{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}} {{Use Australian English|date=May 2011}} {{Infobox Australian place | type = lga | name = Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara | state = sa | image = APY LGA.png | caption = Location of the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara | pop = <!--leave blank to draw the latest automatically from Wikidata--> | established = 1981 | established_footnotes = {{sfn|APY: About us}}{{sfn|ATNS|2013}} | area = 103000 | area_footnotes = {{sfn|APY: About us}}{{sfn|ATNS|2013}} |timezone=[[Australian Central Standard Time|Australian Central Standard Time (ACST)]]|utc=+9:30|timezone-dst=''Unlike in the rest of SA, daylight savings is not observed''| mayor = | seat = [[Umuwa, South Australia|Umuwa]] | region = [[Far North (South Australia)|Far North]]{{sfn|Department of Planning}} | stategov = [[Electoral district of Giles|Giles]]{{sfn|ECSA|2016}} | fedgov = [[Division of Grey|Grey]]{{sfn|AEC|2016}} | logo = Flag of Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara, South Australia, Australia.png | url = anangu.com.au | near-n = [[MacDonnell Shire]], Iyarrka Ward ([[Imanpa, Northern Territory|Imanpa, NT]]) | near-ne = [[MacDonnell Shire]], Iyarrka Ward ([[Aputula|Aputula (Finke), NT]]) | near-e = [[Outback Communities Authority]] | near-se = [[Outback Communities Authority]] | near-s = [[Maralinga Tjarutja|Maralinga Tjarutja, SA]] | near-sw = [[Laverton, Western Australia|Laverton Shire, WA]] | near-w = [[Ngaanyatjarraku|Ngaanyatjarraku, WA]] | near-nw = [[MacDonnell Shire]], Iyarrka Ward ([[Kaltukatjara|Kaltukatjara, NT]]) }} '''Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara''', also known as '''APY''', '''APY Lands''' or ''the Lands'', is a large, sparsely populated [[Local government in Australia|local government area]] (LGA) for [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal people]], located in the remote north west of [[South Australia]]. Some of the [[Aṉangu]] (people) of the [[Western Desert cultural bloc]], in particular [[Pitjantjatjara people|Pitjantjatjara]], [[Yankunytjatjara]] and [[Ngaanyatjarra]] peoples, inhabit the Lands.
Governance of the area is determined by the ''[[Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981]]'' (or APYLRA), whereby an elected executive board reports to the [[Premier of South Australia]]. The APY's administration centre is located at [[Umuwa]].
A large portion of the APY Lands was formerly the '''North-West Aboriginal Reserve'''.
== Time zone == Due to its links with the [[Northern Territory]] and proximity to the border, the APY Lands do not observe daylight savings unlike the rest of South Australia. The time zone observed throughout the year is Australian Central Standard Time ([[UTC+9:30]]), in line with [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]] rather than [[Adelaide]].
==History== ===Early history=== The Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara people (''aṉangu'') had lived in this area for many thousands of years. Even after the [[Colonisation of Australia|British began to colonise the Australian continent]] from 1788 onwards, and [[British colonisation of South Australia|the colonisation of South Australia]] from 1836, the ''aṉangu'' remained more or less undisturbed for many more years, apart from very occasional encounters with a variety of European explorers.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}
===20th century=== In 1921, with white settlement now beginning to encroach on the ''aṉangu''{{'}}s traditional land, the South Australian Government proclaimed the North-West [[Aboriginal reserve|Aboriginal Reserve]]. This Reserve consisted of most of what is now known as the APY Lands, with the exception of the eastern part of the APY Lands, which was given over to pastoral leases to Europeans.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}
In 1937, the [[Presbyterian Church of Australia|Presbyterian Church]] council, spearheaded by [[Charles Duguid]], established the Ernabella Mission on the Lands at the place now known as [[Pukatja, South Australia|Pukatja]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}
By the 1950s, many ''aṉangu'' were living at the Ernabella Mission, while many others lived at camps on pastoral leases on what are now the Lands, or nearby, where they would work. Those pastoral leases included [[Granite Downs Station|Granite Downs]], Everard Park, Victory Downs, De Rose Hill, Kenmore Park, and Mount Cavanagh.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}
In 1961, to prevent overcrowding at Ernabella Mission, the Church established what became the community of [[Amata, South Australia|Amata]], but which was originally known as Musgrave Park. At the same time the Church also established what is now the community of [[Kaltjiti]], but which was then known as Fregon.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}
