"AR15" redirects here. For other uses, see AR15 (disambiguation).

An AR-15–style rifle is a lightweight semi-automatic rifle based on or similar to the Colt AR-15 design. The Colt model removed the selective fire feature of its predecessor, the original ArmaLite AR-15, which is a scaled-down derivative of the AR-10 design (by Eugene Stoner). It is closely related to the military M16 rifle.

ArmaLite sold the patent and trademarks for both to Colt's Manufacturing Company in 1959 after the military rejected the design in favor of the M14. After most of the patents for the Colt AR-15 expired in 1977, many firearm manufacturers began to produce copies of the rifle under various names. While the patents are expired, Colt has retained the trademark to the AR-15 name and is the sole manufacturer able to label their firearms as such.[1]

From 1994 to 2004, the Federal Assault Weapons Ban restricted the sale of the Colt AR-15 and some derivatives in the United States, although it did not affect rifles with fewer listed features.[2][3] After the phrase "modern sporting rifles", to be used synonymously with the AR-15 style, was coined in 2009 by the US National Shooting Sports Foundation (NSSF), a firearms trade association, it was quickly adopted by much of the industry.[4][5]

Beginning in the 2010s, AR-15–style rifles became one of the "most beloved and most vilified rifles" in the United States, according to The New York Times; the rifles have gained infamy due in part to their use in high-profile mass shootings.[6] Promoted as "America's rifle" by the National Rifle Association of America,[7] their popularity is partially attributable to active restrictions, or proposals to ban or restrict them.[8][9][10] They are emblematic as being on the frontline of the debate over U.S. gun control.

Terminology

Different sources attribute the letters "AR" in AR-15 to different origins in the early history of the rifle by its manufacturer, ArmaLite. According to the company's website, it stood for "ArmaLite Rifle".[11] According to Eugene Stoner's business partner, Jim Sullivan , the letters "AR" stood for the first two letters of the company's name, while according to Stoner's daughter and son-in-law it stood for "ArmaLite Research".[12] "AR-15" is most-commonly used to refer only to the civilian semi-automatic variants of the rifle which lack the fully automatic function.[13] A common misconception is that "AR" is an abbreviation for "assault rifle" or "automatic rifle",[14][15][16] perhaps because of the weapon's inclusion in the Federal Assault Weapons Ban in 1994, or because the ArmaLite AR-15 was originally designed to replace the M14 rifle in the Vietnam War.[17]

The AR-15 is closely related to the military M16 and M4 carbine rifles, which all share the same core design. Invented by infantry rifle designer Eugene Stoner in 1956 for use in the 7.62 NATO caliber ArmaLite AR-10 battle rifle, the design features a gas-operated, rotating bolt combined with an integral piston (instead of a conventional direct impingement, operating system), and was patented under .[18][19] A lighter weight selective fire variant of the AR-10 was designed in 1958 for military use and designated the ArmaLite model 15, or AR-15.[20][17] Due to financial problems and limitations in terms of manpower and production capacity, ArmaLite sold the AR-15 and AR-10 designs and trademarks to Colt in 1959.[21]

In 1964, Colt began selling its own version with an improved semi-automatic design known as the Colt AR-15.[22] After Colt's patents expired in 1977, an active marketplace emerged for other manufacturers to produce and sell their own semi-automatic AR-15–style rifles.[1] Some versions of the AR-15 were classified as "assault weapons" and banned under the Federal Assault Weapons Ban in 1994 within the United States. This act expired in 2004.[2][23]

In 2009, the term "modern sporting rifle" was coined by the National Shooting Sports Foundation for its survey that year as a marketing term used by the firearms industry to describe modular semi-automatic rifles including AR-15s.[24][4][25][13] Today, nearly every major firearm manufacturer produces its own generic AR-15–style rifle.[26][25] As Colt continues to own and use the AR-15 trademark for its line of AR-15 variants, other manufacturers must use their own model numbers and names to market their AR-15–style rifles for commercial sale.[27]

Under US law, a firearm with a barrel length of less than 16 inches (41 cm) and an overall length (OAL) of less than 26 inches (66 cm), that was not made from a rifle (including through modification), is not considered to be a short-barreled rifle.[28] As the inclusion of a shoulder stock constitutes "intent to fire from the shoulder" and thus reclassifies the firearm as a rifle, many gun manufacturers offer AR-15–style "pistol" versions that are manufactured to be sold stockless or with a stabilizing pistol brace.[29][30] If a firearm was originally manufactured as a rifle, it can't be converted into a pistol.[31] However, if the firearm was originally a pistol, the resulting firearm with an attached shoulder stock is not an NFA firearm if it has a barrel of 16 in (410 mm) or more in length, and such rifle may be reconfigured as a pistol legally.[32]

The lower receiver alone is legally defined as a firearm under United States federal law. However, the legality of this definition has been disputed in conflicting court rulings as to whether the AR-15 lower receiver matches the legal definition set forth in 27 CFR § 479.11, with some lower courts disagreeing while[33][34][35] a 2021 case from the Eighth Circuit found otherwise.[36]

Modularity and customization

While most earlier breech-loading rifles had a single receiver housing both the trigger and reloading mechanism, an innovative feature of the AR-15 was modular construction to simplify substitution of parts and avoid need for arsenal facilities for most repairs of malfunctioning military rifles.[37] A distinctive two-part receiver is used by both military and sporting AR-15–style rifles.

