Abraliopsis

{{Short description|Genus of molluscs}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Abraliopsis.jpg | image_caption = ''Abraliopsis'' sp. | taxon = Abraliopsis | authority = Joubin, 1896 | type_species = ''Enoploteuthis hoylei'' | type_species_authority = (Pfeffer, 1884)<ref name = WoRMS>{{cite web | url = http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=137931 | title = ''Abraliopsis'' Joubin, 1896 | accessdate = 3 March 2018 |publisher = Flanders Marine Institute | author = Julian Finn| year = 2016 | work = World Register of Marine Species}}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Subgenera | subdivision = *''Abraliopsis'' *''Boreabraliopsis'' *''Micrabralia'' *''Pfefferiteuthis'' |synonyms = *''Apraliopsis'' {{small|Dall, 1909}} *''Micrabralia'' {{small|Pfeffer, 1900}} |synonyms_ref=<ref name=gbif>{{GBIF | id=2290211 | title=''Abraliopsis'' Joubin, 1896 }}</ref> }}

'''''Abraliopsis''''' is a marine genus of squid (family Enoploteuthidae) of the phylum Mollusca. Not much is known about ''Abraliopsis'' due to the evading ability of pelagic cephalopods.<ref name="Hendrickx et al. 2015">{{Cite journal |date=2015-01-01 |title=Distribution of pelagic squids ''Abraliopsis'' Joubin, 1896 (Enoploteuthidae) and ''Pterygioteuthis'' P. Fischer, 1896 (Pyroteuthidae) (Cephalopoda, Decapodiformes, Oegopsida) in the Mexican Pacific |journal=ZooKeys |language=en-US |volume=537 |pages=51–64 |doi=10.3897/zookeys.537.6023 |doi-access=free |last1=Hendrickx |first1=Michel |last2=Urbano |first2=Brian |last3=Zamorano |first3=Pablo |pmid=26798236 |pmc=4714046 |bibcode=2015ZooK..537...51H }}</ref> Features that distinguish these species include the absence of arm suckers, size and number of hooks on arms, the presence of photophores, and the formation and position of chromatophores. 11 species that make up the Enoploteuthidae family.

==Species== The following species are listed as members of the genus ''Abraliopsis'':<ref name = WoRMS/>

*Subgenus ''Abraliopsis'' Joubin, 1896 **''Abraliopsis hoylei'' (Pfeffer, 1884) **''Abraliopsis morisii'' (Vérany, 1839), Pfeffer's enope squid **''Abraliopsis pacificus'' Tsuchiya & Okutani, 1990 **''Abraliopsis tui'' Riddell, 1985 *Subgenus ''Boreabraliopsis'' Tsuchiya & Okutani, 1988 **''Abraliopsis felis'' McGowan & Okutani, 1968 *Subgenus ''Micrabralia'' Pfeffer, 1900 **''Abraliopsis gilchristi'' Robson, 1924 **''Abraliopsis lineata'' Goodrich, 1896 *Subgenus ''Pfefferiteuthis'' Tsuchiya & Okutani, 1988 **''Abraliopsis affinis'' (Pfeffer, 1912) **''Abraliopsis atlantica'' Nesis, 1982 **''Abraliopsis chuni'' Nesis, 1982 **''Abraliopsis falco'' Young, 1972

== Geographic Distribution == ''Abraliopsis'' species usually exist in tropical and subtropical habitats, with a high presence in the coastal regions of California and Mexico, including the Gulf of Mexico. Other species of ''Abraliopsis'' are present down the eastern Pacific coast streaming into the regions of Chile, Ecuador and Columbia.<ref name="Hendrickx et al. 2015"/> ''Abraliopsis'' species also are present in coastal Indian/African regions but are poorly studied,<ref name="Tsuchiya et al. 1991">{{Cite journal |last1=Tsuchiya |first1=K. |last2=Piatkowski |first2=U. |last3=Okutani |first3=T. |date=1991-10-01 |title=Distribution and re-description of ''Abraliopsis lineata'' Goodrich, 1896 (Cephalopoda: Enoploteuthidae) from the Arabian Sea |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00222939100770731 |journal=Journal of Natural History |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=1121–1133 |doi=10.1080/00222939100770731 |bibcode=1991JNatH..25.1121T }}</ref>