In 1968, what is now the community of [[Indulkana]] was established by the South Australian Government, as a base from which to provide welfare services to ''aṉangu'' living in camps on pastoral leases, where work was becoming increasingly difficult to find. At that time, the surrounding area was excised from pastoral leases and declared the Indulkana Aboriginal Reserve.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}
The body now known as Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara was formed in 1981 by the passing of the ''[[Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act, 1981|Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981]]''{{sfn|ALII|1981|p=i}} by the [[Parliament of South Australia]] under Premier [[Don Dunstan]], and includes the [[Pitjantjatjara people|Pitjantjatjara]], [[Yankunytjatjara]] and [[Ngaanyatjarra]] groups.{{sfn|waru.org – organisations}}
"Ara Irititja" is a project of the APY, commenced in 1994 to identify, copy and electronically record historical materials about the Anangu (Pitjantjatjara/Yankunytjatjara people). Its purpose is to prevent the loss of the history, and to allow the teaching of it to others in the [[community]].{{sfn|Ara Irititja}}
===21st century=== By 2007 the peoples of the region had not had any major [[economic]] development, apart from [[tourism]], but there had been proposals to [[Mining|mine]] in the area. The opal fields of [[Mintabie, South Australia|Mintabie]] came under separate governance that time.{{sfn|OACDT}}
The [[Musgrave Block]] in the Lands has been viewed as having billions of dollars in potential [[mineral]] deposits and [[petroleum]]. But ''a<u>n</u>angu'' have been wary of opening up the area to mining, concerned about the impact on [[Australian Aboriginal sacred site|sacred site]]s and the [[Natural environment|environment]]. In 2003 mining companies were conducting discussions to try to allay these worries.{{sfn|Haxton|2003}}
A 2004 parliamentary report on an inquiry by a select committee led by Minister for Aboriginal Affairs [[Terry Roberts (politician)|Terry Roberts]] examined the shortcomings of the 1981 Act, which had not addressed entrenched social and economic problems in the Lands. The review noted shortcomings in the delivery of human services and infrastructure, and identified a "need to address the issue of the overall governance of the AP Lands and to formalise arrangements within an Act of Parliament and/or the Constitution of Anangu Pitjantjatjara". After wide consultation and consideration of many submissions, the committee made 15 recommendations. One of these was the establishment of a permanent police presence, as one of several strategies used to combat the problems of [[petrol sniffing]] and [[family violence]].<ref>{{cite report| title=Report of the Select Committee on Pitjantjatjara Land Rights: Third Session, Fiftieth Parliament 2003-2004|url=https://www8.austlii.edu.au/au/other/SALCSelCEP/2004/1.pdf| via=Austlii| publisher= Parliament of South Australia |author=Standing Committee on Aboriginal Lands (Parliament of South Australia) |date= 1 June 2004}}</ref>
In July 2007 [[South Australia Police]] in co-operation with liquor outlets in [[Coober Pedy]] (250 km to the south-east entrance to the Lands) agreed to create a register of alcohol purchases, to enable police to identify persons who purchased large quantities of alcohol in Coober Pedy potentially for transportation into Aboriginal lands.{{Citation needed|date=May 2019}} Also in July, Commonwealth Indigenous Affairs Minister [[Mal Brough]] offered federal help for a "drug and alcohol crackdown" in South Australian Aboriginal lands – such as the APY Lands.{{sfn|''Adelaide Advertiser''|2007b|p=14}}
In early August 2007, the [[Mike Rann|Rann]] South Australian Labor Government announced [[Australian Dollar|A$]] 34 million package to "improve well-being of Aboriginal people" in the APY Lands. $25m was to be spent on improving housing and most of the remaining $8m on law enforcement in [[Amata, South Australia|Amata]] and [[Pukatja, South Australia|Pukatja]].{{sfn|SA Govt|2007}} In November, SA Police Commissioner Mal Hyde announced the signing of a new enterprise agreement for South Australia Police that would include incentive packages to lure police to work in rural and remote areas such as the Lands.{{sfn|ABC News|2007}}
In May 2008, retired [[High Court of Australia|Supreme Court]] judge the Hon [[Ted Mullighan]] QC delivered his supplementary report to his [[Children in State Care Commission of Inquiry]], entitled the "Children on Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands Commission of Inquiry – a Report into Sexual Abuse" (aka "the Mullighan report").{{sfn|Mullighan Inquiry Report|2008}}