As civilian ownership of AR-15–style rifles became sufficient to create a market for improvements, numerous manufacturers began producing aftermarket parts—including parts with features not found on basic AR-15 rifles, and individuals with basic mechanical aptitude can often substitute these pieces for original equipment without needing a gunsmith. Due to the vast assortment of aftermarket parts and accessories available, AR-15–style rifles have also been referred to as "the Swiss Army knife of rifles",[38] "Barbie Dolls for Guys",[39][40] or "LEGOs for adults".[41][42][43] These more or less interchangeable modules are a defining characteristic of AR-15–style rifles.[44]

The lower receiver includes the trigger guard in front of the detachable pistol grip, and behind the magazine well. Lower receivers may be bought "stripped"—a single solid part and legally a firearm in the United States, albeit nonfunctional, with no fire control group or lower parts kit installed. End users may install their own choice of fire control group and lower parts kit. The lower receiver holds the trigger assembly including the hammer, and is the attachment point for the buttstock. The lower receiver is attached to the upper receiver by two removable pins. Disassembly for cleaning or repair of malfunctions requires disengaging these pins from the upper receiver. Releasing the rear take-down pin allows the receiver to be opened by rotation around the forward pivot pin as a hinge.[37] Releasing the front pin as well allows the upper receiver to be separated from the lower for cleaning, maintenance or change of caliber by installation of a different upper receiver assembly.

The upper receiver contains the bolt carrier assembly and is attached to the barrel assembly. Sights may be attached to the upper receiver or the barrel assembly. A handguard usually encloses the barrel and is attached to the upper receiver, and depending on the handguard, also attached to the barrel's gas block.[37]

Folding stocks

AR-15–style rifles may have folding or collapsible stocks which reduce the overall length of the rifle when folded, although some designs of the stock folding device may not allow the firearm to be fired until unfolded, or only fire once until unfolded.[45] A few manufacturers have made full upper receivers,[46] or even "bufferless" bolt carrier systems where the buffer system is wholly contained in the upper receiver, and therefore does not use the buffer tube, which allows for firing while the stock is in the folded position, or removal of the stock altogether.[47]

Gas systems

The standard design includes a gas block and tube to vent burnt powder gas back into the bolt carrier assembly where it expands in a variable volume chamber forcing the bolt open to eject the spent cartridge case. The buffer spring in the buttstock then pushes the bolt closed after picking up a new cartridge from the magazine. This Stoner bolt and carrier piston system has the disadvantage of venting un-burned smokeless powder residue into the receiver where it may ultimately accumulate in quantities causing malfunctions. Some AR-15–style rifles use an alternative short-stroke gas piston design borrowed from the ArmaLite AR-18, where a metal rod pushes against the bolt carrier, driven by a piston located just behind the barrel gas port. This piston design keeps the rifle cleaner by not exhausting in to the receiver.[48] Other AR-15–style rifles feature redesigned gas systems so the rifle is "over-the-beach capable", allowing it fire safely as quickly as possible after being submerged in water.[49][50] The original design features a free-floating firing pin. To theoretically reduce the risk of slam-firing, the HK416 and its civilian variant MR556 feature a proprietary firing pin safety in the bolt. Such firing pin safeties may obstruct the upper from working with standard AR-15-type full height hammers located in the fire control group of the lower.[51]

Left-handed users

Most rifles eject spent cartridges from the right side of the receiver away from right-handed shooters who place the butt against the right shoulder while sighting with the right eye and using a finger of the right hand to pull the trigger.[52] Right-side ejection is a disadvantage for the third of the population whose left eye is dominant,[53] and for the tenth of the population who are left handed,[54] because holding these rifles against their left shoulder for maximum accuracy may cause the rifle to eject hot spent cases toward the chest, neck, or face of a left handed shooter.[55] When the M16A2 was adopted by the Army in 1986, it incorporated a built-in brass deflector to keep ejected cartridges from hitting the user. Most civilian variants also copy that feature.[56] The modular design of AR-15–style rifles has encouraged several manufacturers to offer specialized parts including leftward ejecting upper receivers and left-handed bolts/bolt carriers for converting right-handed AR-15–style rifles for left-handed use.[57][58][59]

Ambidextrous lower receivers, magazine releases, and safety selectors have also been produced, allowing release of the magazine from the left side, closing of the bolt from the right side, and operation of the safety from the right side, respectively.[60]

Calibers

Main article: List of AR platform cartridges#AR-15 cartridges

The AR-15 is nominally chambered in .223 Remington or 5.56×45mm NATO, with the .223 Wylde chamber allowing for the safe chambering of both, but many variants have been produced in different calibers such as .22 LR (sometimes referred to as an AR-22 [61]), 7.62×39mm, 9×19mm Parabellum,[62] 6.5mm Grendel, and shotgun calibers.[63] Some of these firearms chambered in smaller calibers such as 9mm or .22 utilize simple blowback[64] or delayed blowback[65] operating principles instead of the default direct impingement/internal-piston based operating system, as insufficient gas pressure or volume is produced by the round to cycle the action, or the simpler blowback system is sufficient and may allow removal of the rear buffer tube and spring.

