling of considerable funds in that way for many years not only brought me considerable gains beyond my law business proper, but also gave me much credit as a responsible person, and attracted clients in the building business, and it thus much enlarged my own contributions to our strictly law practice."<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|1972|p=109.}}</ref>
==Federal judicial service==
Brown received a [[recess appointment]] from President [[James A. Garfield]] on June 2, 1881, to a seat on the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York. On October 12, 1881, President [[Chester A. Arthur]] nominated him to the same position. Brown's [[United States Senate]] confirmation took place on October 14, 1881; he received his commission the same day.<ref name="auto">{{FJC Bio|280|nid=1378366|name=Addison Brown<!--(1830–1913)-->}}</ref> Brown had become a member of his local [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] club in the late 1850s<ref name="Brown 1972 106."/> and remained active in Republican politics while neither seeking nor obtaining a political position prior to his judgeship.<ref name=NYTRetires>{{cite news |title=Judge Addison Brown Resigns from the Bench: Appointed by President Arthur to Place in U.S. Court, He Retires after 20 Years' Distinguished Service |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1901/07/04/117967808.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 |accessdate=16 February 2020 |work=New York Times |date=July 4, 1901 |page=1}}</ref>
Brown's 20-year judgeship was described as prolific and distinguished. He was credited as having written between 1,600<ref name=NYTRetires/> to over 2,000<ref name=NYTribObit/> decisions, many of them concerning admiralty, bankruptcy, and extradition.<ref name=NYTObit/><ref name=CourantObit/> His most famous case involved the libel charges against journalist [[Charles Anderson Dana]] brought by the administration of [[Ulysses S. Grant]]. Brown refused to extradite Dana from New York to [[Washington, D.C.]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Refused to Extradite Dana: Death of Judge Addison C. Brown, Who Figured in Noted Case |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/44160076/obit_refused_to_extradite_dana/ |accessdate=16 February 2020 |newspaper=Washington Post |date=April 10, 1913 |page=10}}</ref> holding that before extradition may occur, an offense must be shown and regular procedures followed.<ref name=NYTObit/>
Due to physical disabilities, Brown resigned from the court in 1901.<ref name=CourantObit>{{cite news |title=Judge Addison C. Brown Dead |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/44159988/obit_retired_1901/ |accessdate=16 February 2020 |work=Hartford Courant |date=April 10, 1913 |page=17}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' stated upon his retirement that Brown was "regarded as one of the most hard-working and painstaking Judges on the bench."<ref name=NYTRetires/> In the year following his retirement, Harvard honored him with an LL.D.<ref name=NYTObit/>
==Botany and astronomy==
Newspaper accounts called Brown not only a great jurist, but also a great scientist, learned as a botanist and to a lesser degree as an astronomer.<ref name=CourantNotes>{{cite news |title=Note and Comment |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/44160876/obit/ |accessdate=16 February 2020 |work=Hartford Courant |date=April 11, 1913 |page=8 (quoting the ''New York World'')}}</ref> Obituaries noted his versatility<ref name=Versatile/> and compared him to polymath poet and doctor [[Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.]]<ref name=CourantNotes/> Modern sources have also recognized his wide range of pursuits and accomplishments.<ref>{{cite web |title=Judge Addison Brown: Renaissance Man |url=http://onetuberadio.com/2017/07/24/judge-addison-brown-renaissance-man/ |website=OneTubeRadio.Com |accessdate=17 February 2020}}</ref>[[File:Addisonia (PLATE 009) (8575333844).jpg|thumb|Addisonia (PLATE 009) (8575333844) from the botany journal Addison Brown endowed.]]