In December 2009 the South Australian Parliament passed the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights (Mintabie) Amendment Bill,{{sfn|Paper Tracker|2007}} which was an amendment to the ''APY Land Rights Act 1981'', the ''Opal Mining Act 1995'', and by-laws under the ''APY Land Rights Act 1981'', affecting the mainly non-[[Indigenous Australians|Indigenous]] residents of the opal-mining town, [[Mintabie, South Australia|Mintabie]].{{sfn|APY Land Rights Bill|2009}} This amendment changed the licensing system for residential and commercial premises effective 1 July 2012, allowing the Minister responsible for the ''Opal Mining Act'' to grant licences.{{sfn|Mintabie Review|2018}}
A 2017 report found many instances of non-compliance with the 2009 Amendment as well as other problems occurring in the settlement of Mintabie. It recommended closure of the township, with control reverting to APY.{{sfn|Mintabie Review|2018}} After an appeal by residents failed, the final eviction date for the township was set at 31 December 2019.{{sfn|ABC News, Eviction|2019}}
In March 2024, the Kulilaya Festival was held at Umuwa to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the 1981 ''APY Land Rights Act''. It had been delayed for three years owing to the impact of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in South Australia|COVID-19 pandemic]]. Artists, musicians, and dancers presented their history and stories to commemorate the occasion.<ref>{{cite web | title=APY Land Rights Act 1981 celebrated at Kulilaya Festival | website=SA Native Title|series= Aboriginal Way Podcast|format= audio + text | date=3 May 2024 | url=https://www.nativetitlesa.org/apy-land-rights-act-1981-celebrated-at-kulilaya-festival/ | access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref> The word ''kulilaya'' approximates to the meaning of "listen", and was the name of a land rights protest song that was sung frequently in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and since then sung regularly by the Ernabella Choir, the APY Choir, and the Iwiri Choir.<ref name=maher2024>{{cite web | title=Thursday, April 11 2024 | website=Hansard Daily: Legislative Council|first= Kyam| last=Maher| author-link=Kyam Maher | date=11 April 2024 | url=https://hansardsearch.parliament.sa.gov.au/daily/uh/2024-04-11/18 | access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref> Several [[inma]] ceremonies were performed,<ref>{{cite web | title=SANTS News | website=SA Native Title | date=29 March 2024 | url=https://www.nativetitlesa.org/sants-news-march-2024/ | access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref> politicians from across the spectrum attended the festival, and performers included [[Dem Mob]], [[Docker River Band]], the Iwiri Choir, Mala, the Pukatja Band, and Desert Rain.<ref name=maher2024/>
In the summer of 2025/6, APY has been plagued by [[Australian feral camel|feral camels]] in search of water. The animals have damaged infrastructure and many have died, creating a problem with disposal of carcasses.<ref>{{cite web | last=Madden | first=Jenae | title=Camels dying from dehydration descend on APY Lands | website=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] | date=12 February 2026 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-02-12/apy-lands-feral-camels-dying-drought-sa/106321572 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260212044523/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-02-12/apy-lands-feral-camels-dying-drought-sa/106321572 | archive-date=12 February 2026 | url-status=live | access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref>
==Geography and location== The [[Musgrave Ranges]], straddling the border between South Australia and the [[Northern Territory]] and the [[Mann Ranges]] and [[Tomkinson Ranges]], both in the north-west of South Australia, stretch from east to west on the southern side of the NT border. The APY area includes isolated ranges and hills and large [[sandhill]] plains, and APY people also have affiliations with land in the NT to the [[Petermann Ranges (Australia)|Petermann Ranges]], and in [[Western Australia]].{{sfn|O'Connor|1997}}
===Geology=== There is a large [[palaeovalley]], a [[geological]] term for an ancient, buried river, underneath the APY Lands. A map of the geological formation, complete with scientific and technical terminology, has been translated into [[Pitjantjatjara language|Pitjantjatjara]] by a team of translators, based on the English-language map developed by government agencies.{{sfn|Lysaght|2021}}
There is a long strip of [[limestone]] breaking through red soil near [[Kaltjiti|Fregon/Kaltjiti]], where a new water source was found in 2019. The area is one of two places in the world which have landlocked [[tectonic plate]]s, and drilling samples have been estimated to be between 5 and 10 million years old.{{sfn|Martin|Puddy|2019}}
===Adjoining land=== To the north of the APY Lands, the [[MacDonnell Shire]] Council was created by the Northern Territory in 2008, renamed MacDonnell Region in 2014, spanning the south of the Territory from west to east. [[Western Australia]] lies to the west. The South Australian LGA to the south of APY Lands is [[Maralinga Tjarutja]] (with the [[District Council of Coober Pedy]] to the east of that, but not adjoining APY).
