Artemisia absinthium

{{short description|Species of plant}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}} {{speciesbox |image = Artemisia absinthium P1210748.jpg |image_caption = Absinthe Museum garden, Auvers-sur-Oise, France |genus = Artemisia |species = absinthium |authority = L.<ref name="Linn1753"> {{cite book|last=Linnaeus|first=Carolus|author-link=Carl Linnaeus|year=1753 |title=Species plantarum:exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas...|publisher=Holmiae (Laurentii Salvii)|volume=2|page=848|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358869|access-date=2008-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004011723/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358869 |archive-date= 4 October 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> |synonyms = {{hidden begin|title = List}} *''Absinthium bipedale'' Gilib., not validly published *''Absinthium majus'' Geoffr.<ref name="Rätsch2005"/> *''Absinthium majus'' Garsault, not validly published *''Absinthium officinale'' Lam.<ref name="Rätsch2005"/> *''Absinthium officinale'' Brot. *''Absinthium vulgare'' (L.) Lam. *''Artemisia absinthia'' St.-Lag. *''Artemisia arborescens'' var. ''cupaniana'' Chiov. *''Artemisia arborescens'' f. ''rehan'' (Chiov.) Chiov. *''Artemisia baldaccii'' Degen *''Artemisia doonense'' Royle *''Artemisia inodora'' Mill. *''Artemisia kulbadica'' Boiss. & Buhse *''Artemisia pendula'' Salisb. *''Artemisia rehan'' Chiov. *''Artemisia rhaetica'' Brügger {{hidden end}} |synonyms_ref =<ref name="Rätsch2005">{{cite book|author=Christian Rätsch|title=The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants: Ethnopharmacology and Its Applications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EnOqQgAACAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Inner Traditions/Bear|page=69|isbn=978-0-89281-978-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/gcc-95372|title=''Artemisia absinthium'' L. — The Plant List|website=www.theplantlist.org|access-date=10 November 2012|archive-date=10 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710000442/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/gcc-95372|url-status=live}}</ref> }} thumb|Illustration of wormwood (''Artemisia absinthium'') in "Les plantes potagères" Vilmorin 1925 '''''Artemisia absinthium''''', otherwise known as '''common wormwood''', is a species of ''Artemisia'' native to North Africa and temperate regions of Eurasia,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/index1.php?scientific-name=artemisia+absinthium|title=''Artemisia absinthium'' [Assenzio vero] - Flora Italiana|website=luirig.altervista.org|access-date=23 May 2015|archive-date=24 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022931/http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/index1.php?scientific-name=artemisia+absinthium|url-status=live}}</ref> and widely naturalized in Canada and the northern United States.<ref name=n>{{Cite web|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200023158|title=''Artemisia absinthium'' in Flora of North America @ efloras.org|website=www.efloras.org}}</ref> It is grown as an ornamental plant and is used as an ingredient in the spirit absinthe and some other alcoholic beverages.

==Etymology== Wormwood's relative mugwort was traditionally used as a remedy for a variety of complaints, especially those of a gynaecological nature, and so the wormwood genus bears the name of the Greek goddess of childbirth, Artemis.<ref>{{cite OED|artemisia}}</ref> The specific name derives from ''apsínthion'', the Greek term for the plant.<ref>{{cite OED|absinthium}}</ref>

"Wormwood" itself is an alteration of Old English ''wermod'', which is of obscure origin.<ref>{{OEtymD|wormwood|accessdate=2023-06-26}}</ref> The German cognate ''Wermut'' is the source of the term vermouth, used in French and English to describe a kind of wine traditionally flavoured with wormwood.<ref>{{OEtymD|vermouth|accessdate=2023-06-26}}</ref>

==Description== ''A. absinthium'' is a herbaceous perennial plant with fibrous roots. The stems are straight, growing to {{convert|0.8|-|1.2|m|abbr=on}} (and rarely over {{convert|1.5|m|ftin}}) tall, grooved, branched, and silvery-green with a strong odor.

Leaves are spirally arranged, greenish-grey colored above, white below, covered with silky silvery-white trichomes, and bearing minute oil-producing glands. The basal leaves are up to {{cvt|250|mm|abbr=on|0}} long, bi- to tripinnate with long petioles, with the cauline leaves (those on the stem) smaller, {{cvt|50|-|100|mm|abbr=on|0}} long, less divided, and with short petioles. The uppermost leaves can be both simple and sessile (without a petiole).

