{{Short description|United States Army modernization and reorganization plan from 2006 to 2016}} {{distinguish|Transformation of the United States Army}} {{Multiple issues| {{Update|inaccurate=yes|date=December 2025|reason=Article or page needs much updating due to Army 2030 and the Army Transformation Initiative}} {{Lead too short|date=May 2026}} }} [[File:Purpose chart of US Army Transformation.jpg|thumb|350px|Graphic legend of Army Transformation{{efn|name=g357}}]] The '''reorganization plan of the United States Army''' was implemented from 2006 to 2016 under the direction of the Brigade Modernization Command. This effort formally began in 2006 when General Peter Schoomaker (the 35th Army Chief of Staff) was given the support to move the Army from its Cold War divisional orientation to a full-spectrum capability with fully manned, equipped and trained brigades; this effort was completed by the end of 2016.<ref name=JMC2017 /> It has been the most comprehensive reorganization since World War II and included modular combat brigades, support brigades, and command headquarters, as well as rebalancing the active and reserve components.
The plan was first proposed in 1999 by Army Chief of Staff General Eric Shinseki but was bitterly opposed internally by the Army.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shinseki |first=Eric |date=June 10, 2003 |title=End of Tour Memorandum |url=http://media.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/opinions/documents/shinseki.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307104405/http://media.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/opinions/documents/shinseki.pdf |archive-date=March 7, 2009 |access-date=2023-12-15 |newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref>
==Origin and initial design== In the 1980s the "Army of Excellence" reorganization had been the last fundamental reorganization of the Army's divisions.<ref>Wilson, "Maneuver and Firepower.</ref>
Before Schoomaker's appointment, the Army was organized around large, mostly mechanized, divisions of around 15,000 soldiers each, with the aim of being able to fight in two major theatres simultaneously. Under the new plan, the Army would be organized around modular brigades of 3,000–4,000 soldiers, intended to deploy continuously in different parts of the world and to organize the Army closer to the way it fights.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
An additional 30,000 soldiers were recruited as a short-term measure to ease the structural changes, although a permanent end-strength change was not expected because of fears of funding cuts. This forced the Army to pay for the additional personnel from procurement and readiness accounts. Up to 60% of the defense budget is spent on personnel; at the time, each 10,000 soldiers cost roughly US$1.4 billion annually.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
In 2002, the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs held a key conference: the "Belfer Center Conference on Military Transformation". Co-sponsored by the United States Army War College and the Dwight D. Eisenhower National Security Series, on November 22 and 23, it brought together present and former defense officials and military commanders to assess the Department of Defense's progress in achieving a "transformation" of U.S. military capabilities.<ref name="BelfCen">{{cite web |last1=White |first1=John P. |last2=Deutch |first2=John |date=March 2003 |title=Security Transformation: Report of the Belfer Center Conference on Military Transformation |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA415025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924041217/http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA415025 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |publisher=Strategic Studies Institute, United States Army War College |format=citation}}</ref>
In 2004, the United States Army Forces Command (FORSCOM), which commands most active and reserve forces based in the Continental United States, was tasked with supervising the modular transformation of its subordinate structure.
In March 2004, a contract was awarded to Anteon Corporation (later a part of General Dynamics) to provide "Modularity Coordination Cells" (MCCs) to each transforming corps, division and brigade within FORSCOM. Each MCC contained a team of functional area specialists who provided direct, ground-level support to the unit. The MCCs were coordinated by the Anteon office in Atlanta, Georgia.
The Secretary of the Army approved implementing "Army Force Generation" (ARFORGEN), a transformational force generation model, in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/aps/08/addenda/addenda_e.html|title=Addenda E |Army Force Generation (ARFORGEN) Process | 2008 U.S. Army Posture Statement|website=army.mil}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://secureweb2.hqda.pentagon.mil/vdas_armyposturestatement/2010/addenda/Addendum_F-Army%20Force%20Generation%20(ARFORGEN).asp |title=Addendum F Army Force Generation (ARFORGEN) The Army's Core Process |work=2010 Army Posture Statement |publisher=Office of the Director of the Army Staff Executive Strategy Group |access-date=2010-06-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306000906/https://secureweb2.hqda.pentagon.mil/vdas_armyposturestatement/2010/addenda/Addendum_F-Army%20Force%20Generation%20%28ARFORGEN%29.asp |archive-date=2012-03-06}}</ref> ARFORGEN model concept development began in the summer of 2004 and received its final approval from the Army's senior leadership in early 2006.<ref name="Kenyon">Henry S. Kenyon [https://www.afcea.org/signal/articles/templates/SIGNAL_Article_Template.asp?articleid=1139&zoneid=185 (June 2006) U.S. Army Reforges Training and Readiness.]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Military Operations, Army Force Generation, 14 Mar 2011 |url=http://www.apd.army.mil/pdffiles/r525_29.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228050911/http://www.apd.army.mil/pdffiles/r525_29.pdf |archive-date=2013-02-28 |website=apd.army.mil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.forscom.army.mil/graphics/r525_29.pdf |title=Military Operations, Army Force Generation, 14 Mar 2011 |access-date=23 February 2017 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041205/http://www.forscom.army.mil/graphics/r525_29.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In 2007 a new deployment scheme known as Grow the Army was adopted that enabled the Army to carry out continuous operations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/-speeches/2006/12/14/989-statement-by-general-peter-schoomaker-chief-of-staff-united-states-army-before-the-commission-on-national-guard-and-reserves/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061221114904/http://www.army.mil/-speeches/2006/12/14/989-statement-by-general-peter-schoomaker-chief-of-staff-united-states-army-before-the-commission-on-national-guard-and-reserves/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 December 2006 |title=Statement by General Peter Schoomaker, Chief of Staff United States Army, before the Commission on National Guard and Reserves |publisher=Army.mil |date=14 December 2006 |access-date=14 November 2013}}</ref> The plan was modified several times including an expansion of troop numbers in 2007 and changes to the number of modular brigades. On 25 June 2013, plans were announced to disband 13 modular brigade combat teams (BCTs) and expand the remaining brigades with an extra maneuver battalion, extra fires batteries, and an engineer battalion.
In 2016, the Army force generation process ARFORGEN was sidelined because it relied mostly on the Active Army, in favor of the total force policy, which includes the Reserve and National Guard; in the new model, the total force could have fallen to 980,000 by 2018,<ref name="Abrams2016">[https://www.army.mil/article/169082/Soldiers_need_to_be_ready_100_percent_of_time__says_FORSCOM_commander/ Soldiers need to be ready 100 percent of time, says FORSCOM commander], Army.mil, accessdate=2016-06-05</ref> subject to DoD's Defense Strategic Guidance to the Joint Staff.<ref name="Gates2012" />{{rp|note especially pp.1–3}} By 15 June 2017, the Department of the Army approved an increase in the Active Army's end-strength from 475,000 to 476,000. The total Army end-strength increases to 1.018 million.<ref name="15Jun2017">[https://www.army.mil/article/189082/department_of_the_army_announces_force_structure_decisions_for_fiscal_year_2017 Department of the Army announces force structure decisions for fiscal year 2017] accessdate=2017-06-25 * Global security.org: [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/end-strength.htm 2017 National Defense Authorization Act "Military Personnel"] accessdate=2017-02-02</ref>
==Planning process, evolution, and transformation== The commander-in-chief directs the planning process, through guidance to the Army by the Secretary of Defense.<ref name=Gates2012>Robert M. Gates [http://archive.defense.gov/news/Defense_Strategic_Guidance.pdf (5 Jan 2012) "Defense Strategic Guidance"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607134737/http://archive.defense.gov/news/Defense_Strategic_Guidance.pdf |date=7 June 2016 }}</ref> Every year, Army Posture Statements by the Secretary of the Army and the Chief of Staff of the Army summarize their assessment{{efn|name=aoc|1= 2015 Army Operating Concept (AOC): "Win in a Complex World"<ref name=aocReadyArmy >US Army TRADOC [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-46HlgVPYDQ Perkins discusses operationalizing the Army Operating Concept (AOC)] AOC = "Win in a Complex World"</ref>{{rp|minute 1:15:00/1:22:58}} }} of the Army's ability to respond to world events,<ref name=2015posture>HQDA [https://www.army.mil/e2/rv5_downloads/aps/aps_2015.pdf McHugh & Odierno, A STATEMENT ON THE POSTURE OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610220728/https://www.army.mil/e2/rv5_downloads/aps/aps_2015.pdf |date=2016-06-10 }}, Army.mil, accessdate=2016-06-05</ref><ref name=2017PostureDefenseStatement >DoD [https://web.archive.org/web/20180920004222/https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/2017DODPOSTURE_FINAL_MAR17UpdatePage4_WEB.PDF 2017 DoD Posture Defense Statement]</ref> and also to transform for the future.<ref>Army.mil,[https://www.army.mil/organization/ Mission of the U.S. Army] accessdate=2016-09-11</ref> In support of transformation for the future, TRADOC, upon the advice of the Army's stakeholders, has assembled 20 warfighting challenges.<ref name=AWFCs >ARCIC [http://www.arcic.army.mil/Initiatives/ArmyWarfightingChallenges Army Warfighting Challenges (AWFCs)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025175110/http://www.arcic.army.mil/Initiatives/ArmyWarfightingChallenges |date=2016-10-25 }} accessdate=2016-10-25</ref> These challenges are under evaluation during annual Army warfighting assessments, such as AWA 17.1, held in October 2016. AWA 17.1 was an assessment by 5,000 US Soldiers, Special Operations Forces, Airmen, and Marines,<ref name=Tradoc2Nov2016>TRADOC News [http://tradocnews.org/tag/army-warfighting-assessment/ THE EVOLUTION OF THE ARMY WARFIGHTING ASSESSMENT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106063308/http://tradocnews.org/tag/army-warfighting-assessment/ |date=2016-11-06 }}</ref> as well as by British, Australian, Canadian, Danish, and Italian troops.<ref name=OctAWA17.1 >US Army [https://www.army.mil/article/176856/army_tests_new_warfighting_tech_at_army_warfighting_assessment Army tests new warfighting tech at Army Warfighting Assessment] accessdate=2016-10-23</ref><ref name="SOPF, AWA17.1" >US Army [https://www.army.mil/article/177292/special_operations_forces_integrate_into_awa_171 Special Operations Forces integrate into AWA 17.1] accessdate=2016-10-28</ref><ref name=IncreasingPaceInAWA >US Army [https://www.army.mil/article/177286/awa_171_increasing_the_pace_of_battle_in_a_coalition_environment AWA 17.1: Increasing the pace of battle in a coalition environment] accessdate=2016-10-29</ref><ref name=ricu>A RIC-U might be used by a coalition partner to encrypt their individual networks, when interoperating with a US Army voice network.</ref> For example, ''{{Visible anchor|reach-back}}'' is among the capabilities being assessed; when under attack in an unexpected location, a Soldier on the move might use Warfighter Information Network-Tactical (WIN-T). At the halt, a light Transportable Tactical Command Communications (T2C2 Lite) system<ref name=wshT2c2 >ASA(ALT) Weapon System Handbook (2018) [https://api.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/533115.pdf Transportable Tactical Command Communications (T2C2)]</ref>{{rp|p.356}}<ref name=winTt2c2>Spc. Matthew Marcellus, 1st Armored Division. Communications in Motion: (15 May 2019) Iron Soldiers train on inflatable satellite communications system T2C2 http://fortblissbugle.com/2019/05/15/communications-in-motion-iron-soldiers-train-on-inflatable-satellite-communications-system-t2c2/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812024126/http://fortblissbugle.com/2019/05/15/communications-in-motion-iron-soldiers-train-on-inflatable-satellite-communications-system-t2c2/ |date=2019-08-12 }}</ref><ref name=30minSetup>Mark Pomerleau [https://www.c4isrnet.com/c2-comms/2018/03/23/the-armys-newest-satellite-antenna-is-remarkably-simple/ (March 23, 2018) The Army's newest satellite antenna is remarkably simple]</ref><ref name=gatrTechnologies >Mr. Joe Welch, Lt. Col. Jack "Shane" Taylor and Mr. Michael Beery [https://www.army.mil/article/171399/network_marketplace_open_for_business_and_growing (July 12, 2016) Network Marketplace: Open for Business and Growing]</ref><ref name=c4isrnet>{{cite news|url=https://www.c4isrnet.com/industry/2018/01/18/the-army-makes-it-easier-for-first-responders-to-connect-to-tactical-networks/|title=The Army makes it easier for first responders to connect to tactical networks|last=Knapp|first=Brandon|date=January 18, 2018|work=C4ISRNET|access-date=2018-04-17}}</ref> could reach back to a mobile command post, to communicate the unexpected situation to higher echelons,<ref>US Army [https://www.army.mil/article/161115/Army_prepares_to_test_enhanced_network_operation_tools_at_NIE_16_2/ Army prepares to test enhanced network operation tools at NIE 16.2] accessdate=2016-11-05</ref><ref name=JWA2017 >US Army [https://www.army.mil/article/181655/new_concept_calls_for_semi_independent_units_leaders_in_emerging_battlefields Future warfighting calls for semi-independent units, empowered leaders] accessdate=2017-02-16</ref> a building block in multi-domain operations.<ref name=MarkMilley2017>"We are going to have to empower [and] decentralize leadership to make decisions and achieve battlefield effects in a widely dispersed environment where subordinate leaders, junior leaders ... may not be able to communicate to their higher headquarters, even if they wanted to", Milley said. C. Todd Lopez, Army News Service. [https://www.army.mil/article/187293/future_warfare_requires_disciplined_disobedience_army_chief_says (May 5, 2017) Future warfare requires 'disciplined disobedience,' Army chief says] accessdate=2017-05-05</ref><ref name=multiDomain >US Army [https://www.army.mil/article/181271/white_paper_new_task_force_bring_multi_domain_concept_closer_to_reality Army, Marine leaders bring multi-domain concept closer to reality] accessdate=2017-02-16 * US Army [https://www.army.mil/article/184215/air_force_may_join_army_in_refining_multi_domain_concept Air Force may join Army in refining multi-domain concept] accessdate=2017-03-18</ref><ref name=Strategy2018>[https://www.army.mil/e2/downloads/rv7/the_army_strategy_2018.pdf The Army Strategy] 2018 army.mil</ref><ref name=arngMDOreadinessAUSA >Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/04/multi-domain-overhaul-may-impact-national-guard/ (April 03, 2019) How Army's Multi-Domain Overhaul May Impact The National Guard] * ' In 2009, the Army officially replaced "command and control" with "mission command"' ** Austin Carne [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6g9ur4lY7vc (7 Jul 2020) Mission Command: The Army's Powerful Leadership Tool] * Col. Douglas M. McBride Jr. and Reginald L. Snell, Ph.D. [https://www.army.mil/article/179942/applying_mission_command_to_overcome_challenges (9 January 2017) Applying mission command to overcome challenges] Creating trust is the foundation for accomplishing the mission. * US Army {{Cite web|url= https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/ARN18314-ADP_6-0-000-WEB-3.pdf |title=ADP 6-0|website=armypubs.us.army.mil|publisher=Army Publications}} </ref>
===Implementation and current status=== Grow the Army was a transformation and re-stationing initiative of the United States Army which began in 2007 and was scheduled to be completed by fiscal year 2013. The initiative was designed to grow the army by almost 75,000 soldiers, while realigning a large portion of the force in Europe to the continental United States in compliance with the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure suggestions. This grew the force from 42 Brigade Combat Teams (BCTs) and 75 modular support brigades in 2007 to 45 Brigade Combat Teams and 83 modular support brigades by 2013.
On 25 June 2013, 38th Army Chief of Staff General Raymond T. Odierno announced plans to disband 13 brigade combat teams and reduce troop strengths by 80,000 soldiers. While the number of BCTs will be reduced, the size of remaining BCTs will increase, on average, to about 4,500 soldiers. That will be accomplished, in many cases, by moving existing battalions and other assets from existing BCTs into other brigades. Two brigade combat teams in Germany had already been deactivated and a further 10 brigade combat teams slated for deactivation were announced by General Odierno on 25 June. (An additional brigade combat team was announced for deactivation 6 November 2014.) At the same time the maneuver battalions from the disbanded brigades will be used to augment armored and infantry brigade combat teams with a third maneuver battalion and expanded brigades fires capabilities by adding a third battery to the existing fires battalions. Furthermore, all brigade combat teams—armored, infantry and Stryker—will gain a Brigade Engineer Battalion, with "gap-crossing" and route-clearance capability.<ref name=2013reform>US Army {{cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/106373/Brigade_combat_teams_cut_at_10_posts_will_help_other_BCTs_grow/ |title=Brigade combat teams cut at 10 posts will help other BCTs grow | Article |date=26 June 2013 |publisher=Army.mil |access-date=2015-11-11}}</ref>
On 6 November 2014, it was reported that the 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 2nd Infantry Division, currently stationed in South Korea, was to be deactivated in June 2015 and be replaced by a succession of U.S.-based brigade combat teams, which are to be rotated in and out, at the same nine-month tempo as practiced by the Army from 2001 to 2014.<ref>Stripes.com {{cite web|url=http://www.stripes.com/news/2nd-id-unit-in-korea-to-deactivate-be-replaced-by-rotational-force-1.312557 |title=2nd ID unit in Korea to deactivate, be replaced by rotational force – News |work=Stripes |access-date=2015-11-11}}</ref>
Eleven brigades were inactivated by 2015. The remaining brigades as of 2015 are listed below. On 16 March 2016, the Deputy Commanding General (DCG) of FORSCOM announced that the brigades would now also train to move their equipment to their new surge location as well as to train for the requirements of their next deployment.<ref name="edre" >Arpi Dilantsian and Matthew Howard [https://www.army.mil/article/219025/plan_prepare_practice_an_interview_with_lt_gen_laura_richardson (April 1, 2019) Plan, prepare, practice: An interview with Lt. Gen. Laura Richardson]</ref><ref>US Army {{cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/164377/Future_of_deployments__surge_ready_and_rotationally_focused/ |title=Future of deployments: surge-ready and rotationally-focused | Article |website=Army.mil |date=18 March 2016 |access-date=2016-10-21}}</ref><ref>Michelle Tan [https://www.armytimes.com/story/military/pentagon/2015/02/09/army-bct-reorganization/22936227/ Big BCT changes mapped out for 2015] February 9, 2015, ''Army Times''.</ref><ref> DoD News [https://www.war.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/612623/army-announces-force-structure-stationing-decisions/ (July 9, 2015) Army Announces Force Structure, Stationing Decisions]</ref>
By 2018, Secretary of the Army Mark Esper noted that even though the large deployments to Iraq and Afghanistan had ceased, at any given time, three of the Armored Brigade Combat Teams are deployed to EUCOM, CENTCOM, and INDOPACOM, respectively, while two Infantry Brigade Combat Teams are deployed to Iraq, and Afghanistan, respectively.<ref name=23Apr2018 >US Army [https://www.army.mil/article/204230/army_secretary_esper_senior_nco_dailey_discuss_modernization_recruiting_retention (23 April 2018) Army Secretary Esper, senior NCO Dailey discuss modernization, recruiting, retention]</ref> {{Blockquote|[At any given time,] there are more than 100,000 Soldiers deployed around the world — Secretary of the Army Mark Esper<ref name=23Apr2018 />}}
In 2019, Esper asserted that the planning efforts, including Futures Command, the SFABs, and the Decisive Action readiness training of the BCTs are preparing the Army for competition with both near-peer and regional powers.<ref name=plansForNearPeersAndRegionalPowers >Sydney J Freedberg Jr [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/05/army-can-manage-both-mideast-great-powers-sec-esper/ (May 20, 2019) Army Can Manage Both Mideast & Great Powers: Sec. Esper]</ref><ref name=AbramsUsfkAssess >Sean Kimmons, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/222256/south_korean_exercises_being_revised_amid_peace_talks (May 28, 2019) South Korean exercises being revised amid peace talks] Abrams USFK assessment</ref> The Army and Marine Corps have issued "clear explanations and guidance for the 429 articles of the Geneva Conventions".<ref name=lolwd >Joseph Lacdan [https://www.army.mil/article/231892/army_updates_law_of_land_warfare_doctrine_to_increase_guidance_clarity (22 January 2020) Army updates Law of Land Warfare doctrine to increase guidance, clarity]</ref><ref name=fm6,27 >US Army FM 6-27, C1 [https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN19354_FM%206-27%20_C1_FINAL_WEB_v2.pdf (20 September 2019) THE COMMANDER'S HANDBOOK ON THE LAW OF LAND WARFARE] 208 page handbook. The ''Department of Defense Law of War Manual'' (June 2015, updated December 2016) remains the authoritative statement</ref>