In 1875, Brown joined the [[Torrey Botanical Society|Torrey Botanical Club]] of [[Columbia University|Columbia College]] in New York and was an active member for many years, serving as president from 1893 to 1905.<ref name="NYBGJournal" /> As the club's president, Brown served on the Botanical Garden Committee and became a principal founder of the [[New York Botanical Garden]].<ref name="NYBGJournal">{{cite journal|title=Addison Brown|journal=Journal of the New York Botanical Garden|date=June 1913|volume=14|issue=162|pages=119–21|url=http://mertzdigital.nybg.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p9016coll22/id/167/rec/1 |accessdate=16 February 2020}}</ref> Brown cited his role in the Botanical Garden's founding as his most significant public service, aside from his work in the judiciary.<ref name="Brown 1972 132.">{{harvnb|Brown|1972|p=132.}}</ref> He wrote that organization's charter in 1891<ref name=StandardUnionObit/> and in that year donated the initial $25,000<ref name="NYBGJournal" /> (which he viewed as "quite out of proportion to my means at that time")<ref name="Brown 1972 132."/> toward the $250,000 in private seed money required pursuant to the New York legislature's authorization for municipal contributions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Eight $25,000 Subscriptions for the Botanical Garden Obtained by Mr. Morgan |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/44174922/ny_botanical_garden_founders/?xid=637&_ga=2.141209970.1157192722.1581601636-2129257001.1535019961 |accessdate=16 February 2020 |work=The Sun |date=April 2, 1892 |location=New York City |page=7}}</ref>
Brown traveled to collect botanical specimens, maintained an extensive botanical library, wrote many notes for Torrey Botanical Club publications and published the following works:<ref name="NYBGJournal"/> * ''Illustrated [[Flora]] of the Northern United States and Canada'' (three volumes, 1896–98; new edition, 1913 — with [[Nathaniel Lord Britton|Nathaniel L. Britton]]) * ''The Elgin Botanical Garden and its Relation to Columbia College and the New Hampshire Grants'' (1908)
{{botanist|A.Br.|Brown, Addison|border=0}}
At age 81, Brown began work on a revised and expanded edition of ''Illustrated Flora,'' which contained over 2,000 pages and some 5,000 illustrations. With his co-author Britton, he worked on this for the rest of his life, even as his health failed. Brown died four days after the first bound copies were shipped.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Influence of a Long and Unusually Busy Life |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/44159509/ob_itlong_busy_life_including/?xid=637&_ga=2.77258069.1157192722.1581601636-2129257001.1535019961 |accessdate=16 February 2020 |work=The New Era |date=April 12, 1913 |location=Lancaster, Pennsylvania |page=4}}</ref>
At his death, Brown's single largest charitable bequest—200 shares of [[U.S. Steel|United States Steel]] preferred stock worth $21,750 in 1913—was to the New York Botanical Garden to endow a botanical journal. The periodical was to be named for Brown and to contain color plates illustrating plants of the United States and its territories.<ref name=NYTEstate/> This publication, named ''[[Addisonia (journal)|Addisonia]]'', was issued between 1916 and 1964.<ref>{{cite book |title=Addisonia : colored illustrations and popular descriptions of plants. |oclc=1461077 }}</ref>
Brown was also a serious amateur astronomer.<ref name=Versatile>{{cite news |title=Most Versatile of Judges |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/44160987/versitility_science_and_law/?xid=637&_ga=2.74174802.1157192722.1581601636-2129257001.1535019961 |accessdate=17 February 2020 |work=Westmoreland Recorder |date=July 10, 1913 |location=Westmoreland, Kansas |page=8}}</ref> He was a founding member of the [[New York Academy of Science]]'s astronomy section.<ref>{{cite news |title=Round About Town |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/44175258/astronomy_section_ny_academy_of_sciences/?xid=637&_ga=2.169996512.1157192722.1581601636-2129257001.1535019961 |accessdate=17 February 2020 |work=The World |date=March 5, 1891 |location=New York City |page=6}}</ref> Brown's [[Colorado]] mountaintop observations of the July 29, 1878 solar eclipse were included in a report of the [[United States Naval Observatory]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=United States Naval Observatory |title=Reports of the Total Solar Eclipses of July 29, 1878 and January 11, 1880 |series=United States. Naval Observatory. Washington observations;1876. Appendix III |date=1880 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=142–44 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.c3118404&view=1up&seq=168 |accessdate=17 February 2020}}</ref>
==Personal life and death==
Brown met his first wife, Mary Chadwick Barrett, in 1846 at Bradford Academy, near West Newbury, as he studied to prepare for college. Together they studied astronomy, in which she excelled. Informally engaged since his days at Amherst, they married on January 1, 1856, when financially able to maintain a household.<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|1972|pp=49, 96–97.}}</ref> She was disabled by illness before their marriage. Notwithstanding various cures meeting with mixed success, her physical and mental condition worsened until her death in 1887.<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|1972|pp=49, 112–13.}}</ref><ref name=NYTObit/>
In July 1893, Brown married Helen Carpenter Gaskin, a botany teacher at the New York Normal College,<ref>{{cite news |title=Brown - Gaskin |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/44234597/browngaskin_marriagedescribes_her/?xid=637&_ga=2.207198803.1157192722.1581601636-2129257001.1535019961 |accessdate=16 February 2020 |work=Standard Union |date=July 21, 1893 |location=Brooklyn, New York |page=4}}</ref> which later became [[Hunter College]]. He was in his 60s; she was considerably younger. One newspaper report stated that the bride was said to be attractive and charming: "Not a little romance is connected with their courtship."<ref>{{cite news |title=Brown - Gaskin |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/44320351/browngaskinattractive_bride_romance/?xid=637&_ga=2.116978246.1157192722.1581601636-2129257001.1535019961 |accessdate=15 February 2020 |work=Baltimore Sun |date=July 23, 1893 |page=2}}</ref> Others described surprise that Brown, active in numerous elite New York social clubs, managed to keep the impending wedding secret.<ref>{{cite news |title=A Jurist Weds: Hon. Addison Brown Wed to Miss Helen C. Gaskin |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/44319027/judge_brownmany_clubs/?xid=637&_ga=2.175233378.1157192722.1581601636-2129257001.1535019961 |accessdate=15 February 2020 |work=Argus-Leader |date=July 20, 1893 |location=Sioux Falls, South Dakota |page=8}}</ref> The couple pursued joint scientific interests,<ref>{{cite news |title=Personal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/44174009/wedding_tripscience/?xid=637&_ga=2.169842913.1157192722.1581601636-2129257001.1535019961 |accessdate=15 February 2020 |work=New York Tribune |date=August 5, 1893 |page=6}}</ref> and had three sons and a daughter.<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|1972|p=1.}}</ref>[[File:Addison Brown Sarcophagus.JPG|thumb|The sarcophagus of Addison Brown in [[Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)|Woodlawn Cemetery]].]]