Flowers are pale yellow, tubular, and clustered in spherical bent-down heads (capitula), which are in turn clustered in leafy and branched panicles. Flowering occurs from early summer to early autumn; pollination is anemophilous. The fruit is a small achene. Seed dispersal occurs by gravity.<ref name=n/>

''A. absinthium'' grows naturally on uncultivated arid ground, on rocky slopes, and at the edge of footpaths and fields. Although once relatively common, it is becoming increasingly rare in Britain, where it has recently been suggested to be an archaeophyte rather than a true native.<ref>Archeophytes in Britain CD Preston, DA Pearman and A R Hall Botanical J of Linnean Society 2004 145 257-294</ref>

==Cultivation== thumb|right| ''A. absinthium'' inflorescences The plant can easily be cultivated in dry soil. It should be planted under bright exposure in fertile, midweight soil. It prefers soil rich in nitrogen, and can be propagated by ripened cuttings taken in spring or autumn in temperate climates, or by seeds in nursery beds. Growing the plant with others tends to stunt their growth; accordingly, it is not considered to be a good companion plant. ''A. absinthium'' also self-seeds generously. It is naturalised in some areas away from its native range, including much of North America and the Kashmir Valley of India.<ref name="Shafi et al., 2012">Shafi et al., 2012</ref>

This plant,<ref name=apps>{{cite web|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=5266|title=''Artemisia absinthium'' 'Lambrook Mist' AGM|publisher=APPS.RHS.org.uk|access-date=31 August 2012}}</ref> and its cultivars "Lambrook Mist"<ref name=apps/> and "Lambrook Silver"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=5337|title=''Artemisia absinthium'' 'Lambrook Silver' AGM|publisher=APPS.RHS.org.uk|access-date=31 August 2012}}</ref> have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. These two short cultivars are very similar and more silver than typical British absinthium material and probably derive from southern Europe. "Lambrook Silver" is the earliest of these cultivars, having been selected in the late 1950s by Margery Fish, who developed the garden at East Lambrook Manor. "Lambrook Mist" was selected about 30 years later by Andrew Norton, a subsequent owner of the garden. Both gained their Awards of Garden Merit during the RHS Artemisia Trial 1991–3.

Cultivar "Silver Ghost" is a taller, silver plant, which flowers much later (August–September) than typical absinthium (June–July) in Britain, and so holds its silver appearance for longer. This and a more feathery-leaved cultivar "Persian Lace" were selected by National Collection Holder John Twibell in the 1990s.<ref>John Twibell, National Collection of Artemisia</ref>

==Constituents== Wormwood herb contains bitter substances from the group of sesquiterpene lactones; absinthin, at 0.20 to 0.28%, is the main component of these bitter substances. Essential oils make up 0.2 to 0.8% and contain (-) - thujone, (+) - isothujone, thujyl alcohol and its esters, chamazulene and other mono- and sesquiterpenes.<ref>Wichtl, Max, ed. (1984). Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch für Apotheker und Ärzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart, {{ISBN|3-8047-0792-0}}, pp. 363–365</ref><ref>European Medicines Agency, Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC) (30 May 2017). [https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-report/final-assessment-report-artemisia-absinthium-l-herba-revision-1_en.pdf Assessment report on ''Artemisia absinthium'' L., herba, final] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016171909/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-report/final-assessment-report-artemisia-absinthium-l-herba-revision-1_en.pdf |date=16 October 2019 }}, London, p. 4</ref> In Bailen et al 2013 and Gonzalez-Coloma et al 2013 the Gonzalez-Coloma group discovered a chemotype that does not produce β-thujone but does contain terpenoids not seen elsewhere.<ref name="Isman-2020">{{cite journal | last=Isman | first=Murray B. | title=Botanical Insecticides in the Twenty-First Century—Fulfilling Their Promise? | journal=Annual Review of Entomology | publisher=Annual Reviews | volume=65 | issue=1 | date=2020-01-07 | issn=0066-4170 | doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-025010 | pages=233–249| pmid=31594414 | s2cid=203985529 }}</ref>

==Uses== ''Artemisia absinthium'' is claimed to have antifungal, neuroprotective, insecticidal, antimicrobial, anthelmintic, acaricidal, antimalarial, antidepressant, and hepatoprotective properties.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.3390/antibiotics9060353 | doi-access=free | title=Bioactive Compounds, Pharmacological Actions, and Pharmacokinetics of Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) | date=2020 | last1=Batiha | first1=Gaber El-Saber | last2=Olatunde | first2=Ahmed | last3=El-Mleeh | first3=Amany | last4=Hetta | first4=Helal F. | last5=Al-Rejaie | first5=Salim | last6=Alghamdi | first6=Saad | last7=Zahoor | first7=Muhammad | last8=Magdy Beshbishy | first8=Amany | last9=Murata | first9=Toshihiro | last10=Zaragoza-Bastida | first10=Adrian | last11=Rivero-Perez | first11=Nallely | journal=Antibiotics | volume=9 | issue=6 | page=353 | pmid=32585887 | pmc=7345338 }}</ref>