The Budget Control Act could potentially restrict funds by 2020.{{refn|<ref name=donCio >Devon L. Suits, Army News Service [https://www.doncio.navy.mil/CHIPS/ArticleDetails.aspx?ID=10181 (March 28, 2018) CHIPS Articles: Army Secretary defines goals for coming decade — modernization, Futures Command] </ref><ref name=judson$25b >Jeff Martin [https://www.defensenews.com/newsletters/tv-next-episode/2018/10/15/how-did-the-army-find-25-billion-for-new-equipment/ (15 October 2018) How did the Army find $25 billion for new equipment?] video</ref><ref name=deficitsBalloon,detail >Daniel Goure [https://breakingdefense.com/2018/10/can-trump-rebuild-the-military-as-deficits-balloon/ (October 18, 2018) Can Trump Rebuild The Military As Deficits Balloon?]</ref><ref name=cut33billion >Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2018/10/joint-experiments-will-pick-budget-winners-losers-dunford/ (October 26, 2018) Joint Experiments Will Pick Budget Winners & Losers: Dunford] Task is to cut $33 Billion from 2020 budget</ref><ref name=716Billion,detail>CovertCabal [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-DGRI18PDwA YouTube: What will $716 Billion Buy You? US Defense Budget 2019] Weapons</ref><ref name=nduProjection2017to2020 >Michael J. Meese, NDU Press [http://ndupress.ndu.edu/Media/News/Article/1026968/chapter-4-the-american-defense-budget-20172020/ (23 Dec 2016) Chapter 4 : The American Defense Budget 2017–2020] Note Fed chart 1970–2026</ref><ref name=2020cut>Paul McLeary [https://breakingdefense.com/2018/10/breaking-trump-orders-dod-to-take-surprise-33b-budget-cut/ (October 26, 2018) Trump Orders DoD To Take Surprise $33B Budget Cut] 2020 DoD budget cut from $733 billion to $700 billion</ref><ref name=resignCMO,DoD >Paul McLeary [https://breakingdefense.com/2018/11/the-pentagons-first-ever-audit-a-big-disappointment/ (November 14, 2018) The Pentagon's First-Ever Audit: A Big Disappointment?]</ref><ref>Wesley Morgan [https://www.politico.com/story/2018/12/09/trump-pentagon-defense-spending-budget-1054068 (09 December 2018) Trump reverses course, tells Pentagon to boost budget request to $750 billion]</ref><ref name=fy2020,30billion >Devon L. Suits, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/217813/army_fy20_budget_proposal_realigns_30_billion Army (February 26, 2019) FY20 budget proposal realigns $30 billion]</ref> The 2020 Budget request for defense spending will trigger budget cuts<ref name=bca2020 /> in the face of the threat of sequestration from the Budget Control Act of 2011. This sets up up political clashes over spending caps for fiscal year 2020, triggering tandem increases in both defense spending and domestic spending.<ref name=bca2020 /> The history of government spending since the Budget Control Act of 2011 suggests that the deficit will be increased in response.<ref name=bca2020 >Sydney J Freedberg Jr [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/05/defense-spending-will-bust-bca-caps-mark-cancian/ (May 24, 2019) Defense Spending Will Bust BCA Caps: Mark Cancian]</ref>}} By 2024–2025, the Fiscal Year Development Plan (FYDP) will have reallocated $10 billion more into development of the top six modernization priorities,{{efn|name= aCFT|1= The capabilities as prioritized by the 39th Chief of Staff, will use subject matter experts in the realms of requirements, acquisition, science and technology, test, resourcing, costing, and sustainment, using Cross Functional Teams (CFTs) for: # Improved long-range precision fires<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.army.mil/standto/archive/2018/01/17/ |title=long-range precision fires |access-date=2025-04-15 |archive-date=2025-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415004143/https://www.army.mil/standto/archive/2018/01/17/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> (artillery):—(Fort Sill, Oklahoma) Lead: BG John Rafferty <!-- BG Steve Maranian 30Mar2018--> ... PEO Ammunition (AMMO) # Next-generation combat vehicle<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.army.mil/standto/archive/2018/02/22/ |title=Next-generation combat vehicle |access-date=2025-04-15 |archive-date=2025-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415004238/https://www.army.mil/standto/archive/2018/02/22/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>—(Detroit Arsenal, Warren, Michigan) Lead: <!--BG Dave Lesperance--> BG Ross Coffman ... PEO Ground Combat Systems (GCS) # Vertical lift<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.army.mil/standto/archive/2018/02/07/ |title=Vertical lift |access-date=2025-04-15 |archive-date=2025-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415004218/https://www.army.mil/standto/archive/2018/02/07/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> platforms—(Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama) Lead: BG Wally Rugen ... PEO Aviation (AVN) # Mobile and expeditionary (usable in ground combat)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.army.mil/standto/archive/2018/03/08/ |title=expeditionary (usable in ground combat) |access-date=2025-04-15 |archive-date=2025-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415004237/https://www.army.mil/standto/archive/2018/03/08/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> communications network (Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland) ## Network Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.army.mil/standto/archive/2018/03/08/ |title=Network Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence |access-date=2025-04-15 |archive-date=2025-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415004237/https://www.army.mil/standto/archive/2018/03/08/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>— Lead: MG Pete Gallagher ... PEO Command Control Communications Tactical (C3T) ## Assured Position Navigation and Timing<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.army.mil/standto/archive/2018/02/15/ |title=Assured Position Navigation and Timing |access-date=2025-04-15 |archive-date=2025-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415004336/https://www.army.mil/standto/archive/2018/02/15/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>— (Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama) Lead: William B. Nelson, SES # Air and missile defense<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.army.mil/standto/archive/2018/03/14/ |title=Air and missile defense |access-date=2025-04-15 |archive-date=2019-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127023005/https://www.army.mil/standto/archive_2018-03-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref>—(Fort Sill, Oklahoma) Lead: BG Brian Gibson, ... PEO Missiles and Space (M&S) # Soldier lethality ## Soldier Lethality<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.army.mil/standto/archive/2018/03/22/ |title=Soldier Lethality |access-date=2025-04-15 |archive-date=2025-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415003742/https://www.army.mil/standto/archive/2018/03/22/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>—(Fort Benning, Georgia) Lead: BG David M. Hodne ... PEO Soldier ## Synthetic Training Environment —(Orlando, Florida) Lead: MG Maria Gervais ... PEO Simulation, Training, & Instrumentation (STRI) * Above, 'dotted line' relationship (i.e., coordination) is denoted by a ' ... '}} taking those funds from legacy spending budgets.<ref name=big6tenBillionMore >Sydney J Freedberg Jr [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/05/army-big-6-gets-10b-more-over-2021-2025/ (May 29, 2019) Army Big 6 Gets $10B More Over 2021–2025]</ref>
==Reorganization plans by unit type== The Army has now been organized around modular brigades of 3,000–4,000 soldiers each, with the aim of being able to deploy continuously in different parts of the world, and effectively organizing the Army closer to the way it fights. The fact that this modernization is now in place has been acknowledged by the renaming of the 'Brigade Modernization Command' to the "U.S. Army Joint Modernization Command," on 16 February 2017.<ref name=JMC2017>{{cite web |url=http://fortblissbugle.com/bmc-redesignated-jmc-new-name-better-reflects-evolving-organizational-mission/ |title=BMC redesignated JMC, New Name Better Reflects Evolving Organizational Mission |accessdate=2017-02-16 |archive-date=2017-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011170800/http://fortblissbugle.com/bmc-redesignated-jmc-new-name-better-reflects-evolving-organizational-mission/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
By 2021 the Army of 2030 was envisioned to consist of Brigades for the close fight, Divisions for Large scale combat operations, Corps for enduring, sustained operations, and Theater-scale commands.<ref name=aimpoint2035 >Chief of Staff Paper #1 [https://api.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/2021/03/23/eeac3d01/20210319-csa-paper-1-signed-print-version.pdf (16 Mar 2021) Army Multi-Domain Transformation: Ready to Win in Competition and Conflict] army.mil</ref><ref name="csa2" >Chief of Staff Paper #2 [https://api.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/2021/03/29/bf6c30e6/csa-paper-2-the-army-in-military-competition.pdf (1 March 2021) The Army in Military Competition]</ref> ''See Transformation of the United States Army''{{efn|name=g357|1= In Force modernization,<ref name= dodReadiness /> Deputy Chiefs of Staff G-8 and G-3/5/7 sit on the Army Requirements Oversight Council (AROC), to advise the Chief of Staff of the Army (CSA).<ref name=htar >United States Army War College and Army Force Management School [https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1127933.pdf (2019-2020) How the Army Runs] HTAR: A senior leader reference handbook which synthesizes "existing and developing National, Defense, Joint, and Army systems, processes, and procedures currently practiced"</ref>{{rp|diagram on p.559}}<ref name= ar71_9 /><ref name= forceMgt >James Kennedy [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DNY4nVNSOwE (2019) Force Management Model - Complete]</ref> The commander, AFC is responsible for Force design.<ref name= ar71_9 /> * The Army's Force management model begins with a projection of the Future operating environment, in terms of resources: political, military, economic, social, information, infrastructure, physical environment, and the time available to bring the Current army to bear on the situation.<ref name= forceMgt /> * The AROC serves as a discussion forum of these factors.<ref name= ar71_9 >Headquarters, Department of the Army [https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/ARN31331-AR_71-9-000-WEB-1.pdf (29 Jun 2021) Army Regulation 71–9 Force Management. Warfighting Capabilities Determination] °1-6c, p.1) tasks for CG,AFC; °2-24 p.13) CG,AFC is a principal member of AROC, with 43 duties ''a through qq''; °3-1 ch.3 pp20-21) AROC is a forum for requirements decisions (RDF); °4-1 p.24) CG,AFC is responsible for force design; °6-4 p39) figure 6-1 Deliberate staffing and review process; ''figures for more staffing and review processes follow.''</ref><ref name=ar71,9>Research, Development, and Acquisition [https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN11041_AR71-9_FINAL.pdf AR 71–9 (2009) Warfighting Capabilities Determination] Aug 15, 2019 update</ref> * The relevant strategy is provided by the Army's leadership. * A DOTMLPF analysis models the factors necessary to change the Current force into a relevant Future force. * A JCIDS process identifies the gaps in capability between Current and Future force. * A Force design to meet the materiel gaps is underway. * An organization with the desired capabilities (manpower, materiel, training) is brought to bear on each gap.<ref name= dodReadiness >C. Todd Lopez, DOD News [https://www.war.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3239668/us-military-readiness-goes-beyond-just-china-russia/ (8 Dec 2022) U.S. Military Readiness Goes Beyond Just China, Russia ]</ref> ** AR 5-22<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://armypubs.army.mil/ProductMaps/PubForm/Details.aspx?PUB_ID=60844|title=Army Publishing Directorate|website=armypubs.army.mil}}</ref> lists the Force modernization proponent for each Army branch, which can be a CoE or Branch proponent<ref>{{cite web |url=https://usacac.army.mil/branch-proponents |title=Branch proponent |access-date=2026-05-15 |archive-date=2022-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023122017/https://usacac.army.mil/branch-proponents |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> leader. ** Staff uses a Synchronization meeting<ref name= weeklyAsmForceInteg >James Kennedy, CGSC [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mQUGlS5uL94 (Jun 2022) AY22 Force Integration CGSC] Weekly meetings on Change, Crisis, Competition, or Conflict. 50:31</ref>{{rp|minute 8:29 }} before seeking approval —HTAR Force Management 3-2b: "Managing change in any large, complex organization requires the synchronization of many interrelated processes".<ref name=htar />{{rp|p2-27}} * A budget request is submitted to Congress. * The resources are "dictated by Congress".<ref name= forceMgt /> * Approved requests then await resource deliveries which then become available to the combatant commanders.<ref name= cLee >Caitlin Lee [https://warontherocks.com/2022/03/the-u-s-militarys-force-management-tug-of-war/ (23 Mar 2022) The US Military's Force Management Tug-of-War] an allocation process</ref>}}
===Modular combat brigades=== {{Main|Brigade combat team}} Modular combat brigades are self-contained combined arms formations.<ref name=fm3,96>[https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/fm3_96.pdf Field Manual No. 3-96 (8 October 2015) Brigade Combat Team] FM 3-96 [https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/ARN31505-FM_3-96-000-WEB-1.pdf updated 19 Jan 2021]</ref><ref name= fm30Oct22 >Headquarters, Department of the Army [https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/ARN36290-FM_3-0-000-WEB-1.pdf (1 October 2022) FM 3-0 Operations] 280 pages</ref> They are standardized formations across the active and reserve components, meaning an Armored BCT at Fort Cavazos is the same as one at Fort Stewart.{{efn|name =stdBct|1= One consequence of a standardized BCT is that actions performed by one BCT can be made in behalf of a successor BCT. Thus pre-positioned stocks can aid in the rapidity of deployment:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/179831/prepositioned_equipment_site_officially_opens_in_netherlands|title=Prepositioned equipment site officially opens in Netherlands|date=December 20, 2016|website=army.mil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/180295/media_advisory_u_s_military_equipment_to_arrive_in_germany|title=Media advisory: U.S. military equipment to arrive in Germany|date=January 5, 2017|website=army.mil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/179087/tank_brigade_sets_quick_pace_moving_to_europe|title=Tank brigade sets quick pace moving to Europe|date=December 2, 2016|website=army.mil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pl68x1zUla0|title=Soldiers Journal: Rolling Into Europe|date=January 13, 2017|via=YouTube}}</ref>}}
Reconnaissance plays a large role in the new organizational designs. The Army felt the acquisition of the target was the weak link in the chain of finding, fixing, closing with, and destroying the enemy. The Army felt that it had already sufficient lethal platforms to take out the enemy and thus the number of reconnaissance units in each brigade was increased.{{efn|name=drones |1= The Army is introducing drones in its combat aviation brigades in order to increase its reconnaissance capability.<ref name= ftBlissDrones >The U.S. Army [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BoD4jm27_nc (2021) Army Assesses New UAS to Replace RQ-7B Shadow]</ref><ref name="fortblissbugle1">{{cite web |url=http://fortblissbugle.com/first-apache-battalion-to-carry-drones-reflags-as-heavy-cav |title=First Apache battalion to carry drones: reflags as 'Heavy Cav' |work=Fort Bliss Bugle |access-date=2015-03-28 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330054548/http://fortblissbugle.com/first-apache-battalion-to-carry-drones-reflags-as-heavy-cav/ |archive-date=2015-03-30 }} * [https://www.elpasotimes.com/story/news/local/2015/05/03/heavy-cav-fort-bliss-aviation-unit-that-teams/30879477/ (May 3, 2015) Apache helicopter squadron is the first unit to incorporate Shadow drones]</ref>}} The brigades sometimes depend on joint fires from the Air Force and Navy to accomplish their mission. As a result, the amount of field artillery has been reduced in the brigade design.
The three types of BCTs are Armored Brigade Combat Teams (ABCTs), Infantry Brigade Combat Teams (IBCTs) (includes Light, Air Assault and Airborne units), and Stryker Brigade Combat Teams (SBCTs).
thumb|300px|Armored Brigade structure '''Armored Brigade Combat Teams''', or ABCTs consist of 4,743 troops. This includes the third maneuver battalion as laid out in 2013. The changes announced by the U.S. army on 25 June 2013,<ref name=2013reform /> include adding a third maneuver battalion to the brigade, a second engineer company to a new Brigade Engineer Battalion, a third battery to the FA battalion, and reducing the size of each battery from 8 to 6 guns. These changes will also increase the number of troops in the affected battalions and also increase the total troops in the brigade. Since the brigade has more organic units, the command structure includes a deputy commander (in addition to the traditional executive officer) and a larger staff capable of working with civil affairs, special operations, psychological operations, air defense, and aviation units. An Armored BCT consists of: * the brigade headquarters and headquarters company (HHC): 43 officers, 17 warrant officers, 125 enlisted personnel – total: 185 soldiers. The commander and deputy commander each have a personal M2A3 Infantry Fighting Vehicle.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}{{efn|name=ampv|1=Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle (AMPV):<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/179779/armys_first_armored_multi_purpose_vehicle_rolls_off_production_line|title=Army's first armored multi-purpose vehicle rolls off production line|date=December 16, 2016|website=army.mil}}</ref> The AMPV will replace vehicles for:<ref>{{cite web | author1=Sydney J Freedberg JR | title=Army Issues RFP for $6 Billion M113 Replacement: Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle Program - Breaking Defense | work=Breaking Defense | date=22 March 2013 | url=http://breakingdefense.com/2013/03/army-issues-rfp-for-6-billion-m113-replacement-armored-multi-p/ }}</ref> * 522 general purpose * 993 mission command * 216 medical treatment * 790 medical evacuation * 386 mortar carrier}} * the Brigade Engineer Battalion (BEB) (formerly Brigade Special Troops Battalion (BSTB)), consisted of a headquarters company, signal company, military intelligence company with a TUAV platoon and two combat engineer companies (A and B company). The former BSTB fielded 28 officers, 6 warrant officers, 470 enlisted personnel – total: 504 soldiers. Each of the combat engineer company fields 13× M2A2 Bradley Fighting Vehicle Operation Desert Storm-Engineer, 1× M113A3 Armored Personnel Carrier, 3× M1150 assault breacher vehicle, 1× M9 armored combat earthmover, and 2× M104 heavy assault bridge. * a Cavalry (formerly Armed Reconnaissance) Squadron, consisting of a headquarters troop (HHT) and three reconnaissance troops and one armored troop. The HHT fields 2× M3A3 cavalry fighting vehicles and 3× M7A3 Bradley fire support vehicles, while each reconnaissance troop fields 7× M3A3 CFVs. The squadron fields 35 officers and 385 enlisted personnel – total: 424 soldiers. * three identical combined arms battalions, flagged as a battalion of an infantry, armored or cavalry regiment. Each battalion consists of a headquarters and headquarters company, two tank companies and two mechanized infantry companies. The battalions field 48 officers and 580 enlisted personnel each – total: 628 soldiers. The HHC fields 1× M1A2 main battle tank, 1× M2A3 infantry fighting vehicle, 3× M3A3 cavalry fighting vehicles, 4× M7A3 fire support vehicles and 4× M1064 mortar carriers with M120 120 mm mortars. Each of the two tank companies fields 14× M1A2 main battle tanks, while each mechanized infantry company fields 14× M2A3 infantry fighting vehicles. In 2016, the ABCT's combined arms battalions adopted a triangle structure, of two armored battalions (of two armored companies plus a single mechanized infantry company) plus a mechanized infantry battalion (of two mechanized companies and one armored company).<ref name="Triangle">{{cite web |url=https://www.army.mil/article/162519/Cavalry_Brigade_Combat_Team_assumes_new_design__transition_nearly_complete |title=Cavalry Brigade Combat Team assumes new design, transition nearly complete |publisher=U.S. Army |date=17 February 2016 |access-date=8 January 2017}}</ref> This resulted in the reduction of two mechanized infantry companies; the deleted armored company was reflagged as a troop to the Cavalry Squadron. * a Field Artillery battalion, consisting of a headquarters battery, two cannon batteries with 8× M109A6 self-propelled 155 mm howitzers each (the changes announced by the U.S. Army on 25 June 2013,<ref name=2013reform /> include adding a third battery to the FA battalion, and reducing the size of each battery from 8 to 6 guns; these changes also increase the number of troops in the affected battalions and also increase the total troops in the Brigade), and a target acquisition platoon. 24 officers, 2 warrant officers, 296 enlisted personnel – total: 322 soldiers. * a brigade support battalion (BSB),<ref name=FtcpCtcp>[https://www.army.mil/article/223838/in_search_of_synchronized_tactical_logistics Lt. Col. Mike Hammond (July 18, 2019) In Search of Synchronized Tactical Logistics] The BSB Commander is responsible for "field trains command post (FTCP) and combat trains command post (CTCP) operations". —Army Field Manual 3-96</ref> consisting of a headquarters, medical, distribution and maintenance company, plus six forward support companies, each of which support one of the three combined arms battalions, the cavalry squadron, the engineer battalion and the field artillery battalion. 61 officers, 14 warrant officers, 1,019 enlisted personnel – total: 1,094 soldiers.
thumb|300px|Infantry Brigade structure '''Infantry Brigade Combat Team''', or IBCTs, comprised around 3,300 soldiers, in the pre-2013 design, which did not include the 3rd maneuver battalion. The 2013 end-strength is now 4,413 Soldiers: * Special Troops Battalion (now Brigade Engineer Battalion) * Cavalry Squadron * (2), later (3) Infantry Battalions * Field Artillery Battalion * Brigade Support Battalion<ref name=FtcpCtcp />
As of May 2025, all IBCTs will covert to '''Mobile Brigade Combat Teams''', equipped with the M1301 infantry squad vehicle to enhance mobility.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.army.mil/article/285100/letter_to_the_force_army_transformation_initiative |title=Letter to the Force: Army Transformation Initiative |last=Driscoll |first=Dan |date=May 1, 2025 |website=army.mil |publisher=US |access-date=June 9, 2025 |quote=We will convert all Infantry Brigade Combat Teams to Mobile Brigade Combat Teams to improve mobility and lethality in a leaner formation.}}</ref>
thumb|300px|Stryker Brigade structure '''Stryker Brigade Combat Team''' or SBCTs comprised about 3,900 soldiers, making it the largest of the three combat brigade constructs in the 2006 design, and over 4,500 Soldiers in the 2013 reform. Its design includes: * Headquarters Company * Cavalry Squadron (with three 14-vehicle, two-120 mm mortar reconnaissance troops plus a surveillance troop with UAVs and NBC detection capability) * (3) Stryker infantry battalions (each with three rifle companies with 12 infantry-carrying vehicles, 3 mobile gun platforms, 2 120 mm mortars, and around 100 infantry dismounts each, plus an HHC with scout, mortar and medical platoons and a sniper section.) * Engineer Company (folded into the Brigade Engineer Battalion) [An additional engineer company was added to the battalion<ref name=2013reform /> in the 2013 reform] * Signal Company (folded into the Brigade Engineer Battalion) * Military Intelligence Company (with UAV platoon) (folded into the Brigade Engineer Battalion) * Anti-tank company (9 TOW-equipped Stryker vehicles) (folded into the Brigade Engineer Battalion) * Field Artillery Battalion (three 6-gun 155 mm Howitzer batteries, target acquisition platoon, and a joint fires cell) * Brigade Support Battalion (headquarters, medical, maintenance, and distribution companies)<ref name=FtcpCtcp />
===Modular support brigades===
====Combat support brigades==== thumb|upright|Heavy Combat Aviation Brigade Structure thumb|upright|Full Spectrum Combat Aviation Brigade Structure Similar modularity will exist for support units which fall into five types: Aviation, Fires (artillery), Battlefield Surveillance (intelligence), Maneuver Enhancement (engineers, signal, military police, chemical, and rear-area support), and Sustainment (logistics, medical, transportation, maintenance, etc.). In the past, artillery, combat support, and logistics support only resided at the division level and brigades were assigned those units only on a temporary basis when brigades transformed into "brigade combat teams" for particular deployments.
Combat Aviation Brigades are multi-functional, offering a combination of attack helicopters (i.e., Boeing AH-64 Apache), reconnaissance helicopters (i.e., OH-58 Kiowa), medium-lift helicopters (i.e., UH-60 Black Hawk), heavy-lift helicopters (i.e., CH-47 Chinook), and medical evacuation (MEDEVAC) capability. Aviation will not be organic to combat brigades but will continue to reside at the division-level due to resource constraints.
Heavy divisions (of which there are six) will have 48 Apaches, 38 Blackhawks, 12 Chinooks, and 12 Medevac helicopters in their aviation brigade. These are divided into two aviation attack battalions, an assault lift battalion, a general aviation support battalion. An aviation support battalion will have headquarters, refuelling/resupply, repair/maintenance, and communications companies.<ref>"Ft Hood's 615th ASB trains at McGregor Range", ''Fort Bliss Monitor'' June 26, 2013</ref> Light divisions will have aviation brigades with 60 armed reconnaissance helicopters and no Apaches, with the remaining structure the same. The remaining divisions will have aviation brigades with 30 armed reconnaissance helicopters and 24 Apaches, with the remaining structure the same. Ten Army Apache helicopter units will convert to heavy attack reconnaissance squadrons, with 12 RQ-7B Shadow drones apiece.<ref name="fortblissbugle1" /><ref>[https://www.army.mil/article/164542/Unmanned_Aerial_System__More_than_just_remote_controlled_planes/ 3rd Squadron, 6th Cavalry, in Iraq] Army.mil, accessdate=2016-03-18</ref> The helicopters to fill out these large, combined-arms division-level aviation brigades comes from aviation units that used to reside at the corps-level.
thumb|upright|Fires Brigade Structure Field Artillery Brigades (known as "Fires Brigades" prior to 2014) provide traditional artillery fire (M109 Paladin self-propelled howitzer, M270 MLRS and HIMARS rocket artillery) as well as information operations and non-lethal effects capabilities. After the 2013 reform, the expertise formerly embodied in the pre-2007 Division Artillery (DIVARTY) was formally re-instituted in the Division Artillery (DIVARTY) of 2015, with a colonel as commander.<ref>[https://www.npr.org/documents/2008/may/artillerywhitepaper.pdf 2008 White Paper] requesting DIVARTY</ref> The operational Fires battalions will now report to this new formulation of DIVARTY, for training and operational Fires standards, as well as to the BCT.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sill-www.army.mil/USAFAS/DIVARTY.html|title=DIVARTY – Division Artillery|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-date=3 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803031034/http://sill-www.army.mil/USAFAS/DIVARTY.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=4-27-fa>{{cite web |work=Fort Bliss Bugle |url=http://fortblissbugle.com/2019/05/15/agile-and-lethal-4-27-field-artillery-conducts-table-xviii-gunnery-training-may-7/ |author=Spc. Matthew Marcellus, 1st Armored Division |date=May 15, 2019 |title=Agile and lethal: 4-27 Field Artillery conducts Table XVIII gunnery training May 7 |accessdate=2019-08-11 |publisher=US Army |archive-date=2019-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812024100/http://fortblissbugle.com/2019/05/15/agile-and-lethal-4-27-field-artillery-conducts-table-xviii-gunnery-training-may-7/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
Air Defense: The Army was no longer to provide an organic air defense artillery (ADA) battalion to its divisions as of 2007. Nine of the ten active component (AC) divisional ADA battalions and two of the eight reserve (ARNG) divisional ADA battalions will deactivate. The remaining AC divisional ADA battalion along with six ARNG divisional ADA battalions will be pooled at the Unit of Employment to provide on-call air and missile defense (AMD) protection. The pool of Army AMD resources will address operational requirements in a tailorable and timely manner without stripping assigned AMD capability from other missions. Maneuver short-range air defense (MSHORAD)<ref name=amdFy20>{{cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/218504/fy20_budget_to_boost_air_missile_defense |author=Gary Sheftick, Army News Service |date=March 13, 2019 |title= FY20 budget to boost air & missile defense |publisher=US Army}}</ref> with laser cannon prototypes fielding by 2020.<ref>Joe Lacdan (October 22, 2018) [https://www.army.mil/article/212749/army_to_fuse_laser_technology_onto_air_defense_system "Army to fuse laser technology onto air defense system"]</ref> But by 2015 the Division Artillery was restored.