Stricken with paralysis, Addison Brown died at his [[Manhattan]] home on April 9, 1913, at age 83.<ref name = NYTObit/> He was interred in a [[sarcophagus]] at [[Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)|Woodlawn Cemetery]] in [[The Bronx]].<ref name= NYTribObit/><ref name= NYTEstate/> Brown's estate was estimated at $750,000.<ref name=NYTEstate>{{cite news |title=Judge Brown Left a $750,000 Estate |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/44160772/nyt_750k_estate/?xid=637&_ga=2.141138546.1157192722.1581601636-2129257001.1535019961 |accessdate=16 February 2020 |work=New York Times |date=April 19, 1913 |page=5}}</ref> While the bulk of his bequests were in trust for his children, Brown left $40,000 to charities, principally the bequest to the New York Botanical Garden magazine, and scholarship prizes for Harvard University and Amherst College. Smaller gifts went to organizations ranging from the [[Tuskegee Institute]] to the West Newbury Library Association.<ref>{{cite news |title=To Harvard and Amherst: Will of Judge Addison Brown of New York Provides Bequests and to West Newbury Library |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/44157539/bequest_to_wn_library/?xid=637&_ga=2.111802692.1157192722.1581601636-2129257001.1535019961 |accessdate=16 February 2020 |work=Boston Globe |date=April 19, 1913 |page=16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ex-Judge Left $750,000: Public Bequests of $40,000 in Addison Brown's Will |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/44157539/bequest_to_wn_library/?xid=637&_ga=2.111802692.1157192722.1581601636-2129257001.1535019961 |accessdate=16 February 2020 |work=New York Tribune |date=April 19, 1913 |page=9}}</ref>
==Notes== {{Reflist}}
==References== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book | title = Judge Addison Brown: Autobiographical Notes for His Children | last = Brown | first = Addison | year = 1972 | publisher = Carr Publishing, Inc | location = Boyce, Virginia | oclc = 1174753 }} {{refend}}
==External links== * {{commons category-inline}} * {{wikispecies-inline}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Addison Brown |sopt=t}} *{{cite book | last = Britton | first = Nathaniel | authorlink = Nathaniel Lord Britton | author2 = Addison Brown | title = An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions From Newfoundland to the Parallel of the Southern Boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean Westward to the 102d Meridian | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3YgCAAAAYAAJ | accessdate = 2008-06-24 | series = Volume III, Apocynacea to Compositae; Dogbane to Thistle | year = 1898 | publisher = [[Charles Scribner's Sons]] | page = 643 pages }} *{{cite book | last = Britton | first = Nathaniel | authorlink = Nathaniel Lord Britton | author2 = Addison Brown | title = An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions From Newfoundland to the Parallel of the Southern Boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean Westward to the 102d Meridian | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RZUCAAAAYAAJ | accessdate = 2008-05-10 | series = Volume II, Amaranthaceae to Loganiaceae | year = 1913 | publisher = [[Charles Scribner's Sons]] | page = 2052 pages }} *{{cite book | last = Britton | first = Nathaniel Lord | authorlink = Nathaniel Lord Britton | author2 = Addison Brown | title = An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions From Newfoundland to the Parallel of the Southern Boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean Westward to the 102d Meridian | url = https://archive.org/details/anillustratedfl14browgoog | accessdate = 2008-06-17 | edition = Second Edition -- Revised and Enlarged | series = Volume III Gentianaceae to Compositae -- Gentian to Thistle | year = 1913 | publisher = [[Charles Scribner's Sons]] | location = New York }}
{{s-start}} {{s-legal}} {{s-bef|before=[[William Gardner Choate]]}} {{s-ttl|title={{nowrap|Judge of the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York]]}}|years=1881–1901}} {{s-aft|after=[[George B. Adams]]}} {{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Brown, Addison}} [[Category:1830 births]] [[Category:1913 deaths]] [[Category:Judges of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York]] [[Category:United States federal judges appointed by James A. Garfield]] [[Category:Amateur astronomers]] [[Category:19th-century American science writers]] [[Category:Harvard Law School alumni]] [[Category:People from West Newbury, Massachusetts]] [[Category:Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)]] [[Category:Writers from Massachusetts]] [[Category:Writers from New York City]] [[Category:19th-century American botanists]] [[Category:19th-century American politicians]] [[Category:20th-century American botanists]] [[Category:20th-century American politicians]] [[Category:United States federal judges appointed by Chester A. Arthur]]