Compliance with state or local restrictions

Some AR-15–style rifles limit use of detachable magazines to comply with state regulations.[66][67] Nearly all versions of the civilian AR-15 have a pistol grip like the military versions, but as the pistol grip is generally removable, grips and stocks that comply with various restrictions are available.[68]

While AR-15–style rifles are banned in New York City, the FightLite SCR has been explicitly allowed, even though it accepts standard AR-15 upper receivers.[69][70] The SCR lower receiver differs from the standard AR-15 lower receiver in that it uses a Monte Carlo stock instead of a pistol grip, which may allow it to be legally possessed in jurisdictions with assault weapon restrictions in place. It also uses a proprietary bolt carrier due to the angled buffer tube, and a proprietary fire control group that moves the trigger rearward.[71]

A few manufactures offer bolt action or pump action[72][73] AR-15–style rifles incapable of semi-automatic fire.[74] These are most commonly marketed in jurisdictions where ownership of semi-automatic centerfire rifles is heavily restricted, such as in the United Kingdom and Australia.

Comparison to military versions

The semi-automatic civilian AR-15 was introduced by Colt in 1963. The primary distinction between the civilian semi-automatic rifles and the military assault rifles is select fire. Military models are produced with multiple firing modes: semi-automatic fire, fully automatic fire mode and/or burst fire mode, in which the rifle fires multiple rounds in succession when the trigger is depressed a single time. Most components are interchangeable between semi-auto and select fire rifles including magazines, sights, upper receiver, barrels and accessories.[75][76] The military M4 carbine typically uses a 14.5-inch (37-centimetre) barrel. Civilian rifles commonly have 16-inch (41-centimetre) or longer barrels to comply with the National Firearms Act.[77]

To prevent a civilian semi-automatic AR-15 from being readily converted for use with the select fire components, several features were changed. Parts changed include the lower receiver, bolt carrier, hammer, trigger, disconnector, and safety/mode selector. The semi-automatic bolt carrier has a longer lightening slot to prevent the bolt's engagement with an automatic sear. Due to a decrease in mass, the buffer spring is heavier. On the select-fire version, the hammer has an extra spur which interacts with the additional auto-sear that holds it back until the bolt carrier group is fully in battery, when the automatic fire is selected.[78] Using a portion of the select fire parts in a semi-automatic rifle will not enable a select fire option (this requires a registered part with the ATF). Lower receivers that are select-fire are identified by a pinhole above the safety/mode selection switch.[79][80][81][82] As designed by Colt, the pins supporting the semi-auto trigger and hammer in the lower receiver are larger than those used in the military rifle to prevent interchangeability between semi-automatic and select-fire components. The pivot pin may also be slightly larger in diameter.[83][84]

Production and sales

The first version produced for commercial sale by Colt was the SP1 model AR-15 Sporter in .223 Remington, with a 20-inch (51-centimetre) barrel and issued with five-round magazines.[22] Initial sales of the Colt AR-15 were slow, primarily due to its fixed sights and carry handle that made scopes difficult to mount and awkward to use.[85] Military development of compact military AR-15 carbines encouraged production of a 16-inch (41-centimetre) barreled civilian SP1 carbine with a collapsible buttstock beginning in 1977. These carbines have become popular for police use in confined urban spaces, and the collapsible buttstock compensates for the additional thickness of body armor. The shorter barrel reduced bullet velocity by about five percent, and bullet energy by about 10%. The shorter barrel required moving the gas port closer to the chamber, exposing the self-loading system to higher pressures and temperatures which increased stress on moving parts like the bolt lugs and extractor. Although Colt offered a heavier 20-inch (51-centimetre) barrel for improved accuracy beginning in 1986, increased barrel weight may impair ergonomic balance; so shorter barrels have dominated recent rifle production.[86]

In the 1990s, sales of AR-15–style rifles increased dramatically, partly as a result of the introduction of the flat top upper receiver (M4 variant) which allowed scopes and sighting devices to be easily mounted as well as new features such as free floating hand guards that increased accuracy.[85] While only a handful of companies were manufacturing these rifles in 1994, by the 21st century the number of AR-15–style rifles had more than doubled.[83] From 2000 to 2015, the number of manufacturers of AR-15–style rifles increased from 29 to an estimated 500.[87]

AR-15–style rifles are now available in a wide range of configurations and calibers from a large number of manufacturers. These configurations range from standard full-sizes rifles with 20-inch (51-centimetre) barrels, to short carbine-length models with 16-inch (41-centimetre) barrels, adjustable length stocks and optical sights, to long range target models with 24-inch (61-centimetre) barrels, bipods and high-powered scopes.[88]

In September 2019, Colt Firearms announced it was discontinuing production of the AR-15 for the consumer market, citing "significant excess manufacturing capacity" across the industry and the company's "high-volume contracts" with military and police forces that were "absorbing all of Colt's manufacturing capacity for rifles".[89] However, in 2020, Colt resumed production of the AR-15, following a surge in demand in the United States consumer market.[90]

Estimates vary as to how many of the rifles are owned in the United States. The National Shooting Sports Foundation estimated in 2016 that approximately 5 million to 10 million AR-15–style rifles existed in the U.S. within the broader total of the 300 million firearms owned by Americans.[91] According to the National Shooting Sports Foundation, there were an estimated 24.4 million AR-15s in private circulation in the United States in 2020. According to a 2021 Georgetown University poll of gun owners in the US, 24.6 million persons have an AR-15 or a comparable firearm in their possession.[92]

