Abortion in Uganda

{{short description|none}}  '''Abortion in Uganda''' is illegal unless performed by a licensed medical doctor in a situation where the woman's life is deemed to be at risk.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://health.go.ug/sites/default/files/Health%20Sector%20Development%20Plan%202015-16_2019-20.pdf|title=HEALTH SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2015/16 - 2019/20}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Ann M.|last2=Kibombo|first2=Richard|last3=Cats-Baril|first3=Deva|year=2014|title=Ugandan opinion-leaders' knowledge and perceptions of unsafe abortion|journal=Health Policy and Planning|volume=29|issue=7|pages=893–901|doi=10.1093/heapol/czt070|pmid=24064047|doi-access=free}}</ref>

With women lacking access to safe and legal abortions, many of them turn to unsafe abortion practices, such as self-induced abortions. The [[Uganda]]n [[Ministry of Health (Uganda)|Ministry of Health]] in the Annual Health Sector Performance Report of 2017-2018 estimates that {{as of|2018||lc=y}}, 5.3% of all [[maternal death]]s result from [[abortion]] complications.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://library.health.go.ug/publications/performance-management/annual-health-sector-performance-report-201718|title=Annual Health Sector Performance Report 2017/18 {{!}} Ministry of Health Knowledge Management Portal|website=library.health.go.ug|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref>

There are many legal and socioeconomic barriers to safe abortion and other family planning services, which often results in women using unsafe abortion methods and being deterred from seeking [[post-abortion medical care]].<ref>Abortion in Uganda. (2013). Retrieved June 16, 2016, from https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/abortion-uganda#6</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Olson|first1=Rose Mckeon|last2=Kamurari|first2=Solomon|year=2017|title=Barriers to safe abortion access: Uterine rupture as complication of unsafe abortion in a Ugandan girl|journal=BMJ Case Reports|volume=2017|pages=bcr-2017-222360|doi=10.1136/bcr-2017-222360|pmid=29054903|pmc=5665318}}</ref> Contraception is also not commonly used or easily accessible, which leads to Ugandan women having more children than they desire and increases the number of women resorting to unsafe abortions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.trust.org//item/20131121090620-9aedu/|title=Uganda women unable to get contraception, dying from unsafe abortions|last1=Migiro|first1=Katy|date=21 November 2013|publisher=Thomas Reuters Foundation|access-date=2 October 2018|archive-date=1 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601111838/https://news.trust.org/item/20131121090620-9aedu/}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last1=Prada|first1=Elena|last2=Atuyambe|first2=Lynn M.|last3=Blades|first3=Nakeisha M.|last4=Bukenya|first4=Justine N.|last5=Orach|first5=Christopher Garimoi|last6=Bankole|first6=Akinrinola|date=2016-11-01|title=Incidence of Induced Abortion in Uganda, 2013: New Estimates Since 2003|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=11|issue=11|article-number=e0165812|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0165812|issn=1932-6203|pmc=5089684|pmid=27802338|bibcode=2016PLoSO..1165812P|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Legal status of abortion== The Ugandan Constitution, in Article 22, item 2 states: "No person has the right to terminate the life of an unborn child except as may be authorised by law."<ref>Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995. http://www.parliament.go.ug/new/images/stories/constitution/Constitution_of_Uganda_1995.pdf</ref> Abortion is thus criminalized in Uganda unless it is done by a licensed and registered physician to save a woman's life or preserve the physical or mental health of the woman.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Larsson|first1=Sofia|last2=Eliasson|first2=Miriam|last3=Klingberg Allvin|first3=Marie|last4=Faxelid|first4=Elisabeth|last5=Atuyambe|first5=Lynn|last6=Fritzell|first6=Sara|date=2015-06-25|title=The discourses on induced abortion in Ugandan daily newspapers: a discourse analysis|journal=Reproductive Health|volume=12|issue=1|page=58|doi=10.1186/s12978-015-0049-0|issn=1742-4755|pmc=4481262|pmid=26108479 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="UNPPDB2">"Population Policy Data Bank." United Nations. The Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariay, n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2014.</ref>

The Ugandan Ministry of Health's 2006 ''National Policy Guidelines and Service Standards for Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights'' lays out a number of specific cases in which women have the right to seek an abortion, including rape, sexual violence or incest, or when the woman has pre-existing conditions such as HIV or cervical cancer.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.reproductiverights.org/sites/crr.civicactions.net/files/documents/WEB_pub_fac_uganda_11.28.11.pdf|title=10 Key Points About Uganda's Laws and Policies on Termination of Pregnancy|date=November 2011|website=[[Center for Reproductive Rights]]}}</ref> However, many healthcare providers remain unaware of the expansiveness of cases when abortion is allowed, resulting in legal abortion access still being difficult.<ref name=":02" />