Maneuver Enhancement Brigades are designed to be self-contained, and will command units such as chemical, military police, civil affairs units, and tactical units such as a maneuver infantry battalion. These formations are designed so that they can operate with coalition, or joint forces such as the Marine Corps, or can span the gap between modular combat brigades and other modular support brigades.{{efn|name=2013reform|1= In the 2013 reform, the active duty brigades are deactivating by 2015, leaving only the National Guard's, and the Reserve's, maneuver enhancement brigades.<ref>{{cite news |author=Michelle Tan |title=5 BCTs set to inactivate this year; MEBs also going away |archive-date=2014-09-12|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140912131729/http://www.armytimes.com/article/20131229/NEWS/312290003/5-BCTs-set-inactivate-year-MEBs-also-going-away |url=http://www.armytimes.com/article/20131229/NEWS/312290003/5-BCTs-set-inactivate-year-MEBs-also-going-away |website=armytimes.com }}</ref> }}
thumb|upright|Combat Sustainment Brigade Structure Sustainment Brigades provide echelon-above-brigade-level logistics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://armypubs.army.mil/doctrine/DR_pubs/dr_a/pdf/atp4_93.pdf |title=Sustainment Brigade |date=August 2013 |publisher=Headquarters Department of the Army |access-date=2014-09-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814214012/http://armypubs.army.mil/doctrine/DR_pubs/dr_a/pdf/atp4_93.pdf |archive-date=2014-08-14 }}</ref> On its rotation to South Korea, 3rd ABCT, 1st Armored Division deployed its supply support activity (SSA) common authorized stockage list (CASL)<ref name=newCasl>Lt. Col. Fenicia L. Jackson, Capt. Karina Cuenca, and Chief Warrant Officer 3 Daniel Austin (October 1, 2019) [https://www.army.mil/article/227939/early_results_testing_the_new_casl_at_ntc_improves_readiness "Early results testing the new CASL at NTC improves readiness"] US Army</ref> as well.<ref name=ssa,casl>Lt. Col. Charles L. Montgomery (April 1, 2019) [https://www.army.mil/article/219084/deploying_an_ssas_casl_for_an_armored_brigade_combat_team Deploying an SSA's CASL for an armored brigade combat team]</ref> The CASL allows the ABCT to draw additional stocks beyond its pipeline of materiel from GCSS-A.<ref name=ssa,casl /> The DoD-level Global Combat Support System includes an Army-level tool (GCSS-A), which runs on tablet computers with bar code readers which 92-A specialists use to enter and track materiel requests, as the materiel makes its way through the supply chain to the brigades.<ref name=gcss,a>US Army (31 May 2018) [https://www.army.mil/article/206120/additional_supply_system_focus_boosts_student_knowledge_of_new_technology Additional supply system focus boosts student knowledge of new technology]</ref> This additional information can then be used by GCSS-A to trigger resupply for Army pre-positioned stocks, typically by sea.<ref name=gcss,a /><ref name="jadoSustainmentJulySept2020" >Headquarters, Department of the Army [https://alu.army.mil/alog/currentissue.pdf PB 700–20–03 (July-September 2020) ''Army Sustainment''] Army Sustainment Professional Bulletin (ASPB) Vol. 52, Issue 3</ref>{{rp|p.12}} The data in GCSS-Army is displayed on the Commander's Dashboard —Army Readiness-Common Operating Picture (AR-COP); this dashboard is also available to the commander at BCT, division, corps, and Army levels.<ref name=gcssCommonOperatingPic>Maj. Gen. Rodney D. Fogg, Brig. Gen. Heidi J. Hoyle, and Percy Alexander (4 November 2019) [https://www.army.mil/article/219024/building_the_army_readiness_common_operating_picture Building the Army Readiness-Common Operating Picture] US Army</ref>
thumb|upright|Battlefield Surveillance Brigade Structure The former Battlefield Surveillance Brigades,<ref name="BSB changes">{{cite web|url=http://archive.militarytimes.com/article/20131229/NEWS/312290003/5-BCTs-set-inactivate-year-MEBs-also-going-away |title=5 BCTs set to inactivate this year; MEBs also going away |website=Archive.militarytimes.com |access-date=2016-10-21}}</ref> now denoted ''Military Intelligence Brigades (Expeditionary)'', will offer additional UAVs and long-term surveillance detachments.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150519215622/http://fortblissbugle.com/204th-bn-leader-leaves-with-positive-message/ 204th Military Intelligence Battalion to join Aerial Intelligence Brigade]}}, Fortblissbugle.com, accessed 2015-05-21 </ref> Each of the three active duty brigades is attached to an Army Corps.<ref name="BSB changes" />
thumb|upright|Maneuver Enhancement Brigade Structure {{anchor|Security Force Assistance Brigade}}
====Security Force Assistance Brigades==== Security force assistance brigades (SFABs) are brigades whose mission is to train, advise, and assist (TAA) the armed forces of other states. The SFAB are neither bound by conventional decisive operations nor counter-insurgency operations. Operationally, a 500-soldier SFAB would free-up a 4500-soldier BCT from a TAA mission. On 23 June 2016 General Mark Milley revealed plans for train/advise/assist Brigades, consisting of seasoned officers and NCOs with a full chain of command,<ref name=Priorities2016>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eJzyN_yiTZ4 Priorities for Our Nation's Army with General Mark A. Milley] (23 Jun 2016)</ref>{{rp|Minute 18:40/1:00:45}} but no junior Soldiers. In the event of a national emergency the end-strengths of the SFABs could be augmented with new soldiers from basic training and advanced individual training.<ref name=Priorities2016 />
An SFAB was projected to consist of 500 senior officers and NCOs, which, the Army says, could act as a cadre to reform a full BCT in a matter of months.<ref name=Milley20160623>{{cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/170344/csa_explains_how_skeletal_advisory_brigades_could_regenerate_force|title=CSA explains how skeletal advisory brigades could regenerate force|date=24 June 2016 |access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> In May 2017, the initial SFAB staffing of 529 soldiers was underway, including 360 officers. The officers will have had previous command experience.<ref name=Priorities2016 />{{rp|21:20}} Commanders and leaders will have previously led BCTs at the same echelon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/195178/first_security_force_assistance_brigade_training_for_deployment|title=First security force assistance brigade training for deployment|date=October 16, 2017|website=army.mil}}</ref> The remaining personnel, all senior NCOs, are to be recruited from across the Army.<ref name=SFAB >Lolita C. Baldor [https://www.yahoo.com/news/uncle-sam-want-train-others-074241042.html (4 May 2017) ''Associated Press'' Uncle Sam: We want you... to train others! $5K bonus offered] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505194002/https://www.yahoo.com/news/uncle-sam-want-train-others-074241042.html |date=5 May 2017 }} accessdate=2017-05-05</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/188004/well_trained_sfabs_to_free_bcts_from_advise_assist_mission|title=Security force assistance brigades to free brigade combat teams from advise, assist mission|date=September 19, 2017|website=army.mil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/183757/us-army-to-establish-security-force-assistance-brigades.html |title=Army Moves Closer to Establishing First Security Force Assistance Brigade |access-date=2017-05-23 |archive-date=2017-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523043957/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/183757/us-army-to-establish-security-force-assistance-brigades.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Promotable E-4s who volunteer for the SFAB are automatically promoted to Sergeant upon completion of the Military Advisor Training Academy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/196383/1st_security_force_assistance_brigade_promotes_first_soldiers_under_new_promotion_policy|title=1st Security Force Assistance Brigade promotes first Soldiers under new promotion policy|date=November 3, 2017|website=army.mil}}</ref> A team of twelve soldiers would include a medic, personnel for intelligence support, and air support,<ref>Jaffe and Ryan [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/up-to-1000-more-us-troops-could-be-headed-to-afghanistan-this-spring/2018/01/21/153930b6-fd1b-11e7-a46b-a3614530bd87_story.html (21 January 2018), ''Washington Post'' Up to 1,000 more U.S. troops could be headed to Afghanistan this spring]</ref> as cited by Keller.<ref name=Keller /><ref name=arn8448Atp3_96_1 >US Army [https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN8448_ATP%203-96x1%20FINAL%20Web.pdf Security Force Assistance Brigade (2 May 2018) ATP 3-96.1] 152 pages</ref>
These SFABs would be trained in languages, how to work with interpreters,<ref>Capt. John May [https://www.army.mil/article/197404/military_advisor_training_academy_trains_1st_sfab_on_security_force_assistance (November 27, 2017) Military Advisor Training Academy prepares 1st SFAB as combat advisors]</ref> and equipped with the latest equipment<ref name=serbu >Jared Serbu [https://federalnewsradio.com/army/2018/08/army-experimenting-with-equipment-proven-by-sof-forces-while-it-builds-long-term-plan-for-its-tactical-network/ (August 24, 2018) Army experimenting with SOF-tested equipment while building long-term tactical network plan]</ref> such as Integrated Tactical Network (ITN)<ref name=foc31July2019 >Sean Kimmons, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/224660/futures_command_showcases_efforts_ahead_of_upcoming_foc (July 18, 2019) Futures Command showcases efforts ahead of upcoming FOC] ITN for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd SFABs</ref> using T2C2 systems<ref name=t2c2Sfab >Kimberly Underwood [https://www.afcea.org/content/us-army-fields-inflatable-satellite-antenna (20 August 2018) U.S. Army Fields Inflatable Satellite Antenna]</ref><ref>US Army [https://www.army.mil/article/198514/equipping_sfabs_a_rubiks_cube_of_logistics (December 21, 2017) Equipping SFABs: A 'Rubik's Cube' of logistics] over 5,000 pieces of equipment</ref> including secure, but unclassified, communications<ref name=PEO,C3T>Bridget Lynch & Greg Hall, PEO C3T Public Affairs [https://web.archive.org/web/20180906225818/https://www.army.mil/article/210697/network_support_continues_for_armys_sfabs (September 5, 2018)] * U.S. Army PEO C3T [https://www.army.mil/article/211433/army_awards_2_channel_leader_radio_contract (September 21, 2018) Army Awards 2-Channel Leader Radio Contract]</ref> and weapons to support coalition partners,<ref name=mennes >Mennes, AUSA [https://www.army.mil/article/195178/first_security_force_assistance_brigade_training_for_deployment (16 October 2017) AUSA Video clip, Warriors corner #9: All things Security Force Assistance Brigade (SFAB), part of the article, "First security force assistance brigade training for deployment"]</ref> as well as unmanned aircraft systems (UASs).<ref name=uas >U.S. Army [https://www.army.mil/article/197810/eyes_in_the_sky_with_1st_sfab (6 December 2017) Eyes in the Sky with 1st SFAB]</ref> The first five SFABs would align with the Combatant Commands (SOUTHCOM, AFRICOM, CENTCOM, EUCOM, and USINDOPACOM, respectively);<ref name=aimpoint2035 /> an SFAB could provide up to 58 teams (possibly with additional Soldiers for force protection).<ref name=mennes />
Funding for the first two SFABs was secured in June 2017.<ref name=15Jun2017 /> By October 2017, the first of six planned SFABs (the 1st Security Force Assistance Brigade)<ref>U.S. Army {{Cite web |url=http://www.benning.army.mil/tenant/1SFAB/content/pdf/SFAB%20Brochure.pdf?V3 |title=1st Security Force Assistance Brigade: Who we are and why You should volunteer |access-date=2017-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022193904/http://www.benning.army.mil/tenant/1SFAB/content/pdf/SFAB%20Brochure.pdf?V3 |archive-date=2017-10-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref> was established at Fort Benning.<ref>U.S. Army [https://www.army.mil/article/182646/army_creates_security_force_assistance_brigade_and_military_advisor_training_academy_at_fort_benningArmy Army creates Security Force Assistance Brigade and Military Advisor Training Academy at Fort Benning] accessdate=2017-02-24</ref><ref name=Priorities2016 />{{rp|minute 50:00}} On 16 October 2017, BG Brian Mennes of Force Management in the Army's G3/5/7 announced accelerated deployment of the first two SFABs, possibly by Spring 2018 to Afghanistan and Iraq, if required.<ref name=mennes /> This was approved in early July 2017, by the 27th Secretary of Defense and the 39th Chief of Staff of the Army. On 8 February 2018, 1st SFAB held an activation ceremony at Fort Benning, revealing its colors and heraldry for the first time, and then cased its colors for the deployment to Afghanistan.<ref>U.S. Army [https://www.army.mil/article/200403/1st_security_force_assistance_brigade_holds_activation_ceremony (9 February 2018) 1st Security Force Assistance Brigade holds activation ceremony]</ref> 1st Security Force Assistance Brigade deployed to Afghanistan in spring 2018.<ref name=1stSFABdeployment>{{Cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/198507/department_of_the_army_announces_upcoming_deployment_of_the_1st_security_force_assistance_brigade|title=Department of the Army announces upcoming deployment of the 1st Security Force Assistance Brigade|date=January 11, 2018|website=army.mil}}</ref>
On 8 December 2017, the Army announced the activation of the 2nd Security Force Assistance Brigade,<ref name=2ndSFAB>{{Cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/197954/army_announces_activation_of_second_security_force_assistance_brigade_at_fort_bragg|title=Army announces activation of second Security Force Assistance Brigade at Fort Bragg|date=December 8, 2017|website=army.mil}}</ref> for January 2018, the second of six planned SFABs. The SFAB are to consist of about 800 senior and noncommissioned officers who have served at the same echelon, with proven expertise in advise-and-assist operations with foreign security forces. Fort Bragg was chosen as the station for the second SFAB<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elpasotimes.com/story/news/military/ft-bliss/2017/12/06/jeffrey-say-goodbye-latest-army-family-fort-bliss/920770001/|title=Jeffrey about to say goodbye to latest Army family at Fort Bliss|first=David|last=Burge|website=El Paso Times}}</ref> in anticipation of the time projected to train a Security Force Assistance Brigade.<ref name=2ndSFAB /> On 17 January 2018 39th Chief of Staff Mark Milley announced the activation of the third SFAB.<ref name=Keller >Jared Keller ''Task & Purpose''[https://taskandpurpose.com/sfab-train-advise-assist-afghanistan/ (22 Jan 2018) The 1st SFAB's Afghan Deployment Is A Moment Of Truth For The Global War On Terror] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126185713/https://taskandpurpose.com/sfab-train-advise-assist-afghanistan/ |date=26 January 2018 }} for 2018, with subsequent SFABs after the year</ref> 2nd SFAB undergoes three months of training beginning October 2018, to be followed by a Joint Readiness Training Center Rotation beginning January 2019, and deployment in spring 2019.<ref name=SFABnetworksupport >Bridget Lynch & Greg Hall, PEO C3T Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/210697/network_support_continues_for_armys_sfabs (September 5, 2018) Network Support Continues for Army's SFABs]</ref> The 3rd, 4th, and 5th SFABs are to be stationed at Fort Cavazos, Fort Carson, and Joint Base Lewis-McChord, respectively;<ref name=Station3,4,5 >U.S. Army Office of the Chief of Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/205490/army_announces_the_stationing_of_three_security_force_assistance_brigades (18 May 2018) Army announces the stationing of three Security Force Assistance Brigades]</ref> the headquarters of the 54th Security Force Assistance Brigade, made up from the Army National Guard, will be in Indiana, one of six states to contribute an element of 54th SFAB.<ref>ARNG [http://www.nationalguard.mil/News/Article/1480551/indiana-national-guard-to-stand-up-new-assistance-brigade/ Indiana National Guard to stand up new assistance brigade]</ref> It is likely that these brigades will be seeing service within United States Central Command.<ref name=sofNews >SOF News [http://www.sof.news/sfa/54th-sfab/ (January 30, 2019) 54th Security Force Assistance Brigade]</ref><ref name=gotItRight >C. Todd Lopez [https://www.army.mil/article/221627/success_of_first_sfab_in_afghanistan_proves_army_got_it_right_commander_says (May 8, 2019) Success of first SFAB in Afghanistan proves 'Army got it right,' commander says]</ref>
The Security Force Assistance Command (SFAC), a one-star division-level command<ref name=sfac,2ndSfab /> and all six SFABs will be activated by 2020.<ref name=Strategy2018/> The Security Force Assistance Directorate, a one-star Directorate for the SFABs, is part of FORSCOM in Fort Bragg. SFAD will be responsible for the Military Advisor Training Academy as well.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fayobserver.com/news/20180518/fort-bragg-will-be-home-to-security-force-assistance-command|title=Fort Bragg getting new one-star command|first=Drew|last=Brooks|website=The Fayetteville Observer}}</ref><ref>GOMO [https://web.archive.org/web/20200917183651/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Releases/Release/Article/1484784/general-officer-assignments/ (4 April 2018) General Officer Assignments] * [http://www.fayobserver.com/news/20180407/army-generals-with-bragg-ties-get-new-assignments Mark Landes to be Security Force Assistance Director, G3/5/7 at Fort Bragg]</ref> The 1st SFAB commander was promoted to Brigadier General in Gardez, Afghanistan on 18 August 2018.<ref>Maj. Matthew Fontaine [https://www.army.mil/article/210073/1st_sfab_commander_earns_1st_star_and_promotion_to_brigadier_general (August 18, 2018) 1st SFAB Commander earns 1st Star and Promotion to Brigadier General]</ref> The 2nd SFAB commander was promoted to Brigadier General 7 September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.paraglideonline.net/news/20180907/2nd-sfab-commander-earns-first-star |title=(7 September 2018) 2nd SFAB commander earns first star |access-date=21 October 2018 |archive-date=21 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021232521/http://www.paraglideonline.net/news/20180907/2nd-sfab-commander-earns-first-star |url-status=dead }}</ref> SFAC and 2nd SFAB were activated in a joint ceremony at Fort Braggon 3 December 2018.<ref name=sfac,2ndSfab >Security Force Assistance Command Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/214605/security_force_assistance_command_2nd_security_force_assistance_brigade_activate_at_fort_bragg (December 3, 2018) Security Force Assistance Command, 2nd Security Force Assistance Brigade activate at Fort Bragg]</ref> 2nd SFAB deployed to Afghanistan in February 2019.<ref name=ToddSouthSFAB >Todd South [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2019/05/08/the-next-army-sfab-deployments-might-look-a-whole-lot-different-from-recent-ones/ (8 May 2019) The next Army SFAB deployments might look a whole lot different from recent ones]</ref><ref name=2ndSfabSpring2019 >U.S. Army Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/Both/article/212541/department_of_the_army_announces_upcoming_2nd_security_force_assistance_brigade_unit_rotation (18 October 2018) Department of the Army announces upcoming 2nd Security Force Assistance Brigade unit rotation]{{dead link|date=April 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} to Afghanistan Spring 2019</ref> 3rd SFAB activated at Fort Hood on 16 July 2019;<ref>Kyle Rempfer [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2019/07/16/3rd-security-force-assistance-brigade-activates-preps-for-mideast-missions/ (16 July 2019) 3rd Security Force Assistance Brigade activates, preps for Mideast missions]</ref> 3rd SFAB will relieve 2nd SFAB in Afghanistan for the Winter 2019 rotation.<ref>U.S. Army Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/225780/army_announces_upcoming_3rd_security_force_assistance_brigade_unit_rotation (August 16, 2019) Army announces upcoming 3rd Security Force Assistance Brigade unit rotation]</ref>
Security Assistance is part of The Army Strategy 2018's Line of Effort 4: "Strengthen Alliances and Partnerships".<ref name=Strategy2018 /> The Security Assistance Command is based at Redstone Arsenal<ref name=secAsstCmd >Kari Hawkins (AMCOM) [https://www.army.mil/article/27393/security_assistance_command_plants_its_flag (September 16, 2009) Security Assistance Command plants its flag]</ref> (but the SFAC is based at Fort Bragg).<ref name=sfac,2ndSfab />
====Army Field Support Brigades==== Army Field Support Brigades (AFSBs) have been utilized to field materiel in multiple Combatant Command's Areas of Responsibility (AORs).<ref name=perna /> <ref name=jadoSustainmentJulySept2020 />{{rp|p22-27 and p.77–78}} Initially 405th AFSB prepositioned stocks for a partial brigade; eventually, the 405th was to field materiel for an ABCT, a Division headquarters, a Fires Brigade, and a Sustainment Brigade in their AOR, which required multinational agreements.<ref name=APS-2 /> Similarly, 401st AFSB configured materiel for an ABCT in their AOR as well. The objective has been combat configuration: maintain their vehicles to support a 96-hour readiness window for a deployed ABCT on demand.<ref name=APS-5 /> In addition, 403rd Army Field Support Brigade maintains prepositioned stocks for their AOR.
==Training and readiness== Under Schoomaker, combat training centers (CTCs) emphasized the contemporary operating environment (such as an urban, ethnically-sensitive city in Iraq) and stress units according to the unit mission and the commanders' assessments, collaborating often to support holistic collective training programs, rather than by exception as was formerly the case.