Hunting

Many hunters prefer using AR-15–style rifles because of their versatility, accuracy, wide variety of available features, and wide variety of calibers (see below).[93] Collapsible stocks are convenient for hunters who pack their rifles into remote hunting locations or for length of pull adjustments to fit any sized hunter.[94] Construction with lightweight polymers and corrosion-resistant alloys makes these rifles preferred for hunting in moist environments with less concern about rusting or warping wood stocks. Positioning of the AR-15 safety is an improvement over traditional bolt action hunting rifles. Many states require hunters to use reduced-capacity magazines.[95] If a hunter misses with a first shot, the self-loading feature enables rapid follow-up shots against dangerous animals like feral pigs or rapidly moving animals like jackrabbits.[93] Hunters shooting larger game animals often use upper receivers and barrels adapted for larger cartridges or heavier bullets. Several states prohibit the use of .22 caliber cartridges like the .223 Remington on large game.[96][97][98]

Cartridge variations

Since the upper and lower receivers may be swapped between rifles, forensic firearm examination of bullets and spent cartridges may reveal distinguishing marks from the barrel and upper receiver group without identifying the lower receiver for which legal records may be available.[99] An individual may use several upper receiver groups with the same lower receiver. These upper receiver groups may have differing barrel lengths and sights and may fire different cartridges. A hunter with a single lower receiver might have one upper receiver with a .223 Remington barrel and telescopic sight for varmint hunting in the open country and another upper receiver with a .458 SOCOM barrel and iron sights for big-game hunting in brushy woodland. The dimensions of upper and lower receivers originally designed for the 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge impose an overall length limit and diameter limits when adapting modules for other cartridges included in this list of AR platform cartridges.[100][88] The same magazine in the lower receiver group may hold differing numbers of different cartridges.[48]

Crime and mass shootings

United States

Further information: Mass shootings in the United States

Most firearm-related homicides in the United States involve handguns.[101][102][103] A 2019 Pew Research study found that 3% of US gun deaths were committed using rifles, a category which includes AR-15–style rifles.[104] According to a 2013 analysis by Mayors Against Illegal Guns, 14 out of 93 mass shootings involved high-capacity magazines or assault weapons.[105]

AR-15–style rifles have played a prominent role in many high-profile mass shootings in the U.S.[106] and have come to be widely characterized as the weapon of choice for perpetrators of these crimes.[107] AR-15 or AR-15-style rifles were the primary weapons used in four of the 10 deadliest mass shootings in modern American history:[108][109] the 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, the 2017 Las Vegas shooting, the 2017 Sutherland Springs church shooting,[110] and the 2022 Robb Elementary School shooting.[111]

The first known use of an AR-15–style rifle in a mass shooting was in 2007, during the Crandon shooting, according to Mother Jones's mass shooting database.[112][113] Gun expert Dean Hazen and mass murder researcher Pete Blair claim that mass shooters' gun choices have less to do with the AR-15's specific characteristics but rather with familiarity and a copycat effect.[114][115]

On July 13, 2024, at a Trump rally in Butler, Pennsylvania, Thomas Matthew Crooks used an AR-15–style rifle in an assassination attempt on then-former president Donald Trump.[116]

Australia

Following the use of a Colt AR-15 rifle in the Port Arthur massacre, the worst single-person shooting incident in Australian history, the country enacted the National Firearms Agreement in 1996, restricting the private ownership of semi-automatic rifles, semi-automatic shotguns, and pump action shotguns. (Category D[117]).[118][119][120]

New Zealand

As a result of the Christchurch mosque shootings, which involved two AR-15–style rifles, during Friday Prayer on March 15, 2019, the New Zealand government enacted a law to ban semi-automatic center-fire rifles, magazines holding more than 10 rounds, and parts that can be used to assemble prohibited firearms.[121][122]

Canada

After the 2020 Nova Scotia attacks, the deadliest rampage by a single person in Canadian history,[123] Canada banned a class of firearms, including the AR-15.[124][125]