The [[Outback Communities Authority]] is not an LGA, but is the [[statutory authority]] responsible for the development of areas adjoining the APY Lands (excluding the above-mentioned) as well as other large areas (63% of the state in total), to "manage the provision of public services and facilities to outback communities" which are widely dispersed across the region.{{sfn|OCA}}
===Localities=== The APY LGA encompasses a number of settlements of a range of sizes, many of them being located in the Musgrave Ranges. An interactive map shows the location of communities and further information about each on the Paper Tracker website.{{sfn|Paper Tracker – Anangu}}
The main communities include [[Indulkana, South Australia|Indulkana]] (Iwantja), [[Mimili]], [[Kaltjiti]] (Fregon), [[Pukatja]] (Ernabella), [[Amata, South Australia|Amata]], [[Pipalyatjara]], and [[Watarru]]; the larger homelands are [[Kalka, South Australia|Kalka]], [[Kanpi, South Australia|Kanpi]], [[Nyapari, South Australia|Nyapari]] and [[Yunyarinyi, South Australia|Yunyarinyi]] (homeland). The APY administration centre of the Lands is located at Umuwa.{{sfn|APY: About us}}{{sfn|ESCoSA|2014}}
[[Mintabie, South Australia|Mintabie]] was an [[opal]]-mining town, leased back to the [[Government of South Australia]] between 1981 and 2019, when the residents were evicted.{{sfn|ABC News, Eviction|2019}}{{sfn|Mann|2018}}{{sfn|Martin|Culliver|2018}}{{sfn|Martin|Culliver|2019}}
The list of Aboriginal communities (c) and homelands (h):{{sfn|APY: About us}}
{{div col|colwidth=20em}} * [[Amata, South Australia|Amata]] (c) * [[Indulkana, South Australia|Indulkana]] (c) * [[Irintata, South Australia|Irintata]] (h) * [[Iwantja, South Australia|Iwantja]] (c) * [[Kaltjiti, South Australia|Kaljiti/Fregon]] * [[Kalka, South Australia|Kalka]] (h) * [[Kanpi, South Australia|Kanpi]] (h) * [[Mimili, South Australia|Mimili]] (c) * [[Murputja, South Australia|Murputja]] (c) * [[Nyapari, South Australia|Nyapari]] (h) * [[Pipalyatjara, South Australia|Pipalyatjara]] (c) * [[Pukatja, South Australia|Pukatja/Ernabella]] (c) * [[Tjurma]] (h) * [[Turkey Bore, South Australia|Turkey Bore]] * [[Umuwa, South Australia|Umuwa]] – administrative centre * [[Watarru, South Australia|Watarru]] (c) * [[Watinuma, South Australia|Watinuma]] * [[Yunyarinyi, South Australia|Yunyarinyi]] (h) {{div col end}}
==Governance== Governance of the area is determined by the ''[[Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981|APY Land Rights Act 1981]]'' (amended 2017), whereby an elected executive board reports to the [[Premier of South Australia]].{{sfn|APYLR Act|1981}}{{sfn|APYLR Act – Notes}} The board appoints a general manager for a fixed term. Richard King was elected by the board in April 2015, and his term was extended for a year in March 2023, despite opposition by some councillors.<ref>{{cite web | last=Tlozek | first=Eric | title=APY Lands board reappoints Richard King as general manager in special meeting | date=17 March 2023 | publisher = ABC News|location=Australia | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-03-18/apy-board-reappoints-richard-king-as-general-manager/102114376 | access-date=19 March 2023}}</ref> In August 2025, the [[South Australian Government]] announced the appointment of administrators to run the lands for three months from 3 September, after a review found the reappointment of its general manager was constitutionally invalid under the ''APY Land Rights Act''. King said that, after 12 years in the job, he would return to his family in Adelaide.<ref>{{cite web | last=Bermingham | first=Kathryn | title=SA government to appoint administrators to run APY Lands | website=ABC News | date=27 August 2025 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-08-27/administrators-to-be-appointed-to-run-apy-lands/105704838 | access-date=28 August 2025}}</ref>
The statutory functions of the APY body corporate, a [[land council]], are:{{sfn|Land Rights Act|p=8}} * to ascertain the wishes and opinions of [[traditional owners]] in relation to the management, use and control of the lands and to seek, where practicable, to give effect to those wishes and opinions; * to protect the interests of traditional owners in relation to the management, use and control of the lands; and * to negotiate with persons desiring to use, occupy or gain access to any part of the lands; * to administer land vested in Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara.