Schoomaker's plan was to resource units based on the mission they are expected to accomplish (major combat versus SASO, or stability and support operations), regardless of component (active or reserve). Instead of using snapshot readiness reports, the Army now rates units based on the mission they are expected to perform given their position across the three force pools ('reset', 'train/ready', and 'available').<ref name=Campbell2009 /> The Army now deploys units upon each commanders' signature on the certificate of their unit's assessment (''viz.'', Ready). As of June 2016, only one-third of the Army's brigades were ready to deploy.<ref name=allyn2016>{{cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/169797/allyn_outlines_keys_to_readiness_under_pressure |title=Allyn outlines keys to readiness under pressure | Article |website=Army.mil |date=2016-06-13 |access-date=2016-10-21}}</ref><ref name=davidNorquistRecap21 >The Hon. David Norquist, Deputy Secretary of Defense, DoD [https://conference.defensenews.com/recap#21 (10 Sep 2020) Closing Keynote: Day 2] ''Defense News Conference 2020 : Sept 9 – 10'' 22:00 minutes</ref>{{rp|5:55}} By 2019, two-thirds of the Active Army's brigades<ref name=MilleyReadiness2019 >Arpi Dilanian and Matthew Howard [https://www.army.mil/article/219028/the_number_one_priority_an_interview_with_gen_mark_milley (April 1, 2019) The number one priority: An interview with Gen. Mark Milley]: Readiness (both current and future)</ref> and half of the BCTs of the Total Army (both Active and Reserve components) are now at the highest level of readiness.<ref name=SpoehrReadiness2019 >Thomas Brading, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/228513/half_of_bcts_now_at_highest_level_of_readiness_as_army_looks_to_add_more (October 22, 2019) Half of BCTs now at highest level of readiness, as Army looks to add more]</ref> The FY2021 budget request allows two-thirds of the Total Army (1,012,200 Soldiers by 2022) to reach the highest level of readiness by FY2022 —Maj. Gen. Paul Chamberlain.<ref name=fy2021endsExpansion >Mark Cancian and Adam Saxton [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/02/2021-budget-spells-the-end-of-us-force-expansion/ (14 February 2020) 2021 Budget Spells The End of US Force Expansion] Reduced topline $740.5 billion; Army remains at 31 BCTs, 5 SFABs, and 11 CABs.</ref><ref name=nightCourt2020 >Thomas Brading, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/232846/army_leaders_save_12_billion_to_fund_modernization_push (19 February 2020) Army leaders save $1.2 billion to fund modernization push] After a set of 'Night court' cuts</ref>
{{quote box|align=right |width=20% |quote = Soldiers need to be ready{{efn|name=readiness}} 100 percent of the time |author=Robert B. Abrams, FORSCOM commander, June 2, 2016<ref name=Abrams2016 /> }}
39th Chief of Staff Mark Milley's readiness objective is that all operational units be at 90 percent of the authorized strength in 2018, at 100 percent by 2021, and at 105 percent by 2023.<ref name=MilleyReadinessTimeTable >David Vergun [https://www.army.mil/article/212191/army_readiness_lethality_increasing_amid_troubled_world_says_chief_of_staff (October 9, 2018) Army readiness, lethality increasing amid troubled world, says chief of staff]</ref><ref name=endstrength >Mark Cancian [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/03/2020-budget-one-half-step-towards-a-great-power-strategy/ (25 March 2019) 2020 Budget: One Half Step Towards A Great Power Strategy]: Notes Army's difficulty reaching end-strength objectives.</ref> The observer coach/trainers<ref name=oc,t >Sgt. LaShawna Custom, 32nd Army Air and Missile Defense Command [http://fortblissbugle.com/2019/03/27/oc-ts-improved-readiness-during-roving-sands-19/ (March 27, 2019) OC/Ts improved readiness during Roving Sands 19]{{dead link|date=October 2022}} Observer-Coach/Trainer</ref> at the combat training centers, recruiters,<ref>''Army Times'' [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2018/11/16/the-army-is-extending-recruiters-orders-by-two-months-to-ask-them-if-they-want-an-extension/ (17 Nov 2018) The Army is extending recruiters orders by two months]</ref><ref name=cities >Gary Sheftick, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/221821/large_cities_see_jump_in_recruits (May 13, 2019) Large cities see jump in recruits]</ref> and drill sergeants are to be filled to 100 percent strength by the end of 2018.<ref name=MilleyReadinessTimeTable /><ref name=recruitingReboot >AUSA [https://www.ausa.org/news/%E2%80%98atrophied%E2%80%99-recruiting-strategy-being-overhauled (October 26, 2018) 'Atrophied' Recruiting Strategy Being Overhauled] surge operation in 22 cities, 3 other actions</ref> In November 2018, written deployability standards (Army Directive 2018–22) were set by the Secretary and the Chief of Staff of the Army; failure to meet the standard means a soldier has six months to remedy this, or face separation from the Army.<ref name=apftUseForRetention >Army Directive 2018–22 [https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN13963_AD2018_22_Final.pdf (8 Nov 2018) Retention Policy for Non-Deployable Soldiers] * Joe Lacdan, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/213757/non_deployable_directive_to_help_army_work_toward_more_lethal_force (November 15, 2018) Non-deployable directive to help Army work toward more 'lethal' force] * Laven2 [http://fortblissbugle.com/2018/11/20/non-deployable-directive-to-help-army-work-toward-more-lethal-force/ (20 November 2018) Non-deployable directive to help Army work toward more lethal force] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124105657/http://fortblissbugle.com/2018/11/20/non-deployable-directive-to-help-army-work-toward-more-lethal-force/ |date=24 November 2018 }}</ref> The directive does not apply to about 60,000 of the 1,016,000 Soldiers of the Army; 70–80 percent of the 60,000 are non-deployable for medical reasons. Non-deployables have declined from 121,000 in 2017.<ref name=apftUseForRetention /> The Army combat fitness test (ACFT) will test all soldiers;<ref name=Acft59YrOldScored460 >Kyle Rempfer [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2020/09/01/a-59-year-old-army-and-marine-vet-who-served-in-afghanistan-just-graduated-army-basic-combat-training/ (1 September 2020) A 59-year-old Army and Marine vet, who served in Afghanistan, just graduated Army basic combat training] after a 10-year break in service. He went through Marine Corps boot camp in 1978</ref> at the minimum, the 3-Repetition Maximum Deadlift, the Sprint-Drag-Carry and an aerobic event will be required of all soldiers, including those with profiles (meaning there is an annotation in their record ''See: PULHES Factor)''; the assessment of the alternative aerobic test will be completed by 19 October 2019.<ref name=acft >U.S. Army Center for Initial Military Training Staff [https://www.army.mil/article/222105/army_to_conduct_assessment_of_alternate_acft_events (May 20, 2019) Army to conduct assessment of alternate ACFT events]</ref>
===Soldier and Family Readiness Groups=== By 2022 surveys of military servicemen, veterans, and spouses and family were indicating that financial and other difficulties were raising questions about the viability of an all-volunteer force.<ref name= allVolunteer >Karen Jowers [https://www.militarytimes.com/pay-benefits/mil-money/2022/07/18/survey-raises-serious-questions-about-the-future-of-the-all-volunteer-force/ (18 Jul 2022) Survey raises serious questions about the future of the all-volunteer force]</ref><ref name= endStrengthShortfall >Davis Winkie [https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-army/2022/07/19/army-will-be-up-to-28000-troops-understrength-vice-chief-tells-congress/ (19 Jul 2022) Citing recruiting woes, Army will shed up to 28,000 troops in next year]</ref>
Soldiers and Army spouses belong to Soldier and Family Readiness Groups (SFRGs),<ref name=sfrgAD2019,17ref >Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Installation Management [https://www.army.mil/standto/archive/2019/08/16/ (August 16, 2019) Soldier and Family Readiness Groups] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415003747/https://www.army.mil/standto/archive/2019/08/16/ |date=April 15, 2025 }}</ref><ref name=sfrg >Joe Lacdan, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/223080/army_making_improvements_to_family_readiness_groups (June 12, 2019) Army making improvements to Family Readiness Groups]</ref>{{efn|name= readiness|1= Readiness means: Be informed; Make A Plan; Build a Kit; and Get Involved<ref name=readiness>[http://www.acsim.army.mil/readyarmy/ Ready Army] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906080702/http://www.acsim.army.mil/readyarmy/ |date=2016-09-06 }} is a proactive campaign to increase Army community resilience and enhance force readiness by informing Soldiers, their Families, Army Civilians and contractors of relevant hazards, and encouraging them to * Be Informed, * Make A Plan, * Build a Kit and * Get Involved. ''see: DEFCON''</ref><ref name=drill >{{cite web |author=Sean Kimmons, Army News Service |url=https://www.army.mil/article/225353/former_army_ranger_helps_save_man_on_commercial_jet |date=August 8, 2019 |title= Former Army Ranger helps save man on commercial jet}}</ref>}} renamed from (FRGs)<ref name=hawkins8oct2018 >Devon L. Suits [https://www.army.mil/article/212578/study_reveals_impact_of_army_families_on_retention_recruiting (October 17, 2018) Study reveals impact of Army Families on retention, recruiting]: When spouses favor Army life, 93% of Soldiers stay; but when spouses do not, 44% stay in the Army.</ref> which mirror the command structure of an Army unit—the spouse of the 40th Chief of Staff of the United States Army has served on the FRG at every echelon of the Army.<ref name=39thCSAchangeOfResp >The US Army [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dlQKlafWoHI (Aug 9, 2019) Change of Responsibility Ceremony: Army Chief of staff and sergeant major of the Army]</ref>{{rp|Ryan McCarthy, minute 39:33}} The name change to SFRG is to be more inclusive of single soldiers, single parents, and also those with nontraditional families.<ref name=sfrg /> An S/FRG seeks to meet the needs of soldiers and their families, for example during a deployment,<ref name=32ndaamdc /> or to address privatized housing deficiencies,<ref name=ftMeade >US Army [https://www.army.mil/article/218198/us_military_plans_release_of_tenant_bill_of_rights (6 March 2019) US Military plans release of Tenant bill of rights]</ref> or to aid spouses find jobs.<ref name=directHires >US Army [https://www.army.mil/article/217109/senior_leaders_discuss_upcoming_moves_to_ease_family_concerns (6 Feb 2019) Senior leaders discuss upcoming moves to ease family concerns] Army to receive authorization for direct hires of personnel, e.g., childcare workers</ref> As a soldier transfers in and out of an installation, the soldier's entire family will typically undergo a permanent change of station (PCS) to the next post. PCS to Europe and Japan is now uniformly for 36 months, regardless of family status<ref name= immersionInJapaneseSchools >Sean Kimmons, U.S. Army Garrison Japan Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/255179/military_children_attend_japanese_schools_to_immerse_in_culture (7 April 2022) Military children attend Japanese schools to immerse in culture]</ref><ref name=36monthPcs>Sean Kimmons, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/222980/army_lengthens_tours_for_soldiers_in_europe_japan (June 11, 2019) Army lengthens tours for Soldiers in Europe, Japan]</ref> (formerly 36 months for families). Transfers typically follow the cycle of the school year to minimize disruption in an Army family.<ref>But moves in summertime cause satisfaction ratings to drop from 95% down to 80%. [https://time.com/5424172/military-family-moves/ The Military Moves Hundreds of Thousands of Families Each Summer. Many of Them Don't Go Well] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111165407/https://time.com/5424172/military-family-moves/ |date=2024-11-11 }}</ref> By policy, DoD families stationed in Europe and Japan who have school-aged children are served by American school systems— the Department of Defense Dependents Schools.<ref name=zamaTeacher >Winifred Brown [https://web.archive.org/web/20200604033510/https://www.army.mil/article/235817/retiring_camp_zama_teacher_reflects_on_33_years_of_service (20 May 2020) Retiring Camp Zama teacher reflects on 33 years of service]</ref> Noncombatant evacuation operations are a contingency which an FRG could publicize and plan for, should the need arise.<ref name=jadoSustainmentJulySept2020 />{{rp|p.11}} In 2021, a new Exceptional Family Member Program (EFMP) is being tested by 300 families who are undergoing a permanent change of station (PCS).<ref name=eEFMP >Devon Suits [https://www.army.mil/article/250139/army_tests_new_efmp_system_targets_assignment_process_for_select_families (15 Sep 2021) Army tests new EFMP system, targets assignment process for select families] a new Exceptional Family Member Program (EFMP) being tested by 300 families</ref>
When a family emergency occurs, the informal support of that unit's S/FRG is available to the soldier.<ref name=32ndaamdc>[http://fortblissbugle.com/monitor/2017/04april/042017/pdf/042017part1a.pdf Strangers as family 32nd AAMDC helps Soldier, family, in need]{{dead link |date=October 2022}}</ref><ref>Terri Moon Cronk, Defense.gov [https://www.army.mil/article/232556/dod_vows_to_help_exceptional_family_member_program (10 February 2020) DOD vows to help Exceptional Family Member Program]</ref> (But the Army Emergency Relief fund is available to any soldier with a phone call to their local garrison.<ref>Devon Suits, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/237660/new_army_digital_garrison_app_serves_as_guide_to_on_post_services (11 August 2020) New Army Digital Garrison app serves as guide to on-post services] 60 installations are currently on the app, which runs on iPhone or Android.</ref><ref>[http://fortblissbugle.com/monitor/2018/06june/062118/pdf/062118part1a.pdf aerhq.org, "Did you know ..." example notice —p.2A, lower right-hand corner]{{dead link|date=October 2022}}</ref><ref>Chaplain (Capt.) Calvin Park [http://fortblissbugle.com/2019/06june/062019/pdf/062019part1b.pdf (20 June 2019) Count the cost] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623002507/http://fortblissbugle.com/2019/06june/062019/pdf/062019part1b.pdf |date=23 June 2019 }} page 5b</ref> Seventy-five Fisher Houses maintain home-away-from-home suites for families undergoing medical treatment of a loved one. The Army, Navy, and Air Force Medical Treatment Facilities (MTFs) are scheduled to complete their transfer to the Defense Health Agency (DHA) no later than 21 October 2021. This has been a ten-year process. The directors of each home installation's Medical treatment facility (MTF) continue to report to the commanders of their respective installations. This change transfers all civilian employees of each Medical treatment facility (MTF) to the Defense Health Agency (DHA).<ref name=dhaTransitionStandTo >Army.mil Stand-to: Headquarters, U.S. Army Surgeon General [https://www.army.mil/standto/ (Friday, 24 January 2020) Transfer of Army Medical Treatment Facilities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018235352/https://www.army.mil/standto/ |date=18 October 2016 }} (MTFs) to Defense Health Agency (DHA), no later than (NLT) 21 October 2021.</ref><ref name=surgeonGeneral >Sean Kimmons, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/230725/ (6 December 2019) Surgeon general reaffirms promise of quality care during DHA transfer]</ref>) The name change links Soldier Readiness with Family Readiness.<ref name=hawkins8oct2018 /> Commanders will retain full responsibility for Soldier sponsorship after a move, especially for first term Soldiers in that move.<ref name=totalArmySponsorship >Devon L. Suits, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/225690/army_makes_changes_to_total_army_sponsorship_program (15 August 2019) Army makes changes to Total Army Sponsorship Program]</ref><ref name= receptionCompanies/>
In response to Army tenant problems with privatized base housing, IMCOM was subordinated to Army Materiel Command (AMC) on 8 March 2019.<ref name=imcom2019 >Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/217292/installation_management_command_to_realign_under_army_materiel_command (11 Feb 2019) Installation Management Command to realign under Army Materiel Command] * "We are deeply troubled by the recent reports highlighting the deficient conditions in some of our family housing. It is unacceptable for our families who sacrifice so much to have to endure these hardships in their own homes."—23rd Secretary of the Army, Dr. Mark T. Esper and 39th Chief of Staff of the Army, Gen. Mark A. Milley {{cite web |url=https://www.army.mil/article/217378/us_army_statement_on_military_housing |publisher=U.S. Army |date=13 February 2019 |title=US Army statement on military housing |access-date=February 16, 2019}}</ref><ref name=reuMilHous >Reuters [https://www.reuters.com/investigates/section/usa-military/ (2019 summary) Reuters special report on military housing]</ref><ref name=milPrivHousInit >Army Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/228044/army_senior_leaders_discuss_progress_in_reforming_the_military_privatized_housing_initiative (2 October 2019) Army senior leaders discuss progress in reforming the Military Privatized Housing Initiative] * U.S. Army Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/227768/lt_gen_jason_evans_confirmed_as_armys_new_deputy_chief_of_staff_g_9 (27 September 2019) Lt. Gen. Jason Evans confirmed as Army's new Deputy Chief of Staff, G-9] 'DCS, G-9' was formerly known as the Assistant Chief of Staff for Installation Management (ACSIM)</ref> By 2020, AMC's commander and the Residential community initiative (RCI) groups had formulated a 50-year plan. The Army's RCI groups, "seven private housing companies, which have 50-year lease agreements" on 98% of Army housing at 44 installations, will work with the Army for long-term housing improvements,<ref name=rci50Yr >Kari Hawkins, AMC [https://www.army.mil/article/231884/army_focuses_on_making_installations_number_one_choice_for_military_families (21 January 2020) Army focuses on making installations number one choice for military families] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201105536/https://www.army.mil/article/231884/army_focuses_on_making_installations_number_one_choice_for_military_families |date=1 February 2020 }}</ref><ref name=7privateHousingCos >U.S. Army Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/232445/army_secretary_ryan_d_mccarthy_other_service_secretaries_meet_with_housing_executives (6 February 2020) Army Secretary Ryan D. McCarthy, other service secretaries, meet with housing executives] Lists 7 measures</ref><ref name=seeking3more >Devon L. Suits, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/233422/dod_working_to_add_key_provisions_to_tenant_bill_of_rights (March 4, 2020) DOD working to add key provisions to tenant bill of rights] 3 more provisions sought: "a dispute resolution process, the right to withhold rent until a dispute is resolved, and access to a building's maintenance history before the move-in date"</ref> and remediation.<ref name=milPrivHousInit /><ref name=michaels,Liberty >Karen Jowers [https://www.armytimes.com/pay-benefits/2021/10/22/50000-military-families-in-38-privatized-housing-communities-see-new-ownership/ (22 Oct 2021) 50,000 military families in 38 privatized housing communities see new ownership] Clark Realty Capital, and Lincoln Military Housing have sold their properties to Michaels Organization, and Liberty Military Housing respectively (except for the former Lincoln housing at Fort Sam Houston, Texas which was transferred to Hunt Military Communities)</ref><ref name=balfour,Beatty >Davud Roza [https://taskandpurpose.com/news/balfour-beatty-military-housing-lawsuit/ (28 Dec 2021) Why a company guilty of 'pervasive fraud' remains one of the Pentagon's biggest landlords] Balfour Beatty Communities LLC * M. B. Pell, Reuters [https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/usa-military-maintenance/ (18 Jun 2019) Air Force landlord falsified records to boost income, documents show]</ref>
{{anchor|SHARPprogram}}In 2020 Secretary McCarthy determined that the Sexual Harassment/Assault Response & Prevention (SHARP) program has failed to meet its mandate,<ref name=sharpMandate >Haley Britzky [https://taskandpurpose.com/news/army-sexual-assault-nicole-burnham/ (19 Nov 2020) The Army's 'complete failure' led to this private's suicide after she was sexually assaulted, parents say]</ref> particularly for young unmarried Soldiers at Fort Hood and Camp Casey, South Korea.<ref name=sharpHood >Ryan Morgan [https://americanmilitarynews.com/2020/11/video-army-secretary-says-armys-sexual-assault-prevention-program-hasnt-achieved-its-mandate/ (8 Dec 2020) Video: Army Secretary says Army's sexual assault prevention program 'hasn't achieved its mandate']</ref> Missing soldiers were previously classified as Absent without leave until enough time has elapsed to be denoted deserters, rather than victims of a crime; the Army has established a new classification for missing Soldiers, to merit police investigation.<ref name=maucione>Scott Maucione [https://federalnewsnetwork.com/army/2020/10/army-will-now-assume-soldiers-are-missing-and-not-awol-after-multiple-deaths-this-summer/ (16 Oct 2020) Army will now assume soldiers are missing and not AWOL after multiple deaths this summer]</ref><ref name=fhirc >The U.S. Army [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NwH3InHAmNA (8 Dec 2020) Secretary of the Army McCarthy addresses the report of the Fort Hood Independent Review Committee]</ref><ref name=srLeaderMesg >U.S. Army [https://www.army.mil/article/241501 (8 Dec 2020) Army Senior Leader Message to the Force] * [https://www.army.mil/forthoodreview/?from=hp_spotlight (8 Dec 2020) Independent Review Timeline] * [https://www.army.mil/article/241491 U.S. Army (8 Dec 2020) Secretary McCarthy holds Fort Hood Leaders Accountable, Announces New Investigations] detailing actions taken, at III Corps, 1st Cavalry Division, 3rd Cavalry Regiment, 6th Military Police Group (Criminal Investigation Command)</ref>
{{anchor|People First }}In response to the report of the Fort Hood Independent Review Committee, the Army has established the People first task force (PFTF), an Army-wide task force that is headed by 3 chairs: 1) Lt. Gen. Gary M. Brito, 2) Diane M. Randon, and 3) Sgt. Maj. Julie A.M. Guerra, who are: 1) the deputy chief of staff G-1, 2) the assistant deputy chief of staff G-2, and 3) the assistant deputy chief of staff G-2 Sgt. Maj. respectively.<ref name=pftfFhirc >Devon Suits [https://www.army.mil/article/241878/people_first_new_task_force_seeks_army_wide_changes (21 Dec 2020) People first: New task force seeks Army-wide changes]</ref> Cohesion assessment teams (CATs), part of the People first task force, work with brigade commanders on their brigade's command climate. The Cohesion assessment team interviews members of that brigade or battalion, to identify any problems. The CAT then works with the unit commanders to address the root causes of those problems.<ref name= CATs >Davis Winkie [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2022/05/20/army-makes-new-cohesion-assessment-teams-permanent/ (5 May 2022) Army makes new cohesion assessment teams permanent] Cohesion assessment teams (CATs)</ref> On 13 May 2022 Fort Hood's ''People First Center'' opened its doors; the center is to offer immersive experiences for participants over several days, centered on "family advocacy, sexual harassment and assault prevention, equal opportunity, resiliency, substance abuse, suicide [prevention]<ref name= cacNeeded >Davis Winkie [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2022/05/27/army-locked-public-report-after-story-on-overdue-suicide-regulation/ (27 May 2022) ] suicide prevention Data needs CAC</ref> (The Senate Armed Services Committee is requesting that the military track suicides by MOS.),<ref name= angusKing >Leo Shane III [https://www.armytimes.com/news/pentagon-congress/2022/07/21/the-military-may-be-required-to-start-tracking-suicides-by-job-assignments-in-hopes-of-more-answers/ (21 Jul 2022) The military may be required to start tracking suicides by job assignments]</ref> and spiritual readiness ... all housed at the center with training focused on immersion", collocated with subject matter experts.<ref name=pfCenter >III Armored Corps Public Affairs [https://web.archive.org/web/20220516161539/https://www.army.mil/article/256716/fort_hoods_novel_people_first_center_officially_opens_doors (13 May 2022) Fort Hood's novel People First Center officially opens doors]</ref><ref name= receptionCompanies >Davis Winkie [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2022/06/27/army-takes-sweeping-look-at-how-new-soldiers-are-welcomed-across-the-force/ (27 Jun 2022) Army takes sweeping look at how new soldiers are welcomed across the force] * Davis Winkie [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2021/11/10/will-reception-companies-help-the-armys-pcs-woes-sma-thinks-so/ (10 Nov 2021) Will 'reception companies' help the Army's PCS woes? SMA thinks so]</ref>
===USAR mobilization=== {{see also|Soldier Readiness Processing}} Plans are being formulated for mobilization of the Army Reserve (42,000 to 45,000 soldiers) very quickly.<ref>Sgt. Audrey Hayes [https://www.army.mil/article/212527/army_reserve_preparing_to_fight_on_a_new_battlefield (October 17, 2018) Army Reserve preparing to fight on a new battlefield]</ref> For example, 'Ready Force X' (RFX) teams have fielded Deployment Assistance Team Command and Control Cells to expedite the associated equipment to the various ports and vessels which is required for the specific Reserve personnel who have been notified that they are deploying.<ref>Sgt. Bethany Huff [https://www.army.mil/article/212814/us_army_reserve_pilots_deployment_assistance_teams_for_rfx_units (October 23, 2018) U.S. Army Reserve pilots Deployment Assistance Teams for RFX units]</ref> FORSCOM's mobilization and force generation installations (MFGIs) have fluctuated from two primary<ref name=msfRoc>Capt. Joselyn Sydnor, [http://fortblissbugle.com/2019/07/17/bliss-msf-roc-drill-tests-mfgi-capabilities/ 653rd Regional Support Group (July 17, 2019) Bliss MSF ROC drill tests MFGI capabilities]{{dead link|date=October 2022}} Mobilization Support Force (MSF).</ref><ref>Laven2 [http://fortblissbugle.com/2018/11/20/210th-rsg-soldiers-provide-support-for-civilians-of-mad-brigade-s1-transition/ (20 Nov 2018) 210th Regional Support Group (RSG) Soldiers provide support for civilians of Mobilization & Demobilization (MaD) Brigade S1/transition]{{dead link|date=October 2022}}</ref> installations (2018) to an envisioned eleven primary and fourteen contingency MFGIs, in preparation for future actions against near-peers.<ref>AUSA [https://www.ausa.org/news/army-updates-mobilization-model (8 October 2018) ARMY UPDATES MOBILIZATION MODEL]</ref><ref name=multiStateFieldTraining>Sgt. 1st Class Brent Powell [https://www.army.mil/article/227687/reserve_brigade_marks_historic_first_with_multi_state_field_training_exercise (September 26, 2019) Reserve brigade marks historic first with multi-state field training exercise]</ref> * Capt. Joselyn Sydnor<ref>[http://fortblissbugle.com/2019/10/02/30th-abct-mobilization-identifies-challenges-successes-of-expansion/ (October 2, 2019) 30th ABCT mobilization identifies challenges, successes of expansion]{{dead link|date=October 2022}}</ref> 653rd Regional Support Group was mobilized as the Fort Bliss Mobilization Brigade; the mobilization of 30th ABCT was used to test out the mobilization process of the reserve component of the Army.{{anchor|usarLocalExercise}}<ref name=11ecabCpx>Linda Gerron [https://www.army.mil/article/238582/us_army_reserve_aviation_brigade_adapts_to_covid_19_challenges_by_conducting_local_command_post_exercise (28 August 2020) U.S. Army Reserve aviation brigade adapts to COVID-19 challenges by conducting local command post exercise] 11th ECAB local command post exercise without downtrace units</ref><ref name=arngMDOreadinessAUSA />
===National Guard training=== The 29th chief of the National Guard Bureau, as director of the Army National Guard, plans to align existing ARNG divisions with subordinate training formations.<ref name=downTrace >Staff Report, National Guard Bureau [https://www.army.mil/article/237760/army_national_guard_to_establish_eight_divisions_by_aligning_existing_arng_division_headquarters_with_down_trace_formations_for_training (1 August 2020) Army National Guard to establish eight Divisions by aligning existing ARNG Division Headquarters with down-trace formations for training]</ref> This plan increases the number of divisions in the Total Army from 10 to 18, and increases the readiness of the National Guard divisions, by aligning their training plans with large-scale combat operations.<ref name=downTrace /> Additional advantages of the August 2020 plan are increased opportunity for talent management, from the Company to the Division level, and opportunity for leader development unfettered by geographical restriction.<ref name=arngMDOreadinessAUSA /><ref name="arngNDS2019">US Army [https://www.army.mil/article/228511/army_guard_improves_readiness_supports_national_defense_strategy (October 15, 2019) Army Guard improves readiness, supports National Defense Strategy] "is in the process of realigning eight full National Guard divisions for the Army"</ref><ref name="defenderEu2020">Sean Kimmons, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/228528/defender_exercise_to_deploy_20000_soldiers_to_project_power_in_europe (October 15, 2019) Defender exercise to deploy 20,000 Soldiers to project power in Europe]</ref> ==="Associated units" training program=== The Army announced a pilot program, 'associated units', in which a National Guard or Reserve unit would now train with a specific active Army formation. These units would wear the patch of the specific Army division before their deployment to a theater;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/164629/Department_of_the_Army_Announces_Associated_Units_Pilot/ |title= Department of the Army Announces Associated Units Pilot |access-date=2016-03-22 |website=army.mil |date= 22 March 2016 }}</ref> 36th Infantry Division headquarters deployed to Afghanistan in May 2016 for a train, advise, assist mission.<ref>{{cite news |work=Fox7 Austin |url=http://www.fox7austin.com/news/local-news/150486046-story |title=36th ID making Guard history in Afghanistan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104000732/http://www.fox7austin.com/news/local-news/150486046-story |archive-date=2017-01-04 }}</ref>
The Army Reserve, whose headquarters are co-located with FORSCOM, and the National Guard, are testing the associated units program in a three-year pilot program with the active Army. The program will use the First Army training roles at the Army Combat Training Centers at Fort Irwin, Fort Polk, and regional and overseas training facilities.<ref>{{Cite web |website=army.mil |url=https://www.army.mil/article/168849/Total_Army_Force_leaders_plan_three_year__Associated_Units__Pilot/ |title=Total Army Force leaders plan three-year 'Associated Units' Pilot |date=June 2016 | accessdate=2016-06-01}}</ref>
The pilot program complements FORSCOM's total force partnerships with the National Guard, begun in 2014.<ref name=armytimes2016-03-22>{{cite web|last=Myers |first=Meghann |url=http://www.armytimes.com/story/military/pentagon/2016/03/22/army-pilot-links-active-guard-and-reserve-units-training-deployments/82128968/ |title=army-pilot-links-active-guard-and-reserve-units-training-deployments |website=Army Times |date=2016-03-22 |access-date=2016-10-21}}</ref> Summer 2016 will see the first of these units. * Associated units<ref>US Army {{Cite web |url=https://www.army.mil/article/196318/associated_units_concept_improving_readiness_says_mg_jarrard|title=Associated Units concept improving readiness, says MG Jarrard |website=army.mil |date=3 November 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |author=Secretary of the Army |location=Washington |date=21 March 2016 |title=Memorandum: Designation of Associated Units in Support of Army Total Force Policy |via=MultiBriefs |url=http://www.multibriefs.com/briefs/ncnga/AssociatedUnits2.pdf }}</ref> ** 3rd Infantry BCT, 10th Mountain Division, stationed at Fort Polk, Louisiana, associated with the 36th Infantry Division, Texas Army National Guard ** 48th Infantry BCT, Georgia ARNG, associated with the 3rd Infantry Division, Stationed at Fort Stewart, Georgia ** 86th Infantry BCT, Vermont ARNG, associated with the 10th Mountain Division, stationed at Fort Drum, New York ** 81st Armored BCT, Washington ARNG, associated with the 7th Infantry Division, stationed at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington ** Task Force 1-28th Infantry Battalion., 3rd Infantry Division, stationed at Fort Benning, Georgia, associated with the 48th Infantry BCT, Georgia Army National Guard ** 100th Battalion, 442nd Infantry Regiment, USAR, associated with the 3rd Infantry BCT, 25th Infantry Division, stationed at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii ** 1st Battalion (Airborne), 143rd Infantry Regiment Texas ARNG, associated with the 173rd Airborne BCT, stationed in Vicenza, Italy ** 1st Battalion, 151st Infantry Regiment, Indiana ARNG, associated with the 2nd Infantry BCT, 25th Infantry Division, stationed at Schofield Barracks ** 5th Engineer Battalion, stationed at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, associated with the 35th Engineer Brigade, Missouri ARNG ** 840th Engineer Company, Texas ARNG, associated with the 36th Engineer Brigade, stationed at Fort Cavazos, Texas ** 824th Quartermaster Company, USAR, associated with the 82nd Airborne Division's Sustainment Brigade, stationed at Fort Bragg, North Carolina ** 249th Transportation Company, Texas ARNG, associated with the 1st Cavalry Division's Sustainment Brigade., stationed in Fort Cavazos ** 1245th Transportation Company, Oklahoma ARNG, associated with the 1st Cavalry Division's Sustainment Brigade., stationed in Fort Cavazos ** 1176th Transportation Company, Tennessee ARNG, associated with the 101st Airborne Division's Sustainment Brigade, stationed at Fort Campbell, Kentucky ** 2123rd Transportation Company, Kentucky ARNG, associated with the 101st Airborne Division's Sustainment Brigade, stationed at Fort Campbell
===Rifleman training=== Soldiers train for weapons handling, and marksmanship first individually, on static firing ranges, and then on simulators such as an Engagement Skills Trainer (EST). More advanced training on squad level simulators (Squad Advanced Marksmanship-Trainer (SAMT)) place a squad in virtual engagements against avatars of various types,<ref name=squadTraining >{{cite web|first=Matthew |last=Pargett |url=https://www.army.mil/article/219231/squad_tactics_tested_on_new_virtual_marksmanship_trainer |date=March 25, 2019 |title= Squad tactics tested on new virtual marksmanship trainer |website=army.mil}}</ref> using M4 carbine, M249 light machine gun and M9 Beretta pistol simulated weapon systems.<ref name=squadTraining /> Home stations are to receive Synthetic training environments (STEs) for mission training, as an alternative to rotations to the National Combat Training Centers, which operate Brigade-level training against an Opposing force (OPFOR) with near-peer equipment.