It is an ingredient in the spirit absinthe, and is used for flavouring in some other spirits and wines, including bitters, bäsk, vermouth, and pelinkovac. As a folk medicine, it is claimed to counteract poor appetite and to treat various diseases such as Crohn's disease and IgA nephropathy.<ref>European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy (2009) "Absinthii herba (wormwood)" In: ESCOP Monographs: The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products, 2nd ed, Thieme.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmid=22388966 | date=2012 | last1=Abad | first1=M. J. | last2=Bedoya | first2=L. M. | last3=Apaza | first3=L. | last4=Bermejo | first4=P. | title=The artemisia L. Genus: A review of bioactive essential oils | journal=Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) | volume=17 | issue=3 | pages=2542–2566 | doi=10.3390/molecules17032542 | doi-access=free | pmc=6268508 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmc=4630406 | date=2015 | last1=Algieri | first1=F. | last2=Rodriguez-Nogales | first2=A. | last3=Rodriguez-Cabezas | first3=M. E. | last4=Risco | first4=S. | last5=Ocete | first5=M. A. | last6=Galvez | first6=J. | title=Botanical Drugs as an Emerging Strategy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Review | journal=Mediators of Inflammation | article-number=179616 | doi=10.1155/2015/179616 | doi-access=free | pmid=26576073 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmid=20843592 | date=2010 | last1=Krebs | first1=S. | last2=Omer | first2=B. | last3=Omer | first3=T. N. | last4=Fliser | first4=D. | title=Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) for poorly responsive early-stage IgA nephropathy: A pilot uncontrolled trial | journal=American Journal of Kidney Diseases | volume=56 | issue=6 | pages=1095–1099 | doi=10.1053/j.ajkd.2010.06.025 }}</ref>

Wormwood was traditionally relatively common as a bittering spice in farmhouse brewing in Denmark, and to some extent Estonia.<ref>{{cite book|last=Garshol |first=Lars Marius|title=Historical Brewing Techniques: The Lost Art of Farmhouse Brewing|publisher=Brewers Publications|year=2020|isbn=9781938469558|page=220}}</ref> In 18th-century England, wormwood was sometimes used instead of hops in beer.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hartley |first=Dorothy|author-link=Dorothy Hartley|title=Food in England|publisher=Futura Publications|year=1985|orig-year=1954|isbn=0-7088-2696-2|page=456}}</ref> According to Nicholas Culpeper, a stinking breath can be cured by "drinking a glass of Wormwood beer every morning".<ref>{{cite book |title=The English Physician Enlarged |url=https://archive.org/details/b22041138/page/n3/mode/2up |author=Culpeper, Nicholas |year=1801 |page=[https://archive.org/details/b22041138/page/324/mode/2up 324] |publisher=London: J. Scatcherd etc. }}</ref>

Historical sources describe the use of ''Artemisia absinthium'' as an anthelmintic and antiprotozoal remedy, with modern studies reporting antibacterial, antifungal, and antibiofilm activity of its extracts. Wormwood-based alcoholic preparations, including absinthe, were also prescribed as prophylaxis during the 19th-century French conquest of Algeria.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Di Fronzo |first1=Anna Rosaria |last2=Misin |first2=Andrea |last3=Zerbato |first3=Verena |last4=Armocida |first4=Emanuele |last5=Donghi |first5=Lorenzo |last6=Di Bella |first6=Stefano |last7=Morgante |first7=Ginevra |last8=Petruzzellis |first8=Francesco |last9=Toc |first9=Dan Alexandru |last10=Simonetti |first10=Omar |date=2025-12-15 |title=The Historical Role of Wormwood and Absinthe in Infectious Diseases: A Narrative Review and Future Perspectives |journal=Sci |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=186 |doi=10.3390/sci7040186 |doi-access=free |issn=2413-4155|hdl=11577/3580359 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