== Feeding and Ecological Importance == thumb|Illustration of ''Abraliopsis morrisii,'' a bioluminescent species of ''Abraliopsis'' Similar to other small marine organisms, ''Abraliopsis'' follow the diel vertical migration feeding pattern to feed near the surface at night.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Guerra-Marrero |first1=Airam |last2=Hernández-García |first2=Vicente |last3=Sarmiento-Lezcano |first3=Airam |last4=Jiménez-Alvarado |first4=David |last5=Pino |first5=Angelo Santana-del |last6=Castro |first6=José J |date=2020-02-07 |title=Migratory patterns, vertical distributions and diets of ''Abralia veranyi'' and ''Abraliopsis morisii'' (Cephalopoda: Enoploteuthidae) in the eastern North Atlantic |url=https://academic.oup.com/mollus/article/86/1/27/5673512 |journal=Journal of Molluscan Studies |volume=86 |issue=1 |pages=27–34 |doi=10.1093/mollus/eyz029 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> This is a common strategy for vulnerable organisms to avoid predators while feeding. Pelagic marine organisms and seabirds prey on ''Abraliopsis''. ''Abraliopsis'' was found in the stomach contents of a variety of common marine fish and seabirds.<ref>{{Cite report |last=Fiscus |first=Clifford H. |year=1989 |title=Cephalopods from the stomachs of sperm whales taken off California |url=https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/5900 |series=NOAA technical report NMFS |volume=83 |language=en}}</ref> ''Abraliopsis'' are also members of the micronekton community near seamounts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Drazen |first1=Jeffrey C. |last2=De Forest |first2=Lisa G. |last3=Domokos |first3=Reka |date=2011-05-01 |title=Micronekton abundance and biomass in Hawaiian waters as influenced by seamounts, eddies, and the moon |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0967063711000586 |journal=Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers |volume=58 |issue=5 |pages=557–566 |doi=10.1016/j.dsr.2011.03.002 |bibcode=2011DSRI...58..557D |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Juveniles and paralarvae of some cephalopods may be related to primary production in upwelling areas,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vidal |first1=Erica A. G. |last2=Haimovici |first2=Manuel |last3=Hackbart |first3=Vivian C. S. |date=2010-10-01 |title=Distribution of paralarvae and small juvenile cephalopods in relation to primary production in an upwelling area off southern Brazil |url=https://academic.oup.com/icesjms/article/67/7/1346/663980 |journal=ICES Journal of Marine Science |volume=67 |issue=7 |pages=1346–1352 |doi=10.1093/icesjms/fsq080 }}</ref> which are nutrient dense areas that support the marine ecosystem.

== Morphology == ''Abraliopsis'' are characterized by the presence of photophores on the ventral surface of the head and protective membranes on left arm IV.<ref name="Tsuchiya et al. 1991"/> thumb|Preserved specimen of ''Abraliopsis pfefferi''. ''Abraliopsis pfefferi'' undergo constant bodily growth with a clear size difference between male and female individuals. Size variation occurs within each sex. Maturation age differ amongst the males and females, with 120-130 days for males and 150-160 days for females. Males have a shorter overall maturation time than females. Mantle length grows at a relatively slow speed of 0.5–0.6% every day.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arkhipkin |first=A. I. |date=1996 |title=Age and growth of the squid ''Abraliopsis pfefferi'' (Oegopsida: Enoploteuthidae) from the Central-East Atlantic based on statolith microstructure |url=https://oceanrep.geomar.de/id/eprint/51193/ |journal=Scientia Marina |language=en |volume=60 |issue=2–3 |pages=325–330 }}</ref>

==References== {{Reflist|30em}}

==External links== *[http://tolweb.org/Abraliopsis/19644 Tree of Life web project: ''Abraliopsis'']

Category:Abraliopsis Category:Enoploteuthidae Category:Cephalopod genera Category:Bioluminescent molluscs