Some installations have urban training facilities for infantrymen, in preparation for brigade-level training.<ref name=squadTeamwork>{{cite web|first=Sgt. Brandon |last=Banzhaf |url=https://www.army.mil/article/220769/focus_on_teamwork_education_helps_build_a_squad_of_infantrymen |date=April 24, 2019 |title=Focus on teamwork, education helps build a squad of infantrymen |website=army.mil}}</ref>
A 2019 marksmanship manual ''TC 3-20.40, Training and Qualification-Individual Weapons'' (the "Dot-40") now mandates the use of the simulators, as if the soldier were in combat.<ref name=Dot40 >{{cite web |first=Franklin |last=Fisher |url=https://www.army.mil/article/226128/army_overhauls_small_arms_training_with_tougher_standards_combat_like_rigor |date=August 22, 2019 |title= Army overhauls small arms training with tougher standards, combat-like rigor |website=army.mil}}</ref> The Dot-40 is to be used by the entire Army, from the Cadets at West Point to the Active Army, the Army Reserve, and Army National Guard;<ref name=Dot40 /> the Dot-40 tests how rapidly soldiers can load and reload while standing, kneeling, lying prone, and firing from behind a barrier.<ref name=Dot40 /> The marksmanship tests of a soldier's critical thinking, selecting targets to shoot at, in which order, and the accuracy of each shot are recorded by the simulators.<ref name=Dot40 />
===Stryker training=== Up to a platoon-sized unit of a Stryker brigade combat team, and dismounted infantry, can train on Stryker simulators (Stryker Virtual Collective Trainer – SVCT), which are in the process of being installed at eight home stations. The fourth was being completed as of 2019.<ref name=svct >{{cite web |author= Joanna Bradley, CCDC Aviation & Missile Center Public Affairs |url=https://www.army.mil/article/220571/aviation_missile_center_teams_develops_stryker_simulator |date=April 18, 2019 |title= Aviation, Missile Center teams develops Stryker simulator |website=army.mil}}</ref> Forty-five infantrymen (four Stryker shells) or thirty-six scouts (six Stryker shells) can rehearse their battle rhythm on a virtual battlefield, record their lessons learned, give their after-action reports, and repeat, as a team. The Stryker gunner's seat comes directly from a Stryker vehicle and has a Common Remotely Operated Weapon Station (CROWS) and joystick to control a virtual .50 caliber (12.7 mm) heavy machine gun or a virtual 30 mm autocannon and other CROWS configurations are possible.<ref name=svct /><ref name="crowsNg">{{cite web|author=Sgt. Jeff Clements, Virginia National Guard |url=https://www.army.mil/article/238963/vng_soldiers_train_on_crows_remote_weapons_system |date=11 September 2020 |title= VNG Soldiers train on CROWS remote weapons system |website=army.mil}}</ref>
===Digital air ground integration ranges (DAGIRs)=== Live-fire digital air ground integration ranges (DAGIRs) were first conceptualized in the 1990s, and established in 2012,<ref name=aviationtoday2014 >Juliet Van Wagenen [https://www.aviationtoday.com/2014/10/10/lockheed-martin-delivers-digital-air-ground-integration-range-to-us-army/ (October 10, 2014) Lockheed Martin Delivers Digital Air Ground Integration Range to US Army]</ref> with follow-on in 2019.<ref name=dagirs >Eric Pilgrim, Fort Knox News [https://www.army.mil/article/224783/army_to_break_ground_on_digital_air_ground_integration_range_this_fall (July 22, 2019) Army to break ground on Digital Air-Ground Integration Range this fall]</ref> The ranges initially included 23 miles of tank trails,<ref name=sundt >Sundt Orogrande [http://www.sundt.com/projects/digital-air-ground-integration-range-dagir/ (2013 est.) Digital Air Ground Integration Range (DAGIR)]</ref> targets, battlefield effects simulators, and digital wiring for aerial scorekeeping.<ref name=dagirs /> These ranges are designed for coordinating air and ground exercises before full-on sessions at the National Training Centers.<ref name=dagirs />
===Training against OPFORs=== [[File:OSVsInDepot.jpg|thumb|right|Opposing-Forces Surrogate Vehicles (OSVs) undergoing maintenance at Anniston Army Depot]] To serve a role as an Opposing force (OPFOR) could be a mission for an Army unit, as temporary duty (TDY), during which they might wear old battle dress uniforms, perhaps inside-out.<ref name=socomOpforNC >Mark Price [https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article240651992.html (27 February 2020) Elaborate unconventional warfare exercise set for undisclosed sites in North Carolina] JFK Special Warfare school: acting as guerrilla freedom fighters</ref> TRADOC's Mission Command Training Program, as well as Cyber Command designs tactics for these OPFORs. When a brigade trains at Fort Irwin, Fort Polk, Joint Pacific Multinational Readiness Center,<ref name= jpmrc >Todd South [https://www.defensenews.com/news/your-army/2022/10/28/major-hawaii-based-army-exercise-tests-brigade-in-island-hopping-fight/ (28 Oct 2022) Major Hawaii-based Army exercise tests brigade in island-hopping fight] JPMRC</ref> or Joint Multinational Training Center (in Hohenfels, Germany) the Army tasks 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, 1st Battalion, 509th Infantry Regiment (Abn), 196th Infantry Brigade, and 1st Battalion, 4th Infantry Regiment, respectively, with the OPFOR role,<ref name=opfors >Mario J. Hoffmann [https://www.army.mil/article/211842/modernizing_the_armys_opfor_program_to_become_a_near_peer_sparring_partner (October 1, 2018) Modernizing the Army's OPFOR program to become a near-peer sparring partner]</ref> and provides the OPFOR with modern equipment (such as the FGM-148 Javelin anti-tank missile) to test that brigade's readiness for deployment. Multiple integrated laser engagement systems serve as proxies for actual fired weapons, and soldiers are lost to the commander from "kills" by laser hits.<ref name=256thBct >Jim Smilie [https://www.thetowntalk.com/story/news/2018/09/04/louisiana-army-national-guard-train-possible-2020-deployment/951690002/ (6 Sep 2018) Louisiana Army National Guard gears up for potential deployment in 2020] 256th IBCT in XCTC training in 2018 against OPFORs, then JRTC in 2020.</ref>
===Training against cyber=== Deceptive data intended to divide deployed forces are making their way into the news feeds, and are falsely implicating actual soldiers who are deployed at the time of the false social media reports, which are mixing fact and fiction.<ref name=1adInPoCyberFakeNews >Gina Harkins [https://www.military.com/daily-news/2020/08/16/fake-news-wreaking-havoc-battlefield-heres-what-militarys-doing-about-it.html (16 Aug 2020) Fake News Is Wreaking Havoc on the Battlefield. Here's What the Military's Doing About It]</ref><ref name=cyberDataOne>Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/08/air-force-adds-cyber-to-all-domain-ops-data-library/ (19 Aug 2020) Air & Space Forces Add Cyber To All-Domain Ops Data Library]</ref>
The Army now has its tenth direct-commissioned cyber officer: a Sergeant First Class with a computer engineering degree, and a masters in system engineering was commissioned a major in the National Guard, 91st Cyber Brigade, on 30 July 2020.<ref>Kyle Rempfer [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2020/08/17/direct-commissions-for-army-cyber-officers-finally-gaining-steam-two-star-says/ (17 Aug 2020) Direct commissions for Army cyber officers finally gaining steam, two-star says]</ref>
===Soldier integration facility=== PEO Soldier has established a Soldier integration facility (SIF) at Fort Belvoir which allows prototyping and evaluation of combat capabilities for the Army Soldier.<ref name=sifBelvoir >Todd South [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2020/08/07/new-army-soldier-facility-combines-tech-to-sharpen-soldier-squad-lethality/ (7 Aug 2020) New Army soldier facility combines tech to sharpen soldier-squad lethality]</ref> CCDC Soldier center in Natick Massachusetts, Night Vision Lab at Fort Belvoir Virginia, and Maneuver Battle Lab at Fort Benning, Georgia have prototyped ideas at the SIF.<ref name=sifBelvoir />
===Applications for Synthetic Training Environment (STE)=== The Squad Advanced Marksmanship Training (SAMT) system, developed by the STE Cross-functional team from Futures Command, has an application for 1st SFAB.<ref name=samt11jun19 >Patti Bielling, Synthetic Training Environment CFT [https://www.army.mil/article/223017/1st_sfab_soldiers_hone_close_combat_skills_on_armys_newest_virtual_trainer (June 11, 2019) 1st SFAB Soldiers hone close combat skills on Army's newest virtual trainer]</ref> Bluetooth enabled replicas of M4 rifles and M9 and Glock 19 pistols, with compressed air recoil approximate the form, fit and function of the weapons that the Soldiers are using in close combat. For 1st SFAB, scenarios included virtual reality attacks which felt like engagements in a room. The scenarios can involve the entire SFAB Advisor team, and engagements can be repeated over and over again. Advanced marksmanship skills such as firing with the non-dominant hand, and firing on the move can be practiced.<ref name=samt11jun19 />
Nine Army sites are now equipped with the SAMT. Over twenty systems are planned for locations in the United States.<ref name=samt11jun19 /> The Close combat tactical trainers are in use, for example, to train 3rd Infantry Division headquarters for a gunnery training event (convoy protection role),<ref name=3IDgunnery >Spc. William Griffen [https://www.army.mil/article/232926/hhbn_masters_the_fundamentals_of_convoy_escort (20 February 2020) HHBN masters the fundamentals of convoy escort]</ref> and 2nd BCT/ 82nd Airborne close combat training.<ref>Ms. Elvia E Kelly (IMCOM) [https://www.army.mil/article/233114/machine_gun_university_keeps_soldiers_ready_for_real_world_missions (26 February 2020) 'Machine Gun University' keeps Soldiers ready for real-world missions] Squad Advanced Marksmanship Training at Fort Bragg's Virtual Training Center, 20 Feb. 2020</ref>
The concept has been extended to the Live, Virtual, Constructive Integrating Architecture (LVC-IA), to integrate the National Guard, and the Reserves, with Active Army.<ref>Adam Srone [https://www.defensenews.com/training-sim/2021/09/30/us-army-tool-empowers-soldiers-to-virtually-collaborate-across-regions/ (30 Sep 2021) US Army tool empowers soldiers to virtually collaborate across regions]</ref> * "A simulation places leadership teams in a situation akin to a Combat Training Center rotation, an intellectually and emotionally challenging environment that forgives the mistakes of the participants "—Dr. Charles K. Pickar<ref name=simulationIsChallenging >Dr. Charles K. Pickar, Naval Postgraduate School [https://www.army.mil/article/229125/an_exercise_to_experience (October 29, 2019) An exercise to experience] Experential learning</ref><ref name=chiarelliGunnery>US Army [https://web.archive.org/web/20190403204218/https://asc.army.mil/web/news-alt-jfm19-then-and-now-training-for-the-future/ Army ALT Magazine (January 29, 2019) Then And Now: Training for the Future] —Retired Gen. Peter W. Chiarelli, 32nd vice chief of staff of the Army: "I believe that a training environment .. should be a maneuver trainer, and it should be a gunnery trainer."</ref> * "It is important for Soldiers to have an open and clear mind during the simulation so that they learn something from the experience." —Tim Glaspie<ref name=3IDgunnery /> * "Repetition increases a team's situational understanding of the tactics they'll use" —Maj. Anthony Clas<ref>Maj. Anthony Clas, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division Public Affairs [http://fortblissbugle.com/2019/10october/103119/pdf/103119part1a.pdf (10/31/2019) Regulars' battalion masters the fundamentals during squad live-fire exercise]{{dead link|date=October 2022}}</ref>
Other training environments include MANPADS for SHORAD in the 14P MOS at Fort Sill.<ref name=manpadSTE >Gary Sheftick, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/224074/army_rebuilding_short_range_air_defense Army rebuilding short-range air defense (July 2, 2019) Army rebuilding short-range air defense] Manpads training for 14P MOS using synthetic training environment (STE)</ref><ref name=stingerTrainingDome >Monica Wood [https://www.army.mil/article/251280/cutting_edge_vr_equipped_stinger_training_facility_opens (18 October 2021) Cutting-edge, VR-equipped Stinger training facility opens]</ref>
{{quote box|align=right |width=20% |quote=I believe that a training environment .. should be a maneuver trainer, and it should be a gunnery trainer |author=Retired Gen. Peter W. Chiarelli, 32nd vice chief of staff of the Army<ref name=chiarelli >{{citation |author=Jacqueline M. Hames and Margaret C. Roth |work=Army ALT Magazine |url=https://asc.army.mil/web/news-alt-jfm19-then-and-now-training-for-the-future/ |date=January 29, 2019 |title= Then And Now: Training for the Future}}</ref>}}
==Deployment scheme== {{Further|Reorganization plan of United States Army#Readiness model}} The force generation system, posited in 2006 by General Schoomaker, projected that the U.S. Army would be deployed continuously. The Army would serve as an expeditionary force to fight a protracted campaign against terrorism and stand ready for other potential contingencies across the full-spectrum of operations (from humanitarian and stability operations to major combat operations against a conventional foe).
Under ideal circumstances, Army units would have a minimum "dwell time," a minimum duration of which it would remain at home station before deployment. Active-duty units would be prepared to deploy once every three years. Army Reserve units would be prepared to deploy once every five years. National Guard units would be prepared to deploy once every six years. A total of 71 combat brigades would form the Army's rotation basis, 42 from the active component with the balance from the reserves.
Thus, around 15 active-duty combat brigades would be available for deployment each year under the 2006 force-generation plan. An additional 4 or 5 brigades would be available for deployment from the reserve component. The plan was designed to provide more stability to soldiers and their families. Within the system, a surge capability would exist so that about an additional 18 brigades could be deployed in addition to the 19 or 20 scheduled brigades.
From General Dan McNeil, former Army Forces Command (FORSCOM) Commander: Within the Army Forces Generation (ARFORGEN) model, brigade combat teams (BCTs) would move through a series of three force pools;<ref name=Campbell2009 >GEN Charles C. Campbell [http://www.ausa.org/publications/armymagazine/archive/2009/6/Documents/Campbell_0609.pdf (June 2009), "ARFORGEN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217202259/http://www.ausa.org/publications/armymagazine/archive/2009/6/Documents/Campbell_0609.pdf |date=2011-02-17 }}: Maturing the Model, Refining the Process". ''Army Magazine'', AUSA.org</ref> they would enter the model at its inception, the "reset force pool", upon completion of a deployment cycle. There they would re-equip and reman while executing all individual predeployment training requirements, attaining readiness as quickly as possible. Reset or "R" day, recommended by FORSCOM and approved by Headquarters, Department of the Army, would be marked by BCT changes of command, preceded or followed closely by other key leadership transitions. While in the reset pool, formations would be remanned, reaching 100% of mission required strength by the end of the phase, while also reorganizing and fielding new equipment, if appropriate. In addition, it is there that units would be confirmed against future missions, either as deployment expeditionary forces (DEFs-BCTs trained for known operational requirements), ready expeditionary forces (REFs-BCTs that form the pool of available forces for short-notice missions) or contingency expeditionary forces (CEFs-BCTs earmarked for contingency operations).
Based on their commanders' assessments, units would move to the ready force pool, from which they could deploy should they be needed, and in which the unit training focus would be at the higher collective levels. Units would enter the available force pool when there is approximately one year left in the cycle, after validating their collective mission-essential task list proficiency (either core or theater-specific tasks) via battle-staff and dirt-mission rehearsal exercises. The available phase would be the only phase with a specified time limit: one year. Not unlike the division-ready brigades of past decades, these formations would deploy to fulfill specific requirements or stand ready to fulfill short-notice deployments within 30 days.
The goal was to generate forces 12–18 months in advance of combatant commanders' requirements and to begin preparing every unit for its future mission as early as possible in order to increase its overall proficiency.
Personnel management would also be reorganized as part of the Army transformation. Previously, personnel was managed on an individual basis in which soldiers were rotated without regard for the effect on unit cohesion. This system required unpopular measures such as "stop loss" and "stop move" in order to maintain force levels. In contrast, the new personnel system would operate on a unit basis to the maximum extent possible, with the goal of allowing teams to remain together longer and enabling families to establish ties within their communities.