Wormwood clippings and cuttings are added to chicken nesting boxes to repel lice, mites, and fleas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gardening Australia Series 29 Episode 09 |url=https://www.abc.net.au/gardening/factsheets/grey-on-grey/9581296 |website=ABC Australia |date=23 March 2018 |access-date=2 May 2021}}</ref> Bailen ''et al.'' 2013 and Gonzalez-Coloma ''et al.'' 2013 find the unique terpenoids of the Gonzalez-Coloma chemotype make this strain especially promising for insect control.<ref name="Isman-2020" /> {{As of|2020}} a company named EcoflorAgro is investing heavily into increasing the planted area of this strain, hoping to commercialize it to a degree attempted {{endash}} but never achieved due to unreliable supply {{endash}} for other botanical insecticides before.<ref name="Isman-2020" />

==Toxicity== Most chemotypes of ''A. absinthium'' contain (−)-α- and/or (+)-β-thujone,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Nguyen HT, Németh ZÉ |year=2016 |title=Sources of variability of wormwood (''Artemisia absinthium'' L) essential oil |journal=J. Appl. Res. Med. Aromatic Plants |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=143–150 |doi=10.1016/j.jarmap.2016.07.005 |bibcode=2016JARMA...3..143N }}</ref> though some do not.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ariño A, Arberas I, Renobales G, Arriaga S, Dominguez JB |year=1999 |title=Essential oil of ''Artemisia absinthium'' L from the Spanish Pyrenees |journal=J. Essential Oil Res. |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=182–184 |doi=10.1080/10412905.1999.9701105}}</ref> (−)-α-Thujone by itself is a GABA{{sub|A}} receptor antagonist that can cause convulsions when administered in large amounts to animals and humans.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Olsen RW |date=April 2000 |title=Absinthe and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=97 |issue=9 |pages=4417–4418 |doi=10.1073/pnas.97.9.4417 |pmc=34311 |pmid=10781032|bibcode=2000PNAS...97.4417O |doi-access=free }}</ref> However, there is only one case of documented toxicity of wormwood, in which a 31-year-old man drank 10 mL of steam-distilled pure volatile oil of wormwood, wrongly believing it was absinthe liqueur.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Weisbord SD, Soule JB, Kimmel PL |year=1997 |title=Poison on line – acute renal failure caused by oil of wormwood purchased through the internet |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=337 |issue=12 |pages=825–827 |pmid=9297113 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199709183371205|doi-access=free }}</ref> Medicinal extracts of wormwood have not been shown to cause seizures or other adverse effects at usual doses.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Yarnell E, Heron S |year=2000 |title=Retrospective analysis of the safety of bitter herbs with an emphasis on ''Artemisia absinthium'' L (wormwood) |journal=J. Naturopathic Med. |volume=9 |pages=32–39}}</ref> Thujones have not been shown to be the cause of excessive doses' toxicity for any kind of wormwood extracts, including absinthe.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lachenmeier DW, Nathan-Maister D |year=2007 |title=Systematic misinformation about thujone in pre-ban absinthe |journal=Deutsche Lebensmittel-Rundschau |volume=103 |issue=6 |pages=255–263}}</ref>

==Cultural history== In the apocalyptic Book of Revelation ending the Bible, the star named "Wormwood" falls to earth and turns a third of its waters bitter. Similarly where the Biblical Hebrew word לענה (''la'anah'') appears in the Hebrew Bible, it is generally translated into English as "wormwood".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Musselman |first1=Lytton John |date=12 April 2007 |title=Wormwood |url=http://ww2.odu.edu/~lmusselm/plant/bible/wormwood.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429035917/http://ww2.odu.edu/~lmusselm/plant/bible/wormwood.php |archive-date=29 April 2023 |access-date=14 December 2023 |website=Plant Site: Bible Plants |publisher=Old Dominion University |language=english}}</ref> The word occurs nine times in the Hebrew Bible, seven times with the implication of bitterness and twice as a proper noun, in the Greek translation ''apsinthos'', naming the physical meteor in its orbit, in Revelation 8:11.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Revelation 8 Interlinear Bible |url=https://biblehub.com/interlinear/revelation/8.htm |access-date=2020-03-08 |website=Bible Hub |archive-date=15 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260215181602/https://biblehub.com/interlinear/revelation/8.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The English rendering "wormwood" additionally refers to the dark green oil produced by the plant, which was used to kill intestinal worms.<ref name="danker">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=ἀψίνθιον |encyclopedia=A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature |publisher=University of Chicago Press |last=Danker |first=Frederick W |date=2000 |author-link=Frederick William Danker |edition=3rd |pages=161 |isbn=0-226-03933-1}}</ref>