=== Laws on abortion === The Penal Code of 1950 states in Section 141, "Attempts to procure abortion":<blockquote>Any person who, with intent to procure the miscarriage of a woman whether she is or is not with child, unlawfully administers to her or causes her to take any poison or other noxious thing, or uses any force of any kind, or uses any other means, commits a felony and is liable to imprisonment for fourteen years.<ref>The Penal Code Act. Chapter 120. http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=170005 ([[WIPO Lex]])</ref></blockquote>Section 142 deems an attempt to procure an unlawful abortion is punishable by imprisonment of seven years, and Section 143 states that anyone who aids a woman in performing an unlawful abortion can be imprisoned up to three years.<ref>Prada, Elena, et al. "Incidence of induced abortion in Uganda, 2013: new estimates since 2003." ''PLOS ONE'' 11.11 (2016).</ref>

Nonetheless, Section 224 of the Code provides that a person is not criminally responsible for performing in good faith and with reasonable care and skill a surgical operation upon an unborn child for the preservation of the mother's life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reproductiverights.org/press-room/new-report-exposes-impact-of-ugandas-abortion-law-through-personal-stories|title=New Report Exposes Impact of Uganda's Abortion Law Through Personal Stories {{!}} Center for Reproductive Rights|website=reproductiverights.org|date=28 July 2016 |access-date=2020-03-29}}</ref> In addition, Section 205 of the Code provides that no person shall be guilty of the offence of causing by willful act a child to die before it has an independent existence from its mother if the act was carried out in good faith for the purpose of preserving the mother's life.

=== Common law applications to Ugandan abortion law === Uganda, like a number of Commonwealth countries whose legal systems are based the English common law, follows the holding of the 1938 English ''[[Rex v Bourne]]'' decision in determining whether an abortion performed for health reasons is lawful.<ref name=":12" /> In the Bourne decision, a physician was acquitted of the offence of performing an abortion in the case of a 15 year-old girl who had been raped.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://msu.edu/user/schwenkl/abtrbng/rvbourne.htm|title=Rex v. Bourne|website=msu.edu|access-date=2020-03-29}}</ref> The English Court ruled that the abortion was lawful because it had been performed to prevent the woman from becoming "a physical and mental wreck", thus setting a precedent for future abortion cases performed on the grounds of preserving the pregnant woman's physical and mental health.

==Government family planning == Unintended pregnancy is the most commonly cited reason that Ugandan women seek abortions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/contraception-and-unintended-pregnancy-uganda|title=Contraception and Unintended Pregnancy in Uganda|date=2016-02-14|website=Guttmacher Institute|language=en|access-date=2020-03-30}}</ref> Thus, family planning programs are one way to lower the prevalence of illegal and/or unsafe abortions.

In 1988, the Ugandan government launched a comprehensive program in response to the country's high [[Total fertility rate|fertility and growth rates]], which adversely affected per capita incomes and threatened the sustainability of social services.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|last=Use|first=National Research Council (US) Working Group on Factors Affecting Contraceptive|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK236398/|title=Family Planning Programs and Policies|date=1993|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|language=en}}</ref> The major goal was to increase the contraceptive rate from 5% to 20% by 2000. For instance, the program made birth control accessible at clinics across the country operated by the [[Family Planning Association]] of Uganda.<ref name=":22" /> There was direct support provided in the government's policy on contraceptive use, and since 1995, 8% of married women aged 15 to 49 use contraception.<ref name=":22" /> The total fertility rate from 1995 to 2000 was 7.1, and the age specific fertility rate per 1,000 women aged 15 to 19 from 1995 to 2000 was 180.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?locations=UG|title=Fertility rate, total (births per woman) {{!}} Data|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=2019-09-05}}</ref> As of 2018, Uganda's total fertility rate stands at 5.5 children born per 1,000 women.<ref name=":32" />

However, the demand for modern contraception—especially emergency contraception—is still unmet.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web|url=https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/contraception-and-unintended-pregnancy-uganda|title=Contraception and Unintended Pregnancy in Uganda|date=2016-02-14|website=Guttmacher Institute|language=en|access-date=2020-03-29}}</ref> Many Ugandan women cite a lack of access to family planning services or information as an explanation for not using contraceptives.<ref name=":42" />

In 2014, the Ministry of Health launched the ''Family Planning Costed Implementation Plan (CIP)'' with a goal of increasing education and access to family planning for Ugandans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rhu.or.ug/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/ImpactNow-Family-Planning-in-Uganda-Brief.pdf|title=Family Planning in Uganda|date=June 2018|website=Reproductive Health Uganda|access-date=2020-03-29}}</ref> This commitment to increasing access to family planning has had tremendous impact, with a study revealing that the contraceptive prevalence rate has jumped to 39% as of 2016, while maternal mortality ratios have dropped by around 25%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.advancefamilyplanning.org/uganda-makes-strides-family-planning-reproductive-health-indicators|title=Uganda Makes Strides In The Family Planning Reproductive Health Indicators {{!}} JHU - Advance Family Planning|website=www.advancefamilyplanning.org|access-date=2020-03-30}}</ref>