Abrams 2016 noted that mid-level Army soldiers found they faced an unexpected uptempo in their requirements,<ref name=Abrams2016 /> while entry-level soldiers in fact welcomed the increased challenge.<ref name=Abrams2016 />
===Readiness model=== ARFORGEN, "a structured progression of increased unit readiness over time, resulting in recurring periods of availability of trained, ready, and cohesive units prepared for operational deployment in support of geographic Combatant Commander requirements" was utilized in the 2010s.<ref>HQDA [https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN2541_AR10-87_WEB_Final.pdf Army Regulation AR 10–87 Glossary (11 December 2017) "Army Commands, Army Service Component Commands, and Direct Reporting Units"] p.53</ref><ref name=corpsLogistics2018>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defensenews.com/naval/2018/10/08/the-army-is-preparing-to-fight-in-europe-but-can-it-even-get-there/|title=The US Army is preparing to fight in Europe, but can it even get there?|first=David|last=Larter|date=October 8, 2018|website=Defense News}}</ref><ref name="Perna2019" >Gen. Gustave "Gus" Perna [https://www.army.mil/article/223697/amc_commander_battlefield_sustainment_requires_intuition (July 18, 2019) AMC Commander: Battlefield Sustainment Requires Intuition]</ref><ref name=mdo,tf2020 >Sean Kimmons [https://www.army.mil/article/212342/second_phase_of_multi_domain_task_force_pilot_headed_to_europe (October 11, 2018) Second phase of Multi-Domain Task Force pilot headed to Europe]</ref> ARFORGEN was replaced by the Sustainable Readiness Model (SRM) in 2017.<ref name=4oct2017>Office of the Chief of Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/standto/2017-10-04 (Wednesday, October 4, 2017) Readiness 2017] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051411/https://www.army.mil/standto/2017-10-04 |date=2017-12-22 }}</ref><ref name=SRM>HQDA {{cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/standto/archive/2016/05/19/?from=hp_spotlight|title=Stand-To! Army Readiness Guidance, Army G-3/5/7|date=May 19, 2016|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-date=6 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206142757/https://www.army.mil/standto/archive/2016/05/19/?from=hp_spotlight|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Abrams2016 /><ref name=edre /> In 2016 the 39th Chief of Staff of the Army identified the objective of a sustainable readiness process as over 66 percent of the Active Army in combat ready state at any time;<ref name=MilleySRM >CSA Mark Milley [https://www.army.mil/e2/downloads/rv7/standto/docs/army_readiness_guidance.pdf (20 Jan 2016) Army Readiness Guidance, 2016/2017] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211084852/https://www.army.mil/e2/downloads/rv7/standto/docs/army_readiness_guidance.pdf |date=11 February 2017 }}</ref> in 2019 the readiness objective of the National Guard and Army Reserve units was set to be 33 percent; Total Army readiness for deployment was 40 percent in 2019.<ref name=MilleyReadiness2019 />{{efn|name=readiness}}
{{anchor|ReARMM}}Regionally Aligned Readiness and Modernization Model (ReARMM) is a unit lifecycle model which goes into effect in October 2021.<ref name=aps2021 >Whitley and McConville [https://www.army.mil/e2/downloads/rv7/aps/aps_2021.pdf (5 May 2021) Statement before the House Armed Services Committee ON THE POSTURE OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY] as cited by [https://www.army.mil/e2/downloads/rv7/aps/aps_2021.pdf Office of the Director of the Army Staff Army Posture Statement 2021] (6 May 2021)</ref><ref name= amcRearmm >Alyssa Crockett [https://www.army.mil/article/257732/army_leaders_experts_collaborate_to_meet_future_equipping_demands (21 June 2022) Army leaders, experts collaborate to meet future equipping demands] ReARMM: Regionally aligned Readiness and Modernization Model, based on logistics, mission command, ground combat, medical, fires and aviation</ref> ReARMM was introduced in October 2020. It is a force generation model which uses the total Army, the Reserve components as well as Active component when planning.<ref name=reARMM >Headquarters, Deputy Chief of Staff, G-3-5-7 (16 October 2020) [https://www.army.mil/standto/archive/2020/10/16/ Regionally Aligned Readiness and Modernization Model] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106190058/https://www.army.mil/standto/archive/2020/10/16/ |date=2020-11-06 }} * AUSA (9 Nov 2020) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i-SXGEKPEQo&t=1935s AUSA 2020 CMF 6 – Regionally Aligned Readiness and Modernization Model (ReARMM)] video clip</ref> >Dynamic force employment (DFE) will be used more often.<ref name=reARMM /> The Operational tempo will decrease, which gives Commanders will more times, 'training windows' during which their units can train, first at the small-unit level, and then at larger-step modernization of their formations.<ref name=aps2021 /> The units can then train at echelon for Large scale combat operations (LSCO) at a more measured pace.<ref name=aps2021 />
In 2018 39th Chief of Staff Mark Milley's readiness objective is that all operational units be at 90 percent of the authorized strength in 2018, at 100 percent by 2021, and at 105 percent by 2023.<ref name=MilleyReadinessTimeTable /> The observer coach/trainers at the combat training centers, recruiters, and drill sergeants are to be filled to 100 percent strength by the end of 2018.<ref name=MilleyReadinessTimeTable />
The requested strength of the Active Army in FY2020 is increasing by 4,000 additional troops from the current 476,000 soldiers;<ref name=2019posture2>{{Cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/e2/downloads/rv7/aps/aps_2019.pdf|title=23rd Secretary Mark Esper and 39th Chief of Staff Mark Milley (MARCH 26, 2019) ON THE POSTURE OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY|website=army.mil|access-date=April 15, 2025|archive-date=April 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425014932/https://www.army.mil/e2/downloads/rv7/aps/aps_2019.pdf|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> this request covers the near-term needs for cyber, air & missile defense, and fires (Army modernization).<ref name=2019posture2 /><ref name=asaWSH2018>ASA(ALT) [https://api.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/533115.pdf Weapon Systems Handbook 2018] [https://api.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/558424.pdf update] Page 32 lists how this handbook is organized. 440 pages. * By Modernization priority * By Acquisition or Business System category (ACAT or BSC). The Weapon systems in each ACAT are sorted alphabetically by Weapon system name. Each weapon system might also be in several variants (Lettered); a weapon system's variants might be severally and simultaneously in the following phases of its Life Cycle, namely — °Materiel Solution Analysis; °Technology Maturation & Risk Reduction; °Engineering & Manufacturing Development; °Production & Deployment; °Operations & Support * ACAT I, II, III, IV are defined on page 404</ref> ;Organic industrial base (OIB){{anchor|Organic industrial base}} The Army's Organic industrial base (OIB) Modernization Implementation Plan got a refresh in 2022, with a review of the "23 depots, arsenals and ammunition plants that manufacture, reset and maintain Army equipment", in light of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.<ref name=2022oib >Megan Cotton Gully, Army Materiel Command Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/257252/army_industrial_base_sets_way_for_the_future (3 Jun 2022) Army industrial base sets way for the future] "23 depots, arsenals and ammunition plants that manufacture, reset and maintain Army equipment"</ref><ref name= ukrReplenish >Caitlin Kenney [https://www.defenseone.com/policy/2022/09/army-wants-double-or-triple-some-arms-production-ukraine-war-continues/377225/ (15 Sep 2022) Army Wants to Double Or Triple Some Arms Production As Ukraine War Continues] "GMLRS, HIMARS, and artillery rounds top the list".</ref><ref name=ukrReplenish2 >Andrew Eversden [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/09/army-acquisition-chief-not-uncomfortable-with-us-stockpiles-considers-multi-year-deals/ (14 Sep 2022) Army acquisition chief 'not uncomfortable' with US stockpiles, considers multi-year deals] +Javelins</ref>
The Acting CG of FORSCOM, Lt. Gen. Laura Richardson, has noted that the Sustainable Readiness Model uses the Army standard for maintenance readiness, denoted ''TM 10/20'',<ref name=edre /> which makes commanders responsible for maintaining their equipment to the TM 10/20 standard, meaning that "all routine maintenance is executed and all deficiencies are repaired".<ref name=10-20Standard >Hearing Before The Committee on Armed Services. United States Senate, One Hundred Fourteenth Congress, First Session [https://www.armed-services.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/96067.pdf (March 25, 2015) The Current State of Readiness of U.S. Forces in Review of the Defense Authorization Request for Fiscal Year 2016 and the Future Years Defense Program]</ref>{{rp|p. 79}} But Richardson has also spoken out about aviation-related supplier deficiencies hurting readiness both at the combatant commands and at the home stations.<ref name=materielReadiness >Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/04/army-tells-shoddy-suppliers-shape-up/ (April 17, 2019) Army Tells Shoddy Suppliers: Shape Up]</ref><ref name=lcmcMilesBrown >Miles Brown [https://www.army.mil/article/220591/amcom_transforming_to_support_multi_domain_operations (April 18, 2019) AMCOM transforming to support multi-domain operations] Bill Marriott: the aviation LCMC is responsible</ref>
===Prepositioned stocks=== [[File:2nd Armored Brigade, 1st Infantry Division StagingMateriel Poland.jpg|thumb|right|Materiel for 2nd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division,<ref name=2,1ID >JOHN VANDIVER, STARS AND STRIPES [https://www.stripes.com/news/big-red-one-deploying-division-headquarters-for-europe-mission-1.507085 (January 18, 2018) 'Big Red One' deploying division headquarters for Europe mission]</ref> arriving in Gdańsk, Poland]]
United States Army Materiel Command (AMC), which uses Army Field Support Brigades (AFSB) to provision the Combatant Commands, has established Army prepositioned stocks (APS) for supplying entire Brigade Combat Teams (BCTs),<ref name=ausa2008 >AUSA [https://www.ausa.org/sites/default/files/TBIP-2008-Army-Prepositioned-Stocks-Indispensable-to-Americas-Global-Force-Projection-Capability.pdf (2008) Army Prepositioned Stocks: Indispensable to America's Global Force-projection Capability]</ref> at several areas of responsibility (AORs):<ref name=perna >Megan Cotton [https://www.army.mil/article/222299/ensuring_readiness_for_strategic_support_strategic_power_projection (June 6, 2019) Ensuring Readiness for Strategic Support: Strategic Power Projection]</ref><ref name=jadoSustainmentJulySept2020 />{{rp|p.28:Defender Europe 2020}}<ref name=nonKinetic3 >Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/04/covid-19-army-futures-command-takes-wargames-online/ (21 April 2020) COVID-19: Army Futures Command Takes Wargames Online] "The competition phase is about ''deterring'' war"—Sydney J. Freedberg Jr.</ref> * APS-1 is Continental US (CONUS)<ref name=ausa2008 /><ref name=757thERC >Todd South [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2021/08/30/a-single-unit-handles-the-armys-rail-needs-it-was-cut-from-600-to-180-soldiers/ (30 Aug 2021) A single unit handles the Army's rail needs. It was cut from 600 to 180 soldiers] 757th Expeditionary Rail Center (ERC) but a CONUS unit is needed</ref> * APS-2 in EUCOM, using several sites,<ref name=eucomSites /><ref name=defender2020aps2 >Spc. Elliott Page [https://web.archive.org/web/20200317070742/https://www.army.mil/article/232303/coleman_barracks_army_prepositioned_stock_site_defender_europe_20_movement (3 February 2020) Coleman Barracks Army Prepositioned Stock Site DEFENDER-Europe 20 Movement]</ref><ref name=APS-2 >Col. Rodney H. Honeycutt, Richard A. Bezold, and Robin T. Dothager [https://web.archive.org/web/20180920234749/https://www.army.mil/article/192455/establishing_europes_army_pre_positioned_stocks (September 5, 2017) Establishing Europe's Army pre-positioned stocks]</ref> will accelerate the flow of up-to-date materiel there, to forward-operating sites.<ref>Devon L. Suits [https://web.archive.org/web/20180920023105/https://www.army.mil/article/211350/new_g_8_embraces_streamlining_tech_acquisition (19 Sep 2018) New G-8 embraces streamlining tech acquisition]</ref><ref name=eucomSites >Lt. Col. Edward A. Fraser and Command Sgt. Maj. Robert V. Abernethy [https://www.army.mil/article/219091/strong_europe_a_continental_scale_combat_sustainment_laboratory (April 1, 2019) Strong Europe: A continental-scale combat sustainment laboratory] includes Euler diagram of European alliances, partners, competitors</ref><ref name=OchakivMykolaiv >Paul McLeary [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/07/us-upgrading-ukraine-ports-to-fit-american-warships/ (3 July 2019) US Upgrades Ukrainian Ports To Fit American Warships] Maritime Operations Centers at Ochakiv and Mykolaiv</ref><ref name=aps2upgrade >Christopher Gardner [https://www.army.mil/article/259992/usace_supports_readiness_in_europe_by_modernizing_armys_prepositioned_stock_facilities (7 Sep 2022) USACE supports readiness in Europe by modernizing Army's Prepositioned Stock facilities]</ref><ref name= aps2Poland >Staff Sgt. Ondirae Abdullah-Robinson [https://www.army.mil/article/265493/army_prepositioned_stock_facility_opens_in_poland (5 Apr 2023) Army Prepositioned Stock facility opens in Poland] 2700 pieces, for an ABCT</ref> * APS-3 in Pacific Ocean, uses ocean-going vessels.<ref name=APS-3 >ASC Public Affairs release [https://www.army.mil/article/87899/aps_3_army_strategic_flotilla_rebuild_complete_meets_2020_strategy (9 September 25, 2012) Army strategic flotilla]</ref><ref name="defenderPac2020,21">Jen Judson [https://www.defensenews.com/land/2020/02/04/us-army-wants-to-expand-prepositioned-stock-in-pacific/ (4 February 2020) US Army wants to expand pre-positioned stock in Pacific] APS Preparation for 2021: Test of the 24-hour/7-days a week operations center, and Army sealift capability in Pacific, just as Defender 2020 is a "test of the rails and roads in Europe"</ref> *# The materiel positioning is allocated under the Calibrated force posture:<ref name=jJudsonAusa >Jen Judson [https://www.armytimes.com/video/2020/10/16/ausa-interview-gen-james-mcconville-on-prepositioned-stock-in-the-pacific/ (October 2020) Video: AUSA Interview: Gen. James McConville On Prepositioned Stock In The Pacific]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *# Some materiel will be drawn by units under the Dynamic force employment (DFE) initiative *# Some troop units will be forward deployed *# Some troop units will rotate in *# Some prepositioned stock is under discussion with specific nations with agreements to be announced (currently classified as of October 2020) *# An SFAB is allocated to the Pacific AoR * APS-4 in NE Asia<ref name=ausa2008 /><ref name= aps4,1stAd >Master Sgt. Thomas Duval [https://www.army.mil/article/269248/two_nations_one_peace (21 Aug 2023) Two nations, one peace] 1-month 'no notice' exercise for 1st Battalion, 77th Armored Regiment, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team/1st Armored Division in South Korea.</ref> * APS-5 in CENTCOM's Camp Arifjan, Kuwait,<ref name=APS-5 >Justin Graff, 401st AFSB Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/198350/amc_deputy_commander_assesses_aps_5_readiness_combat_configuration (December 16, 2017) AMC deputy commander assesses APS-5 readiness, combat configuration]</ref> and SW Asia<ref name=ausa2008 /> By 2020 AMC had seven Army prepositioned stocks.<ref name=sevenAps >Devon L. Suits, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/232413/amc_evaluating_power_projection_capabilities_in_defender_europe_2020 (10 February 2020) AMC evaluating power-projection capabilities in Defender-Europe 2020] Defender Pacific 2021 is in planning stage. To support readiness, 3-D printing rights are under negotiation.</ref>
Medical readiness is being tested by the U.S. Army Medical Materiel Agency, a Life Cycle Management Command (LCMC). The LCMCs are stocking three additional locations in the US (APS-1), as well as APS-2 (EUCOM), and Korea, as of 12 February 2019.<ref>Communications Electronics Command C5ISR, Community News [http://apgnews.com/community-news/reforming-for-readiness-cecom-brings-amc-up-to-speed/ (17 February 2019) Reforming for Readiness: CECOM brings AMC up to speed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218082044/http://apgnews.com/community-news/reforming-for-readiness-cecom-brings-amc-up-to-speed/ |date=18 February 2019 }}</ref> For example, during Operation Spartan Shield, the LCMC's relevant AFSB effected the hand-off of prepositioned stocks to 155th Armored Brigade Combat Team (ABCT) within 96 hours.<ref>Ellen Crown, U.S. Army Medical Materiel Agency Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/209640/army_tests_readiness_of_medical_prepositioned_stocks (August 9, 2018) Army Tests Readiness of Medical Prepositioned Stocks]</ref> In the same Operation, 155th ABCT was issued an entire equipment set for an ABCT, drawn from APS-5 stocks, over 13,000 pieces.<ref>Justin Graff, 401st AFSB Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/208478/largest_ever_equipment_issue_from_aps_5_to_support_operation_spartan_shield (July 13, 2018) Largest ever equipment issue from APS-5 to support Operation Spartan Shield]</ref>
===Air Defense Artillery deployments=== On 27 March 2018 the 678th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (South Carolina National Guard) deployed to EUCOM, Ansbach Germany for a nine-month rotation, for the first time since the Cold War.<ref name=678th>Kyle Rempfer [https://www.militarytimes.com/flashpoints/2018/04/02/us-air-defense-artillery-brigade-begins-new-european-mission-for-first-time-since-cold-war/ (2 April 2018) US air defense artillery brigade begins new European mission for first time since Cold War]</ref> 10th AAMDC is the executive agent for EUCOM.
In September 2018, the ''Wall Street Journal'' reported that four Patriot systems— Two from Kuwait, and one apiece from Jordan and Bahrain are redeploying back to the U.S. for refurbishment and upgrades, and will not be replaced.<ref>WSJ [https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-pulling-some-antiaircraft-and-missile-batteries-out-of-mideast-1537954204 (26 September 2018) U.S. Pulling Some Missile-Defense Systems Out of Mideast]</ref><ref name=timesofisrael>{{cite news |first=Michael |last=Bachner |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-said-to-pull-patriot-air-defense-systems-from-mideast-as-threats-shift/ |date= 26 September 2018 |title= US said to pull Patriot air-defense systems from Mideast as threats shift}}</ref> In June 2021, 8 Patriot batteries and a THAAD battery are being withdrawn from the CENTCOM area to focus on Russia and China.<ref>{{cite news |first=Shawna |last=Chen |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/united-states-withdrawing-troops-aircraft-203123557.html |date=18 Jun 2021 |title= United States withdrawing some troops, aircraft and antimissile batteries from Middle East |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201755/https://www.yahoo.com/news/united-states-withdrawing-troops-aircraft-203123557.html |archive-date=24 June 2021 }}</ref> By March 2022 NATO Patriot batteries had begun repositioning to Slovakia, and Poland from the Netherlands, and Germany respectively.<ref name=wion >WION [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t49plOdH3Q0 (22 Mar 2022) Seeking replacements for its S-300, the Patriot air defence system arrives in Slovakia] S-300 is going to Ukraine</ref><ref name=vandiver >{{citation |first=John |last=Vandiver |url=https://www.stripes.com/branches/army/2022-03-09/US-army-patriot-missile-batteries-moving-to-poland-5279549.html |date=9 Mar 2022 |title= US Army Patriot missile batteries moving to Poland |website=stripes.com}}</ref>
===Forward-deployed materiel=== As the U.S. Army's only forward-deployed Airborne brigade, 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team, stationed in EUCOM, was supplied with new communications materiel — Integrated Tactical Networks (ITN) in 2018.<ref name=173rd /> New ground combat vehicles, the infantry carrier vehicle – Dragoon (M1126 infantry carrier vehicle) are being supplied to 2nd Cavalry Regiment. ICVDs are Strykers with an unmanned turret and 30 mm autocannon (CROWS), and an integrated commander's station, upgraded suspension and larger tires.<ref name=173rd >Spc. Kelsey VanFleet [https://www.army.mil/article/211782/us_army_europe_modernizing_at_the_tip_of_the_spear (September 28, 2018) US Army Europe: Modernizing at the tip of the spear]</ref><ref name=269Strykers >Jeff Martin [https://www.defensenews.com/video/2019/10/22/30mm-cannons-and-a-new-network-heres-what-the-stryker-brigade-of-the-future-will-look-like/ (2019/10/22) Video: 30 mm cannons and a new network: Here's what the Stryker brigade of the future will look like] Video interview, Col. William Venable</ref><ref>Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/06/army-rebuffs-anxiety-over-stryker-cannon-competition/ (17 June 2020) Army Reassures Anxious Industry Over Stryker Cannon Competition] Competition to up-gun Stryker to 30 mm autocannon</ref> The Army brigades of EUCOM have been in position for testing materiel, as its elements engaged in a 2018 road march through Europe, training with 19 ally and partner nations in Poland in 2018.<ref name=173rd />
Bulgaria has expressed interest in Strykers.<ref name= bulgariaStrykers >Jaroslaw Adamowski [https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2023/09/05/bulgaria-wants-to-negotiate-15-billion-stryker-deal-with-us/ (5 Sep 2023) Bulgaria wants to negotiate $1.5 billion Stryker deal with US]</ref><ref name= dscaBulgaria >DSCA [https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/bulgaria-stryker-vehicles (1 Sep 2023) Bulgaria - Stryker vehicles]</ref><ref name= 1,37billionUsd >Jaroslaw Adamowski [https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2023/09/25/bulgarian-government-approves-137-billion-stryker-order/ (25 Sep 2023) Bulgarian government approves $1.37 billion Stryker order] to "merge three mechanized battalion battlegroups into one brigade"</ref>
===Dynamic force employment=== [[File:2ndABCT,1ADsnap.jpeg|thumb|2nd Armored Brigade Combat Team (ABCT), 1st Armored Division (2/1AD) element in a snap deployment from Fort Bliss to Drawsko Pomorskie training area, Poland, 29 March 2019]] This initiative, designed by then-DoD-Secretary James Mattis, exercises the ability of selected BCTs to rapidly surge combat-ready forces into a theater,<ref name=arngMDOreadinessAUSA /> such as EUCOM, on short notice.<ref name=dynForceEmpl>John Vandiver, Defense Media Activity [http://fortblissbugle.com/2019/03/27/soldiers-head-to-europe-pentagon-sends-fort-bliss-troops-on-snap-deployment/ (27 March 2019) Soldiers head to Europe: Pentagon sends Fort Bliss troops on snap deployment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328215329/http://fortblissbugle.com/2019/03/27/soldiers-head-to-europe-pentagon-sends-fort-bliss-troops-on-snap-deployment/ |date=28 March 2019 }}</ref><ref name= rapidDeployment >V Corps [https://twitter.com/VCorps/status/1568268096741441537 (9 Sep 2022) 1ABCT/3ID] rapid deployment to EUCOM, using prepositioned stock at APS in Poland</ref> In several such cases, at the direction of the Secretary of Defense in March 2019, troops were rapidly alerted, recalled and deployed to a forward position, under (simulated) emergency conditions, to prove a capability (such as an ABCT, and a THAAD battery)<ref name=b2thaad >David Burge [http://fortblissbugle.com/2019/03/20/b-2-thaad-deploys-to-israel-11th-ada-bde-unit-participates-in-joint-rapid-deployment-exercise/ (20 March 2019) B-2 THAAD deploys to Israel: 11th ADA Bde. unit participates in joint rapid deployment exercise] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321133329/http://fortblissbugle.com/2019/03/20/b-2-thaad-deploys-to-israel-11th-ada-bde-unit-participates-in-joint-rapid-deployment-exercise/ |date=21 March 2019 }}</ref><ref name=mdoPlanning,b2Thaad>Capt. Robert N Durr 10th AAMDC (March 14, 2019) [https://www.army.mil/article/218547/us_deploys_thaad_to_israel U.S. Deploys THAAD to Israel]</ref><ref name=endOfDepl >Capt. Aaron Smith, 174th Air Defense Artillery Brigade [http://fortblissbugle.com/2019/04/17/useucom-concludes-11th-ada-thaad-task-force-deployment-to-israel/ (17 April 2019) USEUCOM concludes 11th ADA, THAAD task force deployment to Israel]{{dead link|date=October 2022}}</ref> against near-peers.<ref name=natoThaad >Sgt. 1st Class Jason Epperson [https://www.army.mil/article/222181/us_deploys_thaad_anti_missile_system_in_first_deployment_to_romania (May 22, 2019) US deploys THAAD anti-missile system in first deployment to Romania]</ref> {{anchor|PolandReadiness}} The ABCT element next participated in a joint live-fire exercise with Polish troops of the 12th Mechanized Brigade, 12th Mechanised Division (Poland) in Drawsko Pomorskie Training Area, Poland.<ref name=2,1ABCT2019 >Spc. Christina Westover, 24th TPASE [http://fortblissbugle.com/2019/04/10/eurovision-2nd-abct-soldiers-polish-12th-mech-display-might/ (April 10, 2019) Eurovision 2nd ABCT Soldiers, Polish 12th Mech. display might]{{dead link|date=October 2022}}</ref> (A Mission Command element of TRADOC served in the role of echelon-above-brigade for the maneuver and interoperability of the joint multi-national armored brigades.)<ref name=2,1ABCT2019 /> In September 2018, the 278th Armored Cavalry Regiment had already assumed a forward deployment in Poland.<ref name=278thACR >Sgt Sarah Kirby 278th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Tennessee Army National Guard [https://www.dvidshub.net/news/294417/tenn-army-national-guard-assumes-responsibility-natos-efp-battle-group-poland (September 2018) Tenn. Army National Guard Assumes Responsibility of NATO's eFP Battle Group Poland!]</ref><ref name=lrpfEurope >Sean Kimmons, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/221461/new_capabilities_rotations_to_bolster_army_presence_in_eastern_europe (May 6, 2019) New capabilities, rotations to bolster Army presence in Eastern Europe]</ref> Poland and the US are planning for regular rotations going forward.<ref>WSJ [https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-poland-plan-announcement-of-new-military-deployment-11560282352 (12 June 2019) US plans new military deployment in Poland]</ref><ref>Lolita C. Baldor, The Associated Press [https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2019/06/12/officials-us-to-send-about-1000-more-troops-to-poland/ (11 June 2019) Officials: US to send about 1,000 more troops to Poland]</ref><ref name=tobruq2019 >U.S. Army Sgt. Kyle Larsen, 5th Mobile Public Affairs Detachment [https://www.army.mil/article/223776/174th_ada_and_nato_demonstrate_lethality_over_16_day_span (June 27, 2019) 174th ADA and NATO demonstrate lethality over 16-day span] Tobruq Legacy 2019 (TOLY19) Ustka, Poland</ref><ref name=polandDefense >Paul McLeary [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/12/defense-chief-with-giant-exercise-looming-poland-looks-to-lead-central-europe/ (December 13, 2019) Defense Chief: With Giant Exercise Looming, Poland Looks To Lead Central Europe]</ref><ref name=duda2020 >Paul McLeary [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/06/poland-talks-new-bases-as-duda-meets-at-white-house/ (24 June 2020) Poland Talks New Bases As Duda Meets At White House]</ref> A Combat Aviation Brigade element, an Armored Combat Brigade element, and a Division Headquarters element will rotate in.<ref name= polandRotations >Aaron Mehta [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/06/us-increasing-troop-presence-in-europe-while-new-nato-strategy-eyes-china/ (29 Jun 2022) US increasing troop presence in Europe, while new NATO strategy eyes China ]</ref>