The area is usually referred to as the APY Lands.{{sfn|Road Upgrade FAQ}}{{sfn|TAFE SA}}{{sfn|APY Lands Communities}}{{sfn|MacLennan|2016}} A permit is required for visitors to any community on the APY Lands, as they are [[fee simple|freehold]] lands owned by the Aboriginal people.{{sfn|Permits}}
===Electoral boundaries=== The ''Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands Rights (Miscellaneous) Amendment Act 2016'' determined the boundaries of seven APY electorates to elect the executive board of Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara. The electorates would be:{{sfn|APYLR Amendment Act|2016}}{{sfn|APYLR Amendment Act – map|2016}} * (i) the community groups of [[Pipalyatjara]] and [[Kalka, South Australia|Kalka]]; * (ii) the community groups of [[Kanypi, South Australia|Kanypi]], [[Nyapari]], [[Angatja, South Australia|Angatja]] and [[Watarru]]; * (iii) the community groups of [[Amata, South Australia|Amata]] and Tjurma; * (iv) the community groups of [[Kaltjiti]], [[Irintata, South Australia|Irintata]] and [[Watinuma, South Australia|Watinuma]]; * (v) the community groups of [[Pukatja]], [[Yunyarinyi]], [[Anilalya, South Australia|Anilalya]] and [[Turkey Bore, South Australia|Turkey Bore]]; * (vi) the community group of [[Mimili]]; and * (vii) the community groups of [[Iwantja]], [[Amuruna, South Australia|Amuruna]], [[Railway Bore, South Australia|Railway Bore]], [[Witjintitja, South Australia|Witjintitja]] and [[Wallatinna, South Australia|Wallatinna]].
==Demographics== ===2021 census=== ; General
The 2021 census identified the following statistics:{{sfn|ABS 2021 Census}} * APY Lands had 2,333 residents, 54.2% of whom were female and 88.5% of whom were [[Indigenous Australians]] (3.2% nationally), Australian Aboriginal ancestry 86.7% (2.9% nationally). * 93.4% of the people were born in Australia (66.9% nationally); 90.0% of people had both parents born in Australia (45.9% nationally). * There were 577 families. * Median age of people was 28 years; children 0–14 years, 24.0% of the population; people aged 65+ years old, 4.0% of the population. * 18.8% considered themselves affiliated to the Uniting Church, another 12.9% Christian (2.6%, 2.7% nationally). * Languages spoken at home were: English only 11.0%; other languages included [[Pitjantjatjara language|Pitjantjatjara]] 68.7%, [[Yankunytjatjara language|Yankunytjatjara]] 10.6%, [[Ngaanyatjarra language|Ngaanyatjarra]] 0.9%, [[Warlpiri language|Warlpiri]] 0.8% and [[Luritja dialect|Luritja]] 0.7%.{{efn|Yankunytjatjara and Pitjantjatjara are closely related dialects and both are likely to be spoken in the household; it is also possible that the census collectors spoke different dialects in different census years; in addition, there are other factors affecting the quality of language data, as described on the explanatory page on the ABS website {{harv|ABoS|2007}}.}} * 38.4% worked full-time (55.9% nationally) and 23.5% part-time (31.2% nationally). * 75.5% of the population rented their homes (30.6% nationally), paying median rent of $85 ($375 nationally). * 38.5% of dwellings had no motor vehicle (7.3% nationally).