Partial list of models

See also

References

  1. ^ Zimba, Jeff (2014). The Evolution of the Black Rifle: 20 Years of Upgrades, Options, and Accessories. Prepper Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0692317266.
  2. ^ Plumer, Brad (December 17, 2012). "Everything you need to know about the assault weapons ban, in one post". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived February 24, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
  3. ^ Libresco, Leah (June 14, 2016). "Guns Like The AR-15 Were Never Fully Banned". FiveThirtyEight. Archived May 21, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
  4. ^ Peters, Justin (June 14, 2016). "Omar Mateen Had a 'Modern Sporting Rifle'". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Archived February 16, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
  5. ^ "Modern Sporting Rifle Facts". National Shooting Sports Foundation. 2013. Archived September 1, 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
  6. ^ Feuer, Alan (June 13, 2016). "AR-15 Rifles Are Beloved, Reviled and a Common Element in Mass Shootings". The New York Times. Archived February 17, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 16, 2018. (subscription required)
  7. ^ Ali Watkins; John Ismay; Thomas Gibbons-Neff (March 3, 2018). "Once Banned, Now Loved and Loathed: How the AR-15 Became 'America's Rifle'". New York Times. Archived March 3, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 21 September 2023. "Billed as "America's rifle" by the National Rifle Association, the AR-15 is less a specific weapon than a family of them." (subscription required)
  8. ^ Beckstrand, Tom (October 2019), "The Modern Hunter", Guns & Ammo, pp. 42–49
  9. ^ Boyle, John (December 13, 2014). "Military-style AR-15 rifles: 'The market is saturated'". USA Today. Archived March 28, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 21, 2019.
  10. ^ Chip Reid (December 5, 2012). "AR-15 gun sales continue to spike after shootings". CBS News. Archived February 15, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 21, 2019.
  11. ^ "ArmaLite History: 1952–1954". Archived February 22, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 6, 2022.
  12. ^ Cameron McWhirter & Zusha Elinson (2023). American Gun The True Story of the AR-15. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 46. ISBN 9780374103859. Retrieved 16 November 2025.
  13. ^ "Modern Sporting Rifle – AR-15 platform-based rifles". NSSF. Archived December 28, 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
  14. ^ Myre, Greg (February 28, 2018). "A Brief History Of The AR-15". National Public Radio. Archived May 13, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved November 20, 2021. "AR" comes from the name of the gun's original manufacturer, ArmaLite, Inc. The letters stand for ArmaLite Rifle — and not for "assault rifle" or "automatic rifle."
  15. ^ Sobieck, Benjamin (2015). The Writer's Guide to Weapons. Penguin. p. 202. ISBN 978-1599638157.
  16. ^ Palma, Bethania (September 9, 2019). "Does 'AR' in AR-15 Stand for 'Assault Rifle'?". Snopes Media Group Inc.. Archived May 18, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 6, 2022. A frequent misconception centers on what the term "AR-15" literally means.
  17. ^ Bartocci, Christopher R. (July 16, 2012). "The AR-15/M16: The rifle that was never supposed to be". Gun Digest. Archived March 10, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 18, 2018.
  18. ^ "Patent US2951424 - GAS OPERATED BOLT AND CARRIER SYSTEM". Retrieved April 11, 2013.
  19. ^ "ARMALITE TECHNICAL NOTE 54: DIRECT IMPINGEMENT VERSUS PISTON DRIVE". Armalite. July 3, 2010. Archived September 5, 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
  20. ^ "ArmaLite History: 1955–1959". Archived February 22, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 4, 2022.
  21. ^ Bartocci, Christopher R. (July 16, 2012). "AR-15/M16: The Rifle That Was Never Supposed to Be". Gun Digest. Archived January 11, 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 24, 2017.
  22. ^ "A Beautiful Marriage: .223 Remington and Colt's AR-15 'Sporter'". Guns & Ammo. October 1964.
  23. ^ Bocetta, Sam (March 15, 2018). "The Complete History of the AR-15 Rifle". Small Wars Journal. Archived March 18, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 18, 2018.
  24. ^ "Modern Sporting Rifle Owners Are Most Active Shooters, Says NSSF/Responsive Management Survey". National Shooting Sports Foundation. April 19, 2010. Archived from the original on April 25, 2010. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
  25. ^ "DPMS Founder and President Retires". The Outdoor Wire Digital Network. December 14, 2009. Archived November 17, 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 16, 2013. Luth's quest to introduce the hunting market to the AR platform was recognized in January 2009 when he was named to the Outdoor Life's OL-25, and later chosen by online voters as the OL-25 "Reader's Choice" recipient. The recent campaign by the NSSF to educate hunters everywhere about the "modern sporting rifle" can be directly attributed to Luth's push to make AR rifles acceptable firearms in the field, the woods and on the range.
  26. ^ Richardson, Reed (July 12, 2016). "American Rifle: A Biography of the AR-15". Talking Points Memo. Archived March 29, 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 28, 2017. Fueled by this "Obama effect" – his reelection in 2012 coincided with the best month for gun sales in decades – every mainline gun manufacturer now sells an AR-15 model.
  27. ^ "AR-15 – Trademark Details". JUSTIA Trademarks. Archived February 28, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
  28. ^ 18 U.S.C. 921
  29. ^ Chris Mudgett (April 16, 2020). "7 Things You Need to Know Before Buying an AR Pistol". Outdoor Life. Archived May 10, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
  30. ^ "Keeping Your AR-15 Pistol Build Legal | USCCA Blog"
  31. ^ "Can I lawfully make a rifle into a pistol without registering that firearm?". Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. Archived March 21, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 8, 2025.