Similar initiatives are planned for other alliances.<ref name=pacificPartners2 >Sean Kimmons, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/222783/pacific_pathways_20_to_bolster_presence_in_the_theater (June 4, 2019) Pacific Pathways 2.0 to bolster presence in the theater]</ref> {{anchor|Defense of Palau|patriotsInPalau|Over-the-horizon radar in the Pacific|OTHR}}<ref name= othrPatriot >Ashish Dangwal [https://www.eurasiantimes.com/patriot-missile-another-countrys-in-chinas-neighborhood/ (25 Sep 2023) Patriot Missile: Another Country In Chinas Backyard Could Get US Defense System As Tensions Mount With Beijing]</ref>
In August 2020 Poland agreed to pay almost all costs associated with US presence in the country;<ref name=poPaysUs >Paul McLeary [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/08/poland-agrees-to-pay-almost-all-costs-of-us-troop-presence/ (3 August 2020) Poland Agrees To Pay Almost All Costs of US Troop Presence]</ref> <ref name=heavyDivPrepList >Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/06/poland-deal-lays-groundwork-for-division-strength-deployment/ (June 13, 2019) Poland Deal Lays Groundwork For Division-Strength Deployment]: A division-scale exercise next year in Europe, Defender 2020, will be the largest in a quarter-century. Establishes 7 major elements going forward beyond 2020.</ref> a forward command post for V Corps in Poland has been codified in an Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement between the US and Poland.<ref name=edcaPo >Kyle Rempfer [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2020/08/04/armys-resurrected-v-corps-will-go-to-poland/ (4 Aug 2020) Army's resurrected V Corps will go to Poland] 5500 US troops now authorized for Poland. Rotational forces of 200 troops from V Corps will staff the forward command post, out of a 630-member HHBN based at Fort Knox Kentucky. * Meghann Myers and Kyle Rempfer [https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2020/08/04/with-the-germany-withdrawal-poland-is-set-to-be-hosting-a-lot-more-us-troops/ (4 Aug 2020) With the Germany withdrawal, Poland is set to be hosting a lot more US troops]</ref><ref name= polandRotations /> <ref name=withdFRG >Meghann Myers, Aaron Mehta, and Sebastian Sprenger [https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2020/07/29/thousands-of-troops-are-coming-home-from-germany-but-some-of-them-could-be-going-right-back/ (29 Jul 2020) Thousands of troops are coming home from Germany, but some of them could be going right back]</ref><ref name=eucomGarrisonChanges /><ref name=1abct,1stID >Sgt. 1st Class Aaron Duncan [https://www.army.mil/article/248361/1st_abct_1_id_arrives_for_atlantic_resolve (9 July 2021) 1st ABCT, 1 ID arrives for Atlantic Resolve] 4 ports were used in offloading for Atlantic Resolve</ref><ref name=tfDragon>Jim Garamone, DOD News [https://www.army.mil/article/253724/us_to_deploy_3000_troops_to_romania_poland_germany (4 Feb 2022) US to deploy 3,000 troops to Romania, Poland, Germany] in addition to the prepare-to-deploy orders to 8,500</ref> Poland is buying 250 M1A2 Abrams tanks as of 14 July 2021.<ref name=adamowski>Jaroslaw Adamowski [https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2021/07/09/poland-could-purchase-m1-abrams-tanks-from-us/ (9 Jul 2021) Poland could purchase M1 Abrams tanks from US] 250 M1A2 SEPv3s, + dozen tracked vehicles, purchase confirmed [https://www.defensenews.com/land/2021/07/14/polish-defence-ministry-confirms-plan-to-buy-m1-abrams-tanks/ 14 July 2021] * John Vandiver [https://www.stripes.com/theaters/europe/2022-02-18/tanks-poland-united-states-defense-5067639.html (18 Feb 2022) US will sell Poland tanks to bolster NATO defense] * Paul McLeary [https://news.yahoo.com/mr-putin-did-not-want-133913427.html (18 Feb 2022) 'What Mr. Putin did not want': U.S. approves $6B tank deal with Poland] * Jaroslaw Adamowski [https://www.yahoo.com/news/poland-signs-4-75-billion-210428578.html (5 Apr 2022) Poland signs $4.75 billion Abrams tank deal as Russia's war speeds procurements] 250 M1A2 Abrams SEPv3. 28 tanks to arrive in 2022, with technical support and logistics package. ** Poland will also acquire a Patriot missile package, HIMARS, and F-35 aircraft in 2022.</ref><ref name=tanksSouth >Todd South [https://www.armytimes.com/news/pentagon-congress/2021/07/14/tanks-are-here-to-stay-what-the-armys-future-armored-fleet-will-look-like/ (14 Jul 2021) Tanks are here to stay: What the Army's future armored fleet will look like]</ref><ref name=tanksLarson >Caleb Larson [https://www.19fortyfive.com/2021/07/250-u-s-made-m1-abrams-tanks-are-headed-to-russias-doorstep/ (19 Jul 2021) 250 U.S. Made M1 Abrams Tanks Are Headed To Russia's Doorstep]</ref> Poland ordered an additional 116 used M1A1 Abrams tanks, with faster delivery dates on 15 July 2022.<ref name= 116MoreTanks >Alan Charlish and Pawel Florkiewicz [https://news.yahoo.com/poland-buy-116-used-abrams-121429675.html (15 Jul 2022) Poland to buy 116 used Abrams tanks from U.S., says minister]</ref> The first 14 of an expected 42 M1A1 Abrams tanks arrived in Poland on 28 June 2023; the 42 will comprise one tank battalion; the 42 tanks are to be the 2023 tranche of 116 M1A1 tanks for Poland.<ref name= tillesM1a1Del1st >Daniel Tilles, Notes from Poland [https://notesfrompoland.com/2023/06/28/poland-receives-first-abrams-tanks-from-us/ (28 Jun 2023) Poland receives first Abrams tanks from US]</ref><ref name= 116MoreTanks /><ref name= m1a1Used >Jen Judson [https://www.defensenews.com/land/2022/12/07/us-state-dept-clears-sale-of-abrams-tanks-to-poland/ (7 Dec 2022) US State Dept. clears sale of Abrams tanks to Poland] +"12 M88A2 Hercules combat recovery vehicles, eight M1110 Joint Assault Bridges, six M577A3 command vehicles, 26 M1152A1 High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicles, 26 M1279A1 Joint Light Tactical Vehicles, and ammunition and supporting equipment" for additional $3.75 billion on top of the M1A2 Abrams agreement.(+mention of the Patriot missiles, HIMARS, and F-35s)</ref>
In addition to tanks, Poland is buying attack helicopters,<ref name=apacheAbrams >Jaroslaw Adamowski [https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2022/09/09/poland-requests-apache-helos-to-pair-with-its-abrams-tanks/ (9 September 2022) Poland asks US for Apache helicopters to pair with its Abrams tanks]</ref> Patriot missiles,<ref name="patriotAtRzeszówJasionka">Sam Skove [https://www.defenseone.com/threats/2023/09/how-tiny-polish-airport-became-key-node-western-aid-ukraine/390165/ How a tiny Polish airport became a key node for Western aid to Ukraine] one is at Rzeszów-Jasionka</ref> HIMARS, and F-35s.<ref name=m1a1Used /> Poland is buying 96 AH-64E Apaches (to equip six squadrons).<ref name=96Apaches >Bartosz Glowacki [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/09/poland-buying-96-ah-64e-apaches-as-modernization-spending-spree-continues/ (8 September 2022) Poland buying 96 AH-64E Apaches, as modernization spending spree continues]</ref> Naval Strike Missiles,<ref name= PoNavalStrikeMissiles >Jaroslaw Adamowski [https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2023/09/05/poland-buys-hundreds-of-naval-strike-missiles-in-2-billion-deal/ (5 Sep 2023) Poland buys hundreds of Naval Strike Missiles in $2 billion deal]</ref> and LTAMDS missile defense radars.<ref name= poBuysLtamds >Jen Judson [https://www.defensenews.com/land/2023/09/05/poland-is-first-foreigner-to-buy-us-armys-new-missile-defense-radar/ (5 Sep 2023) Poland is first foreigner to buy US Army's new missile defense radar] LTAMDS</ref> Poland is seeking more HIMARS rockets and launchers, with an eye toward local rocket production in the future.<ref name= himarsNegotiations >Jaroslaw Adamowski [https://www.defensenews.com/land/2023/09/11/poland-to-buy-486-himars-launchers-from-lockheed-martin/ (11 Sep 2023) Poland to buy 486 HIMARS launchers from Lockheed Martin]</ref> In July 2022, six IBCS Engagement Operations Centers attained basic operational capability in Poland,<ref>Justin Katz [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/09/expanding-in-poland-northrop-pushes-battle-management-system-further-into-europe (12 Sep 2023) Expanding in Poland, Northrop pushes battle management system further into Europe]</ref> and are a component for JADC2.
FORSCOM exercised its Emergency deployment readiness exercises (EDREs) in 2019 by sending 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division to the Joint Readiness Training Center in Fort Polk, Louisiana, by sealift, simultaneously exercising the logistics planners at Fort Drum, the seaports in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Port Arthur, Texas, as well as 2nd BCT.<ref name="edre" /> Through the EDRE program, 20 of the ports have been exercised to ready them for sealift deployments.<ref name=edre /> A division-sized move of 20,000 pieces of equipment from the US to Europe began a month-long process in January 2020.<ref name=defender2020EuropeDre >U.S. Army Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/231870/army_begins_movement_for_defender_europe_20_exercise (21 January 2020) Army begins movement for Defender-Europe 20 exercise]</ref><ref name=defenderEu2020 /><ref name=heavyDivPrepList /> In 2020 the pre-COVID-19 plan was "wide-spanning maneuvers will focus on the Baltic States, Poland, and Georgia" (at the time) which would have involved 36,000 troops from 11 countries ranging from the Baltic to the Black Seas,<ref name=moscowWary>Roger N. McDermott [https://www.realcleardefense.com/articles/2020/02/03/moscow_reacts_warily_to_natos_largest_military_exercise_in_25_years_115010.html (03 February 2020) Moscow Reacts Warily to NATO's Largest Military Exercise in 25 Years] "The wide-spanning maneuvers are to focus on the Baltic States, Poland and Georgia, involving more than 36,000 personnel from 11 countries (Lenta.ru, January 26, 2020)"</ref> a number still in flux.<ref name=covid19reduction>Headquarters, United States European Command [https://www.army.mil/article/233715/exercise_defender_europe_20_update (11 March 2020) Exercise Defender Europe 20 update] Troop reduction</ref> A number of the Defender-2020 objectives were met in 2020, despite a 60-day travel ban by DoD.
By 2020 the 27th Secretary of Defense signaled that ABMS, its Internet of Military Things, and JADC2 were important parts for Dynamic force employment (DFE) in the Joint All-domain Operations Concept.<ref name=esperAbmsDFE >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/09/esper-signals-importance-of-all-domain-abms-at-afa/ (16 Sep 2020) Esper Signals Importance Of All Domain & ABMS At AFA]</ref> The Combatant commanders at Eucom, and at IndoPacom sought the AGM-183A (ARRW) hypersonic weapon on the bomber fleet for Dynamic force employment.<ref name=rayArrwDfe >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/09/ray-wants-arrw-soonest-for-b-52-b-1/ (16 Sep 2020) Ray Wants ARRW 'Soonest' For B-52, B-1]</ref>
In light of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, thousands more troops have posted or rotated to Europe.<ref name= winkie22 >{{cite web |first=Davis |last=Winkie |url=https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2022/06/29/thousands-more-soldiers-will-be-posted-to-europe-and-rotating-through/ |date=29 June 2022 |title=Thousands more soldiers will be posted to Europe and rotating through |work=Army Times}}</ref> As of February 2023 the US is planning a HIMARS training center in Poland.<ref name= himarsTctr >Carla Babb (8 February 2023) [https://www.voanews.com/a/exclusive-us-planning-himars-training-center-in-europe-general-tells-voa/6954369.html#:~:text=The%20U.S.%20military%20is%20planning%20to%20set%20up,Eastern%20Europe%20following%20the%20weapon%E2%80%99s%20successes%20in%20Ukraine. Exclusive: US Planning HIMARS Training Center in Europe, General Tells VOA] 18 High Mobility Artillery Rocket Systems were sold to Poland, along with GMLRS's, ATACMS for $10 billion.</ref><ref name= himarsToPoland >Marcus Weisgerber [https://www.defenseone.com/business/2023/02/defense-business-brief-february-13-2023/382905/ (13 Feb 2023) Will Roper's startup; NATO talks Ukrainian fighter jets; Poland cleared to buy $10B in HIMARS; and more.] 18 launchers</ref><ref name="himarsToNetherlands">Vivienne Machi [https://www.defensenews.com/land/2023/02/17/us-state-department-approves-sale-of-himars-to-netherlands/ (17 Feb 2023) US State Department approves sale of HIMARS to Netherlands] 20 M142 HIMARS launchers, along with 17 Humvees, with support and communications equipment, and 29 GMLRS M30A2 Guided Multiple Launch Rocket System pods</ref> In order to get 31 Abrams tanks to Ukraine, the Army is weighing options with the fastest delivery times, none of which are sooner than year-end 2023.<ref name= m1Abrams >Jen Judson (23 February 2023) [https://www.defensenews.com/land/2023/02/23/tanks-might-not-reach-ukraine-this-year-us-army-secretary-says/ Tanks might not reach Ukraine this year, US Army secretary says]</ref>{{efn| Poland, Australia, Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Morocco, and Taiwan are M1 Abrams customers.}}<ref name= asaaltTanks >Jen Judson (8 March 2023) [https://www.defensenews.com/land/2023/03/08/us-army-is-moving-to-get-tanks-to-ukraine-as-quickly-as-possible/US Army is moving to get tanks to Ukraine 'as quickly as possible'] —7th ASA(ALT) Doug Bush</ref>
==Force size and unit organization== Overall, the Army would end up with 71 brigade combat teams and 212 support brigades, in the pre-2013 design. The Regular Army would move from 33 brigade combat teams in 2003 to 43 brigade combat teams together with 75 modular support brigades, for a total of 118 Regular Army modular brigades. In addition the previously un-designated training brigades such as the Infantry Training Brigade at Fort Benning assumed the lineage & honors of formerly active Regular Army combat brigades. In 2017 there were 31 brigade combat teams in the Active Army. Within the Army National Guard, there were to be 28 brigade combat teams and 78 support brigades. Within the Army Reserve, the objective was 59 support brigades. Chief of Staff Mark Milley credits Creighton Abrams (Chief of Staff 1972-1974), for placing most of the support brigades in the Reserve and National Guard in order to ensure that the nation would use the total army rather than only the active army in an extended war involving the entire nation.<ref name=Priorities2016 />{{rp|minute 42:30}}<ref name=311thSc,304thSb >{{cite web |first=Devon |last=Suits |url=https://www.army.mil/article/245745/reserve_unit_reflects_on_sustainment_operations_in_kuwait_amid_pandemic |date=29 April 2021 |title= Reserve unit reflects on sustainment operations in Kuwait amid pandemic |website=army.mil}} 311th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), 304th Sustainment Brigade (United States)</ref>
The Reserve component will be playing an increased role.<ref name=arngMDOreadinessAUSA /> In the Total Army, eight Army National Guard divisions are to be trained to increase their readiness for large-scale combat operations,<ref name=downTrace /><ref name=arngNDS2019 /> making 58 BCTs in the Total Army in 2018,<ref>{{cite news |first=Todd |last=South |url=https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2018/09/20/the-army-is-converting-two-bcts-as-it-beefs-up-its-fighting-force-for-the-next-big-war/ |date=20 September 2018 |title=The Army is converting two BCTs as it beefs up its fighting force for the next big war |work=Army Times}}</ref> and six SFABs in 2020.
===Army commands=== * United States Army Forces Command headquartered at Fort Bragg, North Carolina * United States Army Transformation and Training Command headquarters in Austin, Texas * United States Army Materiel Command headquartered at Redstone Arsenal, Alabama
===Army service component commands=== * Geographic commands ** United States Army Central / Third Army headquartered at Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina ** United States Army North / Fifth Army headquartered at Joint Base San Antonio, Texas ** United States Army South / Sixth Army headquartered at Joint Base San Antonio, Texas ** United States Army Europe-Africa / Seventh Army headquartered at Wiesbaden, Germany ** United States Army Pacific headquartered at Fort Shafter, Hawaii * Functional commands ** United States Army Space and Missile Defense Command headquartered at Redstone Arsenal, Alabama ** United States Army Special Operations Command headquartered at Fort Bragg, North Carolina ** Military Surface Deployment and Distribution Command headquartered at Scott Air Force Base, Illinois ** United States Army Cyber Command headquartered at Fort Gordon, Georgia
===Army direct reporting units=== * United States Army Medical Command (MEDCOM) * United States Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM) headquartered at Fort Belvoir, Virginia * United States Army Joint Counter-Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems Office * United States Army Corps of Engineers * United States Military Academy * United States Army Military District of Washington (MDW) headquartered at Fort McNair, District of Columbia * United States Army Criminal Investigation Division (USACID) headquartered at Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia * United States Army Test and Evaluation Command (ATEC)
===Field armies=== * First US Army, headquartered at Rock Island Arsenal, Illinois (A component of FORSCOM; responsible for training the reserve components when mobilized for overseas deployment) * Eighth US Army, headquartered at Camp Humphreys, South Korea (component of United States Forces Korea)
===Army corps=== * I Corps headquartered at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington * III Armored Corps headquartered at Fort Cavazos, Texas * V Corps headquartered at Fort Knox, Kentucky<ref name=vCorps>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Army announces activation of additional corps headquarters |url=https://www.army.mil/article/232649/army_announces_activation_of_additional_corps_headquarters |work=US Army |location=Washington, DC |date=11 February 2020 |access-date=12 February 2020 }}</ref> * XVIII Airborne Corps headquartered at Fort Bragg, North Carolina
===Divisions and brigades=== :''Note: these formations were subject to change, announced in 2013 reform''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armytimes.com/article/20140505/NEWS/305050018/Army-outlines-plan-inactivate-7-brigade-combat-teams?sf25795615=1 |title=Army outlines plan to inactivate 7 brigade combat teams |work=Army Times |date=May 5, 2014|access-date=2015-11-11}}</ref> In the post-2013 design, the Regular Army was planned to reduce to 32 BCTs after all the BCTs had been announced for inactivation.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://gallego.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/gallego-statement-on-army-restructuring-at-fort-bliss |title=Gallego Statement on Army Restructuring at Fort Bliss |date=June 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913052635/http://gallego.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/gallego-statement-on-army-restructuring-at-fort-bliss |archive-date=2014-09-13 |website= Gallego.house.gov |accessdate=2014-09-03}} by 2019, the Regular Army is planned to be 490,000 troops, down from 570,000 in 2012 * [https://www.army.mil/article/106373/ Brigade combat teams cut at 10 posts will help other BCTs grow] Army.mil, accessdate=2014-09-03</ref> The 2018 budget was to further reduce 40,000 active-duty soldiers from 490,000 in 2015 to 450,000 by 2018 fiscal year-end. Thirty installations would have been affected; six of these installations would have accounted for over 12,000 of those to be let go. In early 2015, the plan was to cut entire BCTs; by July 2015, a new plan, to downsize a BCT (4,500 soldiers) to a maneuver battalion task force (1,032 soldiers, with the possibility of upsizing if need be) was formulated. In 2015, a plan was instituted to allow further shrinking of the Army, by converting selected brigades to maneuver battalion task forces.<ref name="realignbrigades">[https://www.army.mil/article/151992/Army_to_realign_brigades__cut_40_000_Soldiers__17_000_civilians/ Army to re-align brigades], Army.mil, accessed 2015-07-10</ref> A maneuver battalion task force includes about 1,050 Soldiers rather than the 4,000 in a full BCT.<ref name=TF1-28 /> This 9 July 2015 plan, however, would preclude rapid deployment of such a unit until it has been reconstituted back to full re-deployable strength. This is being addressed with the § "Associated units" training program from the Reserve and Guard.
In 2017 the National Defense Strategy and National Security Strategy<ref name=davidNorquistRecap21 />{{rp|4:30}} and a § Sustainable Readiness Model (SRM) managed to halt the cuts.<ref name=SRM /><ref name=Abrams2016 /> Funding was allocated for two (out of six planned) Security Force Assistance Brigades (SFABs) in 2016<ref name=2017ForceStructure >U.S. Army Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/189082/department_of_the_army_announces_force_structure_decisions_for_fiscal_year_2017 (15 June 2017) Department of the Army announces force structure decisions for fiscal year 2017]</ref> composed of 529 senior officers and senior NCOs (a full chain of command for a BCT).<ref name=SFABs >C. Todd Lopez [https://www.army.mil/article/188004/well_trained_sfabs_to_free_bcts_from_advise_assist_mission (19 September 2017) Security force assistance brigades to free brigade combat teams from advise, assist mission]</ref> By 2020 all 6 SFABs were activated.
The changes announced so far affect:<ref name="40,000cut" >C. Todd Lopez [https://www.army.mil/article/151992/Army_to_realign_brigades__cut_40_000_Soldiers__17_000_civilians/ (10 July 2015) Army to cut 40,000 Soldiers, 17,000 civilians], Army.mil accessed 2015-07-10</ref> * The number of generals and SES's will decrease 25% by 2023, DoD-wide.<ref name=davidNorquistRecap21 />{{rp|11:10}} * FORSCOM ** Every HHBN (2-star, and higher, headquarters battalion) reduces by 10%<ref name="realignbrigades" /> ** 3rd ABCT, 3rd Infantry Division, Fort Benning<ref name="40,000cut" /> ** 2nd SBCT, 25th Infantry Division, Schofield Barracks<ref name="realignbrigades" /> ** 3rd Expeditionary Sustainment Command relocates from Fort Knox to Fort Bragg<ref name="realignbrigades" /> ** 1st Theater Sustainment Command relocates from Fort Bragg to Fort Knox<ref name="realignbrigades" /><ref name=1stTSC >Capt. Matthew Miller [https://www.army.mil/article/223835/multi_domain_intelligence_support_for_sustainment (July 18, 2019) Multi-Domain Intelligence Support for Sustainment] Risks of non delivery</ref> * ARNG ** 81st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 40th Infantry Division to become an associated unit (SBCT) of 7th Infantry Division (81st's armor assets to be pre-positioned in Europe).