The Ukrainian city Chernobyl, notable for its catastrophic nuclear disaster in 1986, is named from one of the Ukrainian names for common wormwood: {{Langx|uk|чорнобиль|chornóbyl'|label=none}} (or more commonly {{Lang|uk|полин звичайний}} {{transliteration|uk|polýn zvycháynyy}}, 'common artemisia'). The name is inherited from {{proto|slavic|čьrnobylъ}} or {{proto|slavic|čьrnobyl}}, a compound of {{proto|slavic|čьrnъ|black}} + {{proto|slavic|bylь|grass}}, the parts related to {{Langx|uk|чорний|chórnyy|black|links=no}} and {{Lang|uk|било}} {{transliteration|uk|byló}}, 'stalk', which may also refer to ''A. vulgaris''.<ref name="melnychuk">Etymology from O. S. Melnychuk, ed. (1982–2012), ''Etymolohichnyi slovnyk ukraïnsʹkoï movy'' (Etymological dictionary of the Ukrainian language) v 7, Kyiv: Naukova Dumka.</ref>

Lucretius, reflecting on life in the Roman Republic before 50 BCE, stated in his poem De rerum natura that, "Physicians, when they wish to treat children with a nasty dose of wormwood, first smear the rim of the cup with a sweet coat of yellow honey. The children, too young as yet for foresight, are lured by the sweetness at their lips into swallowing the bitter draught. So they are tricked but not trapped, for the treatment resorts them to health."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lucretius |title=On the nature of the universe |publisher=Penguin Classics |year=1951 |isbn=0140440186 |location=Harmondsworth |publication-date=1951 |pages=54 |language=la |translator-last=Latham |translator-first=Ronald}}</ref>

Nicholas Culpeper insisted that wormwood was the key to understanding his 1651 book ''The English Physitian''. Richard Mabey describes Culpeper's entry on this bitter-tasting plant as "stream-of-consciousness" and "unlike anything else in the herbal", and states that it reads "like the ramblings of a drunk". Culpeper biographer Benjamin Woolley suggests the piece may be an allegory about bitterness, as Culpeper had spent his life fighting the Establishment, and had been imprisoned and seriously wounded in battle as a result.<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Mabey|title=Weeds. The Story of Outlaw Plants|pages=102–103|publisher=Profile Books Ltd.|year=2010|isbn=978-1-84668-081-6}}</ref>

William Shakespeare referred to wormwood in ''Romeo and Juliet'': Act 1, Scene 3. Juliet's childhood nurse said, "For I had then laid wormwood to my dug" meaning that the nurse had weaned Juliet, then aged three, by using the bitter taste of wormwood on her nipple. He also referred to wormwood in ''Hamlet'': Act 3, Scene 2. Hamlet said, "That's wormwood" in response to the Player Queen expressing distaste for remarriage.

John Locke, in his 1689 book titled ''An Essay Concerning Human Understanding'', used wormwood as an example of bitterness, writing, "For a child knows as certainly before it can speak the difference between the ideas of sweet and bitter (i.e. that sweet is not bitter), as it knows afterwards (when it comes to speak) that wormwood and sugarplums are not the same thing."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10615|title=An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding, Volume 1 MDCXC, Based on the 2nd Edition, Books 1 and 2|archive-date=5 June 2020|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605155136/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10615|url-status=live}}</ref>

Edwin Arlington Robinson relates in a poem how Cliff Klingenhagen gave a guest a glass of wine while drinking a glass of wormwood himself. He concludes, "I have spent / Long time a-wondering when I shall be / As happy as Cliff Klingenhagen is."

==References== {{reflist}}

==External links== {{Commons}} *[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/name/Artemisia_absinthium Biodiversity Heritage Library bibliography] for ''Artemisia absinthium'' *[https://www.erowid.org/plants/wormwood/ Erowid Wormwood Vault]- information on the use and preparation of wormwood, along with user experiences. *European Medicines Agency (4 March 2020). [https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/final-european-union-herbal-monograph-artemisia-absinthium-l-herba-revision-1_en.pdf European Union herbal monograph on ''Artemisia absinthium'' L., herba], Amsterdam *[https://www.ahpa.org/herbs_in_history_wormwood AHPA Herbs in History] historical information on wormwood in the Mediterranean tradition *[https://archive.org/details/b22041138/page/318/mode/2up Wormwood in ''The English Physician Enlarged'' (1801) by Nicholas Culpeper]

absinthium Category:Absinthe Category:Medicinal plants of Africa Category:Medicinal plants of Asia Category:Medicinal plants of Europe Category:Plants described in 1753 Category:Edible plants Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Category:Alcoholic drink aromatiser