  32. ^ "Can I lawfully make a pistol into a rifle without registering that firearm?". Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. Archived March 22, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 8, 2025.
  33. ^ JORDAN MICHAELS (October 17, 2019), "Judge Finds Serious 'Disconnect' in ATF's Classification of AR-15 Lower Receivers as 'Firearms'", Guns America LLC, archived February 1, 2023 at the Wayback Machine
  34. ^ GLOVER, SCOTT (February 7, 2020). "Former ATF agent at center of legal dispute over AR-15". KSL News Radio. Archived February 13, 2023 at the Wayback Machine.
  35. ^ BLEIBERG, JAKE & DAZIO, STEFANIE (January 13, 2020). "Design of AR-15 could derail charges tied to popular rifle". AP News. Archived October 21, 2022 at the Wayback Machine.
  36. ^ "United States v. Burning Breast, No. 20-1450 (8th Cir. 2021)". Justia Law. Retrieved September 16, 2021.
  37. ^ Colt (January 1980). M16A1 Rifle. Hartford, Connecticut: Colt's Manufacturing Company
  38. ^ Patrick Sweeney ARS Across the Board Archived August 19, 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Guns & Ammo, November 2010
  39. ^ Levings, Darryl (February 2, 2013). "AR-15 rifle more loved – and hated – than ever. Amid the rising call for the rifle to be banned, sales of the "Barbie doll for guys" have soared.". Kansas City Star. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
  40. ^ Kyle, Chris (2014). American Gun. William Morrow Paperbacks. p. 252. ISBN 978-0062242723.
  41. ^ Stokes, Jon. "The AR-15 Is More Than a Gun. It's a Gadget". WIRED. Archived February 2, 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
  42. ^ "Fifteen of the Best Cheap AR Accessories". The Shooter's Log. April 18, 2015. Archived February 2, 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
  43. ^ "Lego Kits for Adults". AR Blog. July 13, 2016. Archived February 2, 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
  44. ^ "Modern Sporting Rifle". National Shooting Sports Foundation. Archived December 28, 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
  45. ^ "Best Folding AR-15: Stocks & Complete Rifles - Pew Pew Tactical". June 5, 2022. Archived March 20, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
  46. ^ "[Video+Review] Foxtrot Mike FM-15: Best Bufferless AR? - Pew Pew Tactical". Dec 9, 2022. Archived February 13, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
  47. ^ "Bufferless BCGs Available for Pre-order from Evolution Weapon Systems -The Firearm Blog". Dec 9, 2019. Archived February 13, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
  48. ^ Popenker, Maxim (September 4, 2012). "Ar-15-type rifles". Modern Firearms. Archived February 26, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
  49. ^ "The Caracal CAR816: The New Desert Assault Rifle". sadefensejournal.com. September 2, 2016. Archived October 21, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
  50. ^ "CAR814". Caracalusa.com. October 3, 2017. Archived February 13, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
  51. ^ "Meet the Sig Sauer 516 Rifle: The Best AR-15 Around?". nationalinterest.org. June 30, 2019. Archived March 30, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 11, 2020.
  52. ^ Craige, John Houston The Practical Book of American Guns (1950) Bramhall House pp. 108–14
  53. ^ Chaurasia BD, Mathur BB (1976). "Eyedness". Acta Anat (Basel). 96 (2): 301–05. doi:10.1159/000144681. PMID 970109
  54. ^ Hardyck C, Petrinovich LF (1977). "Left-handedness". Psychol Bull. 84 (3): 385–404. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.84.3.385. PMID 859955
  55. ^ Boddington, Craig. "Rifles For Left-Out Lefties". American Rifleman. Archived March 5, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
  56. ^ "When the Army Resisted the M16A2, Part 1-3 ⋆ LooseRounds.com". looserounds.com. Archived from the original on August 15, 2018. Retrieved June 6, 2022.
  57. ^ "Left Hand". Moriarti Armaments. Archived March 9, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
  58. ^ "Left Handed Upper Halves". Stag Arms. Archived March 9, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
  59. ^ "Left Handed". Black Rain Ordnance. Archived March 9, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
  60. ^ "Best Ambidextrous AR-15 Lower Receivers & Conversions [Tested]". May 19, 2022. Archived February 13, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
  61. ^ Patrick Sweeney (30 August 2016). Gunsmithing the AR-15, the Bench Manual. Iola, Wisconsin: F+W Media, Inc. pp. 274–275. ISBN 978-1-4402-4660-9.
  62. ^ "The 30 Best AR-Style Rifles for Hunting and Personal Defense". Field & Stream. September 18, 2019. Archived July 7, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
  63. ^ "NEW: Panzer Arms AR-12 Semiautomatic Shotgun". The Firearm Blog. November 20, 2017. Archived February 13, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
  64. ^ "Review: Smith & Wesson M&P 15-22 Sport OR with Optic". Ssusa.org. Archived October 16, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
  65. ^ "CMMG Banshee 10mm Mk10 First Look". Handguns. September 13, 2019. Archived March 8, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
  66. ^ "AR-15 COMPMAG". COMPMAG. Archived March 1, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
  67. ^ LaPedis, Ron. "How to make your AR great again – in California". PoliceOne. Archived March 1, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
  68. ^ "Best Featureless AR-15 Parts & Builds". firearmreview.com. Firearm Review. April 9, 2019. Archived March 22, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 20, 2021.
  69. ^ "Ares SCR Is Now New York City Approved -The Firearm Blog". May 22, 2015. Archived April 7, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
  70. ^ "NYPD Authorizes Registration of ARES SCR Rifles in NYC". May 14, 2015. Archived April 10, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
  71. ^ "FightLite SCR - Not Just A Compliant Rifle". August 28, 2019. Archived April 17, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