====Brigade Combat Teams==== * {{anchor|PenetrAD}} 40px '''1st Armored Division''', at Fort Bliss (Texas), regionally aligned with Central Command (CENTCOM)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140408041245/http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/MilitaryReview/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20131231_art004.pdf Mission Command in the Regionally Aligned Division Headquarters] p.5, Usacac.army.mil, accessed 2015-10-16</ref> ** Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion<ref>1st AD Headquarters was deployed to Iraq, 12 July 2017 —{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180813112444/http://fortblissbugle.com/2017/07july/072017/pdf/072017part1a.pdf 1st AD Takes on Mission]}}accessdate=2017-07-22 </ref> ** 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, converted from Stryker BCT on 20 June 2019<ref name=ready1st2019 >David Burge (12 June 2019) {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190617134024/http://fortblissbugle.com/2019/06/12/ready-first-gets-an-a-1st-sbct-to-become-1st-abct-june-20-infantry-battalions-to-reflag/ 'Ready First' gets an A: 1st SBCT to become 1st ABCT June 20, infantry battalions to reflag]}}</ref><ref name=1ad20sep18>{{Cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/211405/fort_bliss_based_1st_stryker_brigade_combat_team_to_be_converted_to_an_armored_brigade|title=Fort Bliss-based 1st Stryker Brigade Combat Team to be converted to an Armored Brigade|date=September 20, 2018|website=army.mil}}</ref><ref name=stripes20sep2018 /><ref name=readyFirstReceivesItsTanks >Staff Sgt. Kris Bonet, 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190904235337/http://fortblissbugle.com/2019/09/04/m1a2-sep-v2-arrive-ready-first-receives-tanks-following-armor-conversion/ (September 4, 2019) M1A2 SEP V2 arrive 'Ready First' receives tanks following armor conversion]}}</ref> ** 2nd Armored Brigade Combat Team ** 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team ** 1st Armored Division Artillery ** Combat Aviation Brigade deploys to Afghanistan early 2019<ref name=army18oct2018>U.S. Army Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/212545/department_of_the_army_announces_upcoming_1st_armored_division_combat_aviation_brigade_unit_rotation (October 18, 2018) Department of the Army announces upcoming 1st Armored Division Combat Aviation Brigade unit rotation]</ref><ref>Laven2 {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20181026025038/http://fortblissbugle.com/2018/10/24/heavy-cav-prepares-for-cab-deployment/ (24 Oct 2018) 'Heavy Cav' prepares for CAB deployment]}} FARPs, Live fire, and AAI RQ-7 Shadow training {{dead link|date=October 2022}}</ref> ** 1st Armored Division Sustainment Brigade<ref>{{cite web|last=Roeder |first=Tom |url=http://www.military.com/daily-news/2015/05/12/sustainment-brigade-changes-name-gets-ready-to-deploy.html |title=Sustainment Brigade Changes Name, Gets Ready to Deploy to Afghanistan |publisher=Military.com |date=2015-05-12 |access-date=2015-11-11}}</ref> * {{anchor|PenetrCD}} 40px '''1st Cavalry Division''', at Fort Cavazos (Texas), regionally aligned with European Command (EUCOM)<ref>[http://www.eur.army.mil/JMTC/CombinedResolve.html Combined Resolve IV] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525035812/http://www.eur.army.mil/JMTC/CombinedResolve.html |date=2015-05-25}}, accessed 2015-05-23</ref> ** Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion ** 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team ** 2nd Armored Brigade Combat Team<ref>2nd ABCT deploys to South Korea in the summer of 2017 —[https://www.army.mil/article/188063/department_of_the_army_announces_1st_cavalry_division_deployment Department of the Army announces 1st Cavalry Division deployment] accessdate=2017-07-22</ref> ** 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team ** 1st Cavalry Division Artillery ** Combat Aviation Brigade ** 1st Cavalry Division Sustainment Brigade * {{anchor|Heavy1stID}} 40px '''1st Infantry Division''', at Fort Riley, (Kansas) ** Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion ** 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team ** 2nd Armored Brigade Combat Team, regionally aligned with African Command (AFRICOM)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/96824/_Dagger__brigade_readies_for_AFRICOM_missions/|title='Dagger' brigade readies for AFRICOM missions|date=25 March 2013 |access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> ** 1st Infantry Division Artillery ** Combat Aviation Brigade ** 1st Infantry Division Sustainment Brigade * 40px '''2nd Infantry Division''', at Camp Humphreys (South Korea) ** Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion ** 1x Rotation Armored Brigade Combat Team, at Camp Casey, Camp Hovey, and Camp Humphreys, South Korea ** 2nd Infantry Division Artillery<ref name=pcsHumphreys >Todd South [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2021/09/09/army-artillery-headquarters-moves-from-jblm-to-south-korea-permanently/ (9 Sep 2021) Army artillery headquarters moves from JBLM to South Korea permanently]</ref> at Camp Humphreys, (South Korea) ** Combat Aviation Brigade, at Camp Humphreys and K-16 Airfield, South Korea ** 2nd Infantry Division Sustainment Brigade, at Camp Carroll, Camp Stanley, and Camp Humphreys, South Korea * {{anchor|Heavy3rd}} 40px '''3rd Infantry Division''', at Fort Stewart, (Georgia) ** Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion ** 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team ** 2nd Armored Brigade Combat Team ** 48th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Georgia Army National Guard)<ref>Corey Dickstein [http://www.stripes.com/news/army-to-pair-national-guard-reserve-units-with-active-duty-units-1.400570 Army to pair National Guard, Reserve units with active-duty units], Stars and Stripes, by Corey Dickstein, dated 22 March 2016, last accessed 27 November 2016</ref> ** Task Force 1-28: 1st Battalion 28th Infantry Regiment, at Fort Benning, Georgia<ref name=TF1-28>{{cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/160006/3rd_Brigade_Combat_Team_transitions_into_task_force/|title=3rd Brigade Combat Team transitions into task force|date=16 December 2015 |access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armytimes.com/story/military/pentagon/2015/07/09/army-outlines-40000-cuts/29923339/ |title=Army lays out plan to cut 40,000 soldiers |publisher=Armytimes.com |date=2015-07-10 |access-date=2015-11-11}}</ref> ** 3rd Infantry Division Artillery ** Combat Aviation Brigade, at Hunter Army Airfield, Georgia ** 3rd Infantry Division Sustainment Brigade * {{anchor|Light4th}} 40px '''4th Infantry Division''', at Fort Carson (Colorado), regionally aligned with European Command (EUCOM)<ref>{{cite web|author=Media Operations Division |url=http://www.eucom.mil/media-library/article/30923/4th-infantry-division-to-support-operation-atlantic-resolve |title=4th Infantry Division to support Operation Atlantic Resolve | United States European Command |publisher=Eucom.mil |access-date=2015-11-11}}</ref> [[File:2SBCT-4ID_fires_Javelin_using_CROWS-J_at_FortCarson.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|2nd SBCT/4th ID Stryker fires FGM-148 Javelin, 28 April 2022 at Fort Carson, Colo.]] ** Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion ** 1st Stryker Brigade Combat Team ** 2nd Stryker Brigade Combat Team<ref name=stripes20sep2018 >Stripes [https://www.stripes.com/news/army-to-transition-two-brigades-to-add-heavy-firepower-as-it-prepares-for-near-peer-conflict-1.548522 (20 September 2018) Army to transition two brigades to add heavy firepower as it prepares for near-peer conflict]</ref><ref name=2sbct4id >Staff Sgt. Neysa Canfield [https://www.dvidshub.net/news/372183/new-beginnings-fort-carson-infantry-brigade-converts-stryker-brigade (15 June 2020) New Beginnings: Fort Carson infantry brigade converts to Stryker brigade]</ref> ** 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team<ref name="3/4ID, May2017">In May 2017, during their rotation to EUCOM, Combined Resolve VIII, 3rd ABCT/4th ID combined with land and aviation forces from six partner nations, Albania, Finland, Hungary, Kosovo, Romania and the Ukraine. The combined team will operate within 3rd ABCT's combined arms structure. The scenario is to defend a European nation from attack. in a NATO Article V incident. —Staff Sgt. Ange Desinor (3rd ABCT, 4th ID) {{citation|url=https://www.army.mil/article/188665/34_id_evolves_into_multinational_brigade_at_combined_resolve_viii |title=(31 May 2017) 3/4 ID evolves into multinational brigade at Combined Resolve VIII|date=31 May 2017 | accessdate=2017-07-18}}</ref> ** 4th Infantry Division Artillery ** Combat Aviation Brigade ** 4th Infantry Division Sustainment Brigade * 40px '''7th Infantry Division''' (Headquarters only), at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, (Washington)<ref>Michelle Tan {{cite web|url=http://www.armytimes.com/story/military/2014/12/23/7th-id-reorganization-deployable/20815737/ |title=7th ID reorganizing to be deployable, Army announces |publisher=Armytimes.com |date=2014-12-23 |access-date=2015-11-11}}</ref><ref>[http://www.thenewstribune.com/2015/02/24/3655957_jblms-division-headquarters-will.html?rh=1 thenewstribune.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518075747/http://www.thenewstribune.com/2015/02/24/3655957_jblms-division-headquarters-will.html?rh=1 |date=May 18, 2015 }}</ref> ** Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion ** 1st Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 2nd Infantry Division ** 2nd Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 2nd Infantry Division ** 81st Stryker Brigade Combat Team (Washington Army National Guard)<ref>Corey Dickstein {{Cite web|url=http://www.stripes.com/news/army-to-pair-national-guard-reserve-units-with-active-duty-units-1.400570|title=Army to pair National Guard, Reserve units with active-duty units |work=Stars and Stripes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nwguardian.com/2016/10/06/25810/adding-81st-bde-to-team-makes.html |title=Adding 81st Bde. to team makes Bayonets stronger |work=JBLM Northwest Guardian |access-date=2016-12-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223071415/http://www.nwguardian.com/2016/10/06/25810/adding-81st-bde-to-team-makes.html |archive-date=2016-12-23 }}</ref> * {{anchor|Light10th}} 40px '''10th Mountain Division''', at Fort Drum, (New York) ** Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion ** 1st Infantry Brigade Combat Team ** 2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team<ref>2nd IBCT/10th MD is to deploy to Iraq, Fall 2017 —[https://www.army.mil/article/191124/department_of_the_army_announces_10th_mountain_division_deployment Department of the Army announces 10th Mountain Division deployment]</ref> ** 3rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team at Fort Polk ** 10th Mountain Division Artillery ** Combat Aviation Brigade ** 10th Mountain Division Sustainment Brigade * {{anchor|Light11th}} 40px '''11th Airborne Division''', at Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, (Alaska) ** Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion ** 1st Infantry Brigade Combat Team, at Fort Wainwright (Alaska) ** 2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Airborne), at Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, (Alaska) ** 11th Airborne Division Artillery ** Arctic Aviation Command ** Sustainment Brigade * {{anchor|Light25th}} 40px '''25th Infantry Division''', at Schofield Barracks (Hawaii) ** Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion ** 2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team ** 3rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team ** 25th Infantry Division Artillery ** Combat Aviation Brigade ** 25th Infantry Division Sustainment Brigade * {{anchor|JFEAB}} 40px '''82nd Airborne Division''', at Fort Bragg, (North Carolina) ** Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion ** 1st Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Airborne) ** 2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Airborne) ** 3rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Airborne) ** 82nd Airborne Division Artillery ** Combat Aviation Brigade ** 82nd Airborne Division Sustainment Brigade * {{anchor|JFEAA}} 40px '''101st Airborne Division''', at Fort Campbell (Kentucky) ** Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion ** 1st Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Air Assault) ** 2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Air Assault)<ref name=nie17.2>Soldiers of the 2nd BCT/101st Airborne Division served as the first rotational brigade during NIE 17.2 in July 2017 at Fort Bliss. 1st Battalion 502nd Infantry Regiment served as their opposing force. —[http://www.elpasotimes.com/story/news/military/ft-bliss/2017/07/16/nie-weekender/475359001/ David Burge (16 July 2017) "Fort Campbell soldiers travel to Bliss for modernization mission" ''El Paso Times'']</ref> ** 3rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Air Assault) ** 101st Airborne Division Artillery ** Combat Aviation Brigade<ref name=army18oct2018 /> rotates stateside early 2019 ** 101st Airborne Division Sustainment Brigade * 38x38px 2nd Cavalry Regiment (Stryker BCT), in Vilseck (Germany)<ref name=eucomGarrisonChanges >Paul McLeary [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/07/us-and-poland-wrap-up-deal-for-permanent-us-troops-more-drones-special-ops/ (31 July 2020) Poland Wraps Deal For Permanent US Troops, Drones, Special Ops] In addition, * "4,500 members of the Second Cavalry Regiment in Germany will return to the US, and then begin rotations in the Black Sea region" * 2000 troops to relocate from Stuttgart to Mons * On hold: 2000 Airmen were due to deploy from UK to Germany * An F-16 squadron will move from UK to Italy</ref> * 38x38px 3rd Cavalry Regiment (Stryker BCT), at Fort Cavazos, (Texas) * 38x38px 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team, in Vicenza (Italy)
;Active-duty divisions: * 11 division headquarters (one division HQ in South Korea)
Active-duty combat brigades: 31 at the end of 2017 * 11 Armored Brigade Combat Teams ** 1st, 2nd, and 3rd ABCT at Fort Bliss (Texas), part of 1st Armored Division at Fort Bliss (Texas) ** 1st, 2nd, and 3rd ABCT at Fort Cavazos (Texas), part of 1st Cavalry Division at Fort Cavazos (Texas) ** 1st and 2nd ABCT at Fort Riley (Kansas), part of 1st Infantry Division at Fort Riley (Kansas) ** 1st and 2nd ABCT at Fort Stewart (Georgia), part of 3rd Infantry Division at Fort Stewart (Georgia) ** 3rd ABCT at Fort Carson (Colorado), part of 4th Infantry Division at Fort Carson (Colorado) * 6 Stryker Brigade Combat Teams ** 1st and 2nd SBCTs at Fort Carson (Colorado), part of 4th Infantry Division at Fort Carson (Colorado) ** 1st and 2nd SBCT at Fort Lewis (Joint Base Lewis–McChord) (Washington), administratively under the 2nd Infantry Division at Camp Humphreys (South Korea), operationally under the 7th Infantry Division HQ at Joint Base Lewis–McChord (Washington) ** 2nd Cavalry Regiment (SBCT) at Rose Barracks in Vilseck (Germany), independent SBCT under US Army Europe at Lucius D. Clay Kaserne Barracks (Germany) ** 3rd Cavalry Regiment (SBCT) at Fort Cavazos (Texas), independent SBCT under III Corps at Fort Cavazos (Texas) * 6 Infantry Brigade Combat Teams (Light)<ref name=2,3ID >Sean Kimmons [https://www.army.mil/article/178862/spartan_brigade_to_become_armys_newest_armored_brigade Spartan Brigade to become Army's newest armored brigade] accessdate=2016-12-02 * Daniel P. Elkins, Mission and Installation Contracting Command Public Affairs Office [https://www.army.mil/article/184843/micc_supporting_armys_efforts_for_newest_armored_brigade MICC supporting Army's efforts for newest armored brigade (24 March 2017)] accessdate=2017-03-30. The 10th in the Active component, but the 15th ABCT in the total force.</ref> ** 1st and 2nd IBCT at Fort Drum (New York), part of 10th Mountain Division at Fort Drum (New York) ** 3rd IBCT at Fort Polk (Louisiana), also part of 10th Mountain Division at Fort Drum (New York) ** 1st IBCT at Fort Wainwright (Alaska), part of 11th Airborne Division at Joint Base Elmendorf–Richardson (Alaska) ** 2nd and 3rd IBCT at Schofield Barracks (Hawaii), part of 25th Infantry Division at Schofield Barracks (Hawaii) * 5 Infantry Brigade Combat Teams (Airborne) ** 1st, 2nd and 3rd IBCT (Airborne) at Fort Bragg (North Carolina), part of 82nd Airborne Division at Fort Bragg (North Carolina) ** 2nd IBCT (Airborne) at Joint Base Elmendorf–Richardson (Alaska), part of 11th Airborne Division (Alaska) ** 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team at Caserma Ederle Barracks in Vicenza (Italy), independent brigade under US Army Europe at Lucius D. Clay Kaserne Barracks (Germany) * 3 Infantry Brigade Combat Teams (Air Assault) ** 1st, 2nd and 3rd IBCT (Air Assault) at Fort Campbell (Kentucky), part of 101st Airborne Division at Fort Campbell (Kentucky)
:''See National Guard divisions for the 27 ARNG BCTs''
====Support brigades==== Active-duty Support Brigades (with reserve-component numbers in parentheses: ARNG/USAR) * '''12 Combat Aviation Brigades''' (12/2): ** 12th Combat Aviation Brigade, in Katterbach, (Germany) ** 16th Combat Aviation Brigade, at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, (Washington) ** 10 Combat Aviation Brigades as part of active army divisions * '''3 Military Intelligence Brigades (Expeditionary) (2/3)''': ** 201st Military Intelligence Brigade, at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, (Washington) ** 504th Military Intelligence Brigade, at Fort Cavazos, (Texas) ** 525th Military Intelligence Brigade, at Fort Bragg, (North Carolina) * '''5 Field Artillery Brigades''' (8/0): ** 17th Field Artillery Brigade, at Joint Base Lewis–McChord, (Washington) ** 18th Field Artillery Brigade, at Fort Bragg, (North Carolina) ** 41st Field Artillety Brigade, at Grafenwoehr, (Germany) ** 75th Field Artillery Brigade, at Fort Sill (Oklahoma) ** 210th Field Artillery Brigade, at Camp Casey, (South Korea) * '''6 Air Defense Artillery Brigades''' (3/0): ** 11th Air Defense Artillery Brigade, at Fort Bliss, (Texas) ** 31st Air Defense Artillery Brigade, at Fort Sill, (Oklahoma) ** 35th Air Defense Artillery Brigade, at Osan Air Base, (South Korea) ** 38th Air Defense Artillery Brigade, at Sagami Depot, (Japan) ** 52nd Air Defense Artillery Brigade, at Sembach, (Germany)<ref name= zPerez >Zamone Perez [https://news.yahoo.com/army-activates-unit-control-air-185033255.html (6 Oct 2022) Army activates new unit to control air and missile defenses in Europe] DRU of 10th AAMDC</ref> ** 69th Air Defense Artillery Brigade, at Fort Cavazos, (Texas) ** 108th Air Defense Artillery Brigade, at Fort Bragg, (North Carolina) * '''5 Engineer Brigades''' (7/4): ** 7th Engineer Brigade, Ansbach, (Germany)<ref name= ansbachStripes >John Vandiver [https://www.stripes.com/branches/army/2022-11-17/ansbach-army-germany-8087412.html (17 Nov 2022) German garrison town gears up for a thousand US arrivals with incoming Army units] 7th Engineer Brigade (United States)? and the 1st Battalion of the 57th Air Defense Artillery Regiment</ref> ** 20th Engineer Brigade, at Fort Bragg, (North Carolina) ** 36th Engineer Brigade, at Fort Cavazos, (Texas) ** 130th Engineer Brigade, at Schofield Barracks, (Hawaii) ** 555th Engineer Brigade, at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, (Washington) * '''12 Sustainment Brigades''' (10/9): ** 16th Sustainment Brigade, in Bamberg, (Germany) ** 528th Sustainment Brigade (Special Operations) (Airborne), at Fort Bragg, (North Carolina) ** Ten Sustainment Brigades as part of active army divisions * '''5 Military Police Brigades''' (4/4): ** 8th Military Police Brigade, at Schofield Barracks, (Hawaii) ** 16th Military Police Brigade, at Fort Bragg, (North Carolina) ** 18th Military Police Brigade, in Grafenwöhr, (Germany) ** 42nd Military Police Brigade, at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, (Washington) ** 89th Military Police Brigade, at Fort Cavazos, (Texas) * '''1 Transportation Brigade''' (0/5): ** 7th Transportation Brigade, at Fort Eustis (Virginia) * '''5 Security Force Assistance Brigades''' (1/0) 1st in 2017: ** 1st Security Force Assistance Brigade, at Fort Benning, (Georgia) ** 2nd Security Force Assistance Brigade, at Fort Bragg, (North Carolina) ** 3rd Security Force Assistance Brigade, at Fort Cavazos, (Texas) ** 4th Security Force Assistance Brigade, at Fort Carson, (Colorado) ** 5th Security Force Assistance Brigade, at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, (Washington) * '''5 Medical Brigades''' (0/10): ** 1st Medical Brigade, at Fort Cavazos, (Texas) ** 30th Medical Brigade, in Sembach, (Germany) ** 44th Medical Brigade, at Fort Bragg, (North Carolina) ** 62nd Medical Brigade, at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, (Washington) ** 65th Medical Brigade, at Camp Humphreys, (South Korea) * '''9 Signal Brigades''' (2/2): <!-- reserve units are Theater Tactical Signal Brigades, namely the 228th SC ARNG, 261st DE ARNG, and 359th & 505th of the USAR --> ** 1st Signal Brigade, at Camp Humphreys, (South Korea) ** 2nd Signal Brigade, in Wiesbaden, (Germany) ** 11th Signal Brigade, at Fort Cavazos, (Texas) ** 22nd Signal Brigade, at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, (Washington) ** 35th Signal Brigade, at Fort Gordon, (Georgia) ** 93rd Signal Brigade, at Fort Eustis, (Virginia) ** 106th Signal Brigade, at Fort Sam Houston, (Texas) ** 160th Signal Brigade, at Camp Arifjan (Kuwait) ** 516th Signal Brigade, at Fort Shafter, (Hawaii) * '''1 Chemical Brigade''' (1/1): <!-- Note- the 31st in the AL ARNG, the 415th in the USAR, and the 3rd is an active duty training Bde --> ** 48th Chemical Brigade, at Fort Cavazos, (Texas)
==Future capability== {{main|Transformation of the United States Army}}
==See also== * Transformation of the Army National Guard * Revolution in Military Affairs * Network-centric warfare
==Notes== {{reflist|group=Note}} {{notelist-ua}} {{notelist-la}}
==References== {{excessive citations|date=April 2023}} {{Reflist|30em}}
==External links== * Blythe, Wilson C. Jr., Farrell, Dave, Jacobsen, Tim, and Owens, James. "[https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/English-Edition-Archives/July-August-2020/Blythe-BDP/ The Battlefield Development Plan: A Holistic Campaign Assessment to Inform the Army Modernization Enterprise]", ''Military Review'' (July–August 2020) * {{cite report | author=Feickert, Andrew | title=U.S. Army's Modular Redesign: Issues for Congress | publisher=Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress | version=Updated May 5, 2006 | url=https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/67816.pdf | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060728003619/http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/67816.pdf | archive-date=2006-07-28 | access-date=2017-06-30 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070911201951/http://www.army.mil/institution/leaders/modplan/ 2007 Army Modernization Plan] * {{cite news | first=Michael | last=Moran | title=U.S. Army Force Restructuring, "Modularity," and Iraq | date=2007-09-14 | url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/14212/us_army_force_restructuring_modularity_and_iraq.html | work=Council on Foreign Relations | access-date=2007-09-20 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207015519/http://www.cfr.org/publication/14212/us_army_force_restructuring_modularity_and_iraq.html | archive-date=2008-02-07 }} * [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/army/echelonment.htm GlobalSecurity.org article about current transformation] * [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/army/force-xxi.htm GlobalSecurity.org article about Force XXI] * [https://www.army.mil/aps/06/maindocument/print/Text_addendum_D.html Addendum D: Naming Convention for Headquarters and Forces] * John Gordon, [https://web.archive.org/web/20081207112108/http://www.ifri.org/files/Securite_defense/Focus_strategique_11_Gordon.pdf "Transforming for What? Challenges Facing Western Militaries Today"], ''Focus stratégique'', Paris, Ifri, November 2008. * [https://www.army.mil/aps/08/addenda/addenda_e.html ARFORGEN — Army Force Generation] Graphic showing the three stages before deployment, [https://www.army.mil/article/30668/ARFORGEN__Army__039_s_deployment_cycle_aims_for_predictability/ discussion], [https://web.archive.org/web/20131019193713/http://www.usawoa.org/downloads/10ThingsWOneedtoKnow-ARFORGEN.pdf ARFORGEN from Warrant Officer viewpoint], and [http://fbmonitor.com/2012/11/20/notified-certified-deployed-47th-transportation-company-ready-to-go/ example of training for deployment] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130122182708/http://fbmonitor.com/2012/11/20/notified-certified-deployed-47th-transportation-company-ready-to-go/ |date=2013-01-22 }} * Wesley, Eric J. and Blythe, Wilson C. Jr. AFC Pamphlet 71-20-1 [https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/Hot-Spots/docs/NEBF/AFC-Pam-71-20-1.pdf ''Army Futures Command Concept for Maneuver in Multi-Domain Operations 2028''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810215437/https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/Hot-Spots/docs/NEBF/AFC-Pam-71-20-1.pdf |date=2022-08-10 }}
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