== Post-abortion care == [[Post-abortion care]] is not explicitly criminalized in Uganda.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web|url=https://www.reproductiverights.org/sites/crr.civicactions.net/files/documents/Uganda-Abortion-Law-Experiences.pdf|title=Facing Uganda's Law on Abortion|date=July 2016|website=Center for Reproductive Rights|access-date=2020-03-29}}</ref> In fact, healthcare providers who treat women for bleeding, infections, or other post-abortion complications are forbidden by law from interrogating their patients or reporting them to the authorities.<ref name=":62">{{Cite web|url=https://womensenews.org/2007/08/pro-choice-ugandans-steer-gradual-course/|title=Pro-Choice Ugandans Steer a Gradual Course|last=Scheier|first=Rachel|website=Women's eNews|date=27 August 2007 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-29}}</ref> However, the police often does not care to differentiate between abortion and post-abortion care, leading to healthcare workers who provide either being punished just the same.<ref name=":52" />

In Uganda, 89% of healthcare facilities with the capacity to provide post-abortion care actively treat post-abortion complications.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/factsheet/abortion-and-postabortion-care-uganda.pdf|title=Abortion and Postabortion Care in Uganda}}</ref> However, according to Uganda's Minister of State for Health for General Duties, [[Sarah Achieng Opendi|Sarah Opendi]], an annual loss of 25 billion Uganda shillings occurred as a result of post-abortion care and treatment from unsafe abortions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1460429/uganda-loses-sh25b-post-abortion-care-opendi|title=Uganda loses sh25b in post-abortion care-Opendi|website=www.newvision.co.ug|access-date=2019-07-24}}</ref> Additionally, it was found that on average, three quarters of women who utilized unsafe abortion methods suffered from a loss of productivity and more than a third of women ended up worse off economically.<ref name=":72">{{Cite journal|last1=Coast|first1=Ernestina|last2=Lattof|first2=Samantha R.|last3=Rodgers|first3=Yana van der Meulen|last4=Moore|first4=Brittany|date=2019-07-01|title=Economics of abortion: a scoping review protocol|url= |journal=BMJ Open|language=en|volume=9|issue=7|article-number=e029939|doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029939|issn=2044-6055|pmid=31366662|pmc=6678010|doi-access=free}}</ref> As such, the argument for increasing access to safe abortion services and family planning services, which leads to reduced unsafe abortions and reduced need for costly post-abortion care, is often framed in economic terms.<ref name=":72" />

==Discourse on abortion in Ugandan society== [[Abortion-rights movements|Abortion rights]] and [[Anti-abortion movements|anti-abortion]] movements exist in Uganda.<ref name=":62" /> As a Christian majority country, much of the discourse on abortion is shaped by strong conservative religious forces, which argue that abortion is akin to murder and which influence anti-abortion policies.<ref name=":82">{{Cite journal|last1=Larsson|first1=Sofia|last2=Eliasson|first2=Miriam|last3=Klingberg-Allvin|first3=Marie|last4=Faxelid|first4=Elisabeth|last5=Atuyambe|first5=Lynn|last6=Fritzell|first6=Sara|date=2015-06-26|title=The discourses on induced abortion in Ugandan daily newspapers: A discourse analysis|journal=Reproductive Health|volume=12|page=58|doi=10.1186/s12978-015-0049-0|pmid=26108479|pmc=4481262|doi-access=free}}</ref> Along these lines, the Pro-Life Organisation, a global Christian movement, has gained popularity in Uganda in recent years.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lukwago|first=Juliet|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201309020107.html|title=Uganda: World Workshop Against Abortion Opens At Namugongo|date=2013-09-01|work=AllAfrica|access-date=2020-03-29}}</ref> In 2013, Pro-Life was joined by over 100 delegates from the U.S., United Kingdom, Uganda, and Spain in a three-day workshop that advocated against abortion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201309020107.html|title=Uganda: World Workshop Against Abortion Opens At Namugongo|last1=Lukwago|first1=Juliet|date=1 September 2013|publisher=AllAfrica.com}}</ref>

At the same time, there have been increasing calls for the liberalization of Uganda's abortion laws.<ref name=":62" /> Abortion rights discourse often centers around human rights arguments, specifically that a pregnant woman has the [[right to health]], life, and choice.<ref name=":82" /> Medical arguments also support this, saying that liberalized abortion laws and expanded access to safe abortions have led to improved women's health.<ref name=":82" />

== See also ==

* [[Maternal health in Uganda]] * [[Child health in Uganda]] * [[Women in Uganda]]

== References== <references />

[[Category:Abortion by country|Uganda]] [[Category:Culture of Uganda]] [[Category:Women in Uganda]] [[Category:Abortion in Africa|Uganda]] [[Category:Human rights abuses in Uganda]] [[Category:Women's rights in Uganda]]