  72. ^ Horman, B. Gil. "Review: Troy 223 National Sporting Pump-Action Rifle". American Rifleman. Archived March 1, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
  73. ^ "ComGraf Pump Action Rifle". Trend Editor. Archived March 2, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
  74. ^ "SGC Mk V Speedmaster Straight-Pull Rifles Reviews". Gun Mart. Archived February 13, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
  75. ^ Bartocci, Christopher (July 16, 2012). "AR-15/M16: The Rifle That Was Never Supposed to Be". GunDigest. Gun Digest Media. Archived March 10, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
  76. ^ Zimba, Jeff (2014). The Evolution of the Black Rifle. Prepper Press. ISBN 978-0692317266.
  77. ^ Muramatsu, Kevin (2014). Gun Digest Guide to Customizing Your AR-15. F+W Media, Inc. ISBN 978-1440242793.
  78. ^ Hanks, D. A. (2004). Workbench AR-15 Project. Paladin Press. ISBN 1610048466.
  79. ^ "NCJRS Abstract – National Criminal Justice Reference Service". Ncjrs.gov. Archived September 20, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
  80. ^ "AR-15, CAR-15, M16 User Manual". Ugcsurvival. Archived April 5, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
  81. ^ "Full Auto Volume One : AR-15 Modification Manual". Ugcsurvival. Archived April 5, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
  82. ^ Searson, Mike (June 5, 2019). "Turning Your AR-15 into an M-16". Recoil. Archived February 13, 2023 at the Wayback Machine.
  83. ^ Sweeney, Patrick (2016). Gunsmithing the AR-15, the Bench Manual. Iola, Wisconsin: F+W Media, Inc. pp. 7–9. ISBN 978-1440246609.
  84. ^ "Colt AR-15 Proprietary Information". April 24, 2019. Archived February 13, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 29, 2022.
  85. ^ Mann, Richard A. (2014). GunDigest Shooter's Guide to the AR-15. Iola, Wisconsin: Krause Publications. pp. 15–16. ISBN 978-1440238475. Archived April 24, 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
  86. ^ Knupp, Jeremiah (2019). "This Is My Rifle: The Case For The 20"-Barreled AR-15". American Rifleman. 167 (3): 41–45 & 70–72. National Rifle Association of America. Archived October 4, 2022 at the Wayback Machine.
  87. ^ O'Dea, Meghan (June 13, 2016). "What Makes the AR-15 So Appealing to Mass Shooters?". Fortune. Archived February 23, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 15, 2018. While Colt alone makes the official AR-15, variants and knock-offs are made by a huge number of gun manufactures, including Bushmaster, Les Baer, Remington, Smith & Wesson (swhc, +0.00%), and Sturm & Ruger (rgr, -2.04%), just to name a few. TacticalRetailer claims that from 2000 to 2015 the AR manufacturing sector expanded from 29 AR makers to about 500, "a stunning 1,700% increase."
  88. ^ Evolution of an AR | Gear | Guns & Ammo Archived September 15, 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Archives.gunsandammo.com (August 29, 2011). Retrieved on September 27, 2011.
  89. ^ Jordan Valinsky (September 20, 2019). "Colt will stop making AR-15 rifles for consumers". CNN Business. Archived April 12, 2023 at the Wayback Machine.
  90. ^ Chris Eger (June 29, 2020). "Colt Now Shipping AR-15s to Consumers again". Guns.com. Archived March 28, 2023 at the Wayback Machine.
  91. ^ Schoen, John W. (June 13, 2016). "Owned by 5 million Americans, AR-15 under renewed fire after Orlando massacre". CNBC. Archived March 17, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
  92. ^ Schuppe, Jon & Wu, Jiachuan (May 14, 2023). "What makes the AR-15 so beloved and so reviled". NBC News. Archived May 31, 2023 at the Wayback Machine.
  93. ^ Drabold, Will. "Here Are 7 Animals Hunters Kill Using an AR-15". Time. Archived April 22, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 22, 2018. In interviews with Time, leaders of 15 state shooting groups said semiautomatic rifles are popular with hunters in their states. Hunters say they favor the gun for its versatility, accuracy and customizable features for shooting animals. The semiautomatic feature, which allows these guns to shoot up to 45 rounds a minute, is not always necessary, but useful in some situations, hunters say.
  94. ^ Billings, Jacki (November 17, 2017). "Why hunters are trading in traditional hunting rifles for the AR-15". Guns.com. Archived May 20, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
  95. ^ Metcalf, Dick (April 30, 2012). "The AR for Deer Hunting?". North American Whitetail. Archived April 24, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
  96. ^ "Legal Hunting Weapons for Game Mammals". Oregon Hunting Regulations. J.F. Griffin Publishing. Archived August 3, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 26, 2018.
  97. ^ "Legal Firearms for Hunting Big Game or Trophy Game Animals". Wyoming Hunter Ed Course. Kalkomey Enterprises LLC. Archived August 3, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 26, 2018.
  98. ^ "Legal Use of Firearms and Archery Tackle". General Information & Hunting Regulations. Virginia Department of Game & Inland Fisheries. Archived August 3, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 26, 2018.
  99. ^ Davis, Ann L. "How can a bullet be traced to a particular gun?". Scientific American. Archived March 1, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
  100. ^ U.S. Military Small Arms Ammunition Failures and Solutions, GK Roberts, NDIA Dallas, TX, May 21, 2008 "Time for a Change". Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2011.
  101. ^ "In Many U.S. States, 18 Is Old Enough to Buy a Semiautomatic". CBS News. February 16, 2018. Archived February 20, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 19, 2018. On average, more than 13,000 people are killed each year in the United States by guns, and most of those incidents involve handguns while a tiny fraction involve an AR-style firearm. Still, the AR plays an oversized role in many of the most high-profile shootings...
  102. ^ "Expanded Homicide Data Table 8". FBI. Retrieved June 3, 2022.
  103. ^ Balko, Radley (2013). Rise of the Warrior Cop: The Militarization of America's Police Forces. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1610392129.
  104. ^ "What the data says about gun deaths in the U.S.". Pew Research Center. Archived May 28, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
  105. ^ Todd, Michael (December 23, 2013). "The Simple Facts About Mass Shootings Aren't Simple at All". Pacific Standard. Archived August 23, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
  106. ^ Lisa Marie Pane And Brendan Farrington (February 15, 2018). "Florida shooting revives debate over gun age requirement". Business Insider. Archived February 20, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
  107. ^ Multiple sources: * Jansen, Bart & Cummings, William (November 6, 2017), "Why mass shooters are increasingly using AR-15s", USA Today, archived February 15, 2018 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved February 15, 2018 AR-15 style rifles have been the weapon of choice in many recent mass shootings, including the Texas church shooting Sunday, the Las Vegas concert last month and the Orlando nightclub last year. * Oppel, Richard A. Jr. (February 15, 2018), "In Florida, an AR-15 Is Easier to Buy Than a Handgun", The New York Times, archived February 15, 2018 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved February 15, 2018 The carnage in Florida on Wednesday that left at least 17 dead seemed to confirm that the rifle and its variants have also become the weapons of choice for mass killers. * Lloyd, Whitney (February 16, 2018). "Why AR-15-style rifles are popular among mass shooters". ABC News. Archived March 2, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 2, 2018. AR-15-style rifles have become something of a weapon of choice for mass shooters.
  108. ^ The Los Angeles Times identified five shootings including the Orlando nightclub shooting. Early reports on that shooting identified the rifle as an AR-15. Later reports noted that the rifle was a SIG MCX. * Howerton, Jason (June 14, 2016). "The gun the Orlando shooter used wasn't actually an AR-15". Business Insider. Archived October 6, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 6, 2018. * Gibbons-Neff, Thomas (June 14, 2016). "The gun the Orlando shooter used was a Sig Sauer MCX, not an AR-15. That doesn't change much.". The Washington Post. Archived January 31, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 6, 2018.
  109. ^ Pearce, Matt (February 14, 2018). "Mass shootings are getting deadlier. And the latest ones all have something new in common: The AR-15". Los Angeles Times. Archived May 10, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 11, 2018. in all of the latest incidents...the attackers primarily used AR-15 semiautomatic rifles.
  110. ^ "Why the AR-15 keeps appearing at America's deadliest mass shootings". USA Today. Archived February 25, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
  111. ^ Barned-Smith, St. John (May 25, 2022). "Uvalde teen gunman bought AR-15 style rifle day after he turned 18". Houston Chronicle. Archived May 19, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 25, 2022.
  112. ^ Despart, Zach (March 20, 2023). "'He has a battle rifle': Police feared Uvalde gunman's AR-15". The Texas Tribune. Archived May 31, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
  113. ^ Follman, Mark; Aronsen, Gavin; Pan, Deanna. "US Mass Shootings, 1982–2023: Data From Mother Jones' Investigation". Mother Jones. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
  114. ^ "Why the AR-15 keeps appearing at America's deadliest mass shootings". USA Today. February 15, 2018. Archived June 12, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
  115. ^ Lloyd, Whitney (February 16, 2018). "Why AR-15-style rifles are popular among mass shooters". ABC News. Archived June 12, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
  116. ^ ABC News. "Video Trump rally shooter used AR-15-style rifle, Secret Service says". ABC News. Retrieved 2024-07-14.
  117. ^ Oakes, Dan (January 23, 2013). "Assault guns made here". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived February 27, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
  118. ^ "Firearms in Australia: a guide to electronic resources". aph.gov.au. Commonwealth of Australia. August 9, 2007. Archived March 5, 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 4, 2015.
  119. ^ Breiding, R. James (October 13, 2017). "How Australia Passed Gun Control: The Port Arthur Massacre and Beyond". Foreign Affairs. Archived February 20, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 18, 2018.
  120. ^ Wahlquist, Calla (March 14, 2016). "It took one massacre: how Australia embraced gun control after Port Arthur". The Guardian. Archived February 22, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
  121. ^ Perry, Nick (2019-04-01). "New Zealand initiates bill to ban guns used in mosque attack". PBS NewsHour. Archived 2019-04-01 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2022-08-23.
  122. ^ "New Zealand passes gun law reform in wake of Christchurch attack | New Zealand News". Al Jazeera. April 10, 2019. Archived May 27, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
  123. ^ "Nova Scotia mass killings: What we know and what we don't know". CBC News. April 19, 2020. Archived February 13, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 19, 2020. "The suspect used his gun during the rampage, but may have used 'other methods' as well, said RCMP Chief Supt. Chris Leather."
  124. ^ "Canada Bans Assault-Style Weapons After Shooting Rampage". The New York Times. May 1, 2020. Archived from the original on May 2, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
  125. ^ Ballingall, Alex (May 1, 2020). "Ottawa will let gun owners keep 'military-style' firearms despite nationwide ban". The Star. Archived March 8, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 2, 2020.

Further reading

  • Stevens, R. Blake and Edward C. Ezell (1994). The Black Rifle M16 Retrospective. Ontario, Canada: Collector Grade Publications. ISBN 0889351155
  • Bartocci, Christopher R. (2004). Black Rifle II The M16 Into the 21st Century. Ontario, Canada: Collector Grade Publications. ISBN 0889353484