; Largest town populations
{{div col}} * [[Pukatja, South Australia|Pukatja]] (Ernabella) 519{{sfn|Census 2021: Pukatja}} * [[Amata, South Australia|Amata]] 393{{sfn|Census 2021: Amata}} * [[Indulkana, South Australia|Indulkana]] (Iwantja) 338{{sfn|Census 2021: Indulkana}} * [[Mimili, South Australia|Mimili]] 277{{sfn|Census 2021: Mimili}} * [[Kaltjiti]] (Fregon) 261{{sfn|Census 2021: Kaltjiti}} * [[Pipalyatjara, South Australia|Pipalyatjara]] 159{{sfn|Census 2021: Pipalyatjara}} {{div col end}}
===Historical=== The 2006 ABS census figures were not vastly different. The total number of residents was slightly lower, at 2,230, but with a higher percentage born in Australia, at 98%. There were fewer speakers of Pitjantjatjara (58.6%), and more Yankuntjatjara (14.3%). More (46.1%) identified as being affiliated with the Uniting Church, and a similar percentage rented their homes.{{sfn|ABS 2006 Census}}
==Access and facilities== ===Main Access Road upgrade=== The upgrade to the Main Access Road is a major project, originally scheduled to begin in 2015 and be completed in 2019, at a cost of {{AUD|106.25}}m (split 80/20 between federal and state governments). It is an upgrade to {{convert|210|km}} of the main access road between the [[Stuart Highway]] and Pukatja/Ernabella, and {{convert|21|km}} of community and airstrip access roads in Pukatja, Umuwa, Kaltjiti/Fregon, Mimili and Iwantja/Indulkana. It is expected to deliver safer road travel, better access to employment opportunities, improved delivery of food supplies, improved living standards, etc.{{sfn|DPTI Road Upgrade FAQ|2018}} In January 2019 it was reported that construction started in 2017, and should be completed by 2021.{{sfn|Road Upgrade|2019}}
===Services=== Based in Umuwa, Anangu Pitjantjatjara Services (AP Services), an incorporated body established in 1993, provides essential services such as roads and housing.{{sfn|PY Media}} Regional Anangu Services Aboriginal Corporation (RASAC) was established in early 2010 as an offshoot of AP Services,{{sfn|RASAC: Corporate Info}} and is now the biggest employer of APY people, with headquarters in Alice Springs and seven community depots. It delivers services such as rental accommodation, aerodromes, building repairs and maintenance, civil works, community patrols, fuel supplies, homeland services and municipal services.{{sfn|RASAC Snapshot}}
===Housing=== A few months after his election in early 2018, Premier [[Steven Marshall]], also responsible for Aboriginal Affairs, visited the APY Lands as part of his "whole-of-government" plan which aims to measure SA's progress on improving services to Aboriginal communities. He reported afterwards that employment, especially for young people, was a major issue that needed addressing; and the other one was housing. His government was working on a new funding agreement for remote housing with the [[Australian Government|federal government]], after the 10-year National Partnership Agreement on Remote Housing had ended on 30 June. Susan Tilley, Uniting Communities Aboriginal policy and advocacy manager, said that there were about 75 families still on the waiting list for housing, and that maintenance of existing stock and new housing had to be continued.{{sfn|Richards|2018}}
===Health facilities=== The Nganampa Health Council (NHC), an Aboriginal Community-Controlled Health Organisation, runs all of the clinics in the APY Lands and runs a wide range of services, such as the Tjilpi Pampaku Ngura Aged Care facility and health-related programs "including aged care, sexual health, environmental health, health worker training, dental, women's health, male health, children's health, immunisation, eye health and mental health".{{sfn|NHC}}
In 2014, a Mobile [[Kidney dialysis|Dialysis]] Unit, a specially designed truck fitted with three [[Kidney dialysis|dialysis]] chairs started operation, visiting remote Aboriginal communities across South Australia, including Pukatja, Mimili, Kaltjiti and Amata in the APY Lands, as well as [[Marla, South Australia|Marla]], [[Yalata]], [[Coober Pedy]], and [[Leigh Creek, South Australia|Leigh Creek]].{{sfn|SA Health}} It is run from Purple House, a renal health clinic in [[Alice Springs]], over {{convert|400|km|mi}} away. In July 2018, Health Minister [[Greg Hunt]] and [[Ken Wyatt]], then Minister for Indigenous Health, announced increased funding for a number of health initiatives, including expanding renal health units in remote parts, through the [[National Health and Medical Research Council]] (NHMRC).{{sfn|NITV|2019}}
In November 2019, a four-bed dialysis clinic was opened in Pukatja, named after Kinyin Mckenzie, who died in Alice Springs while receiving dialysis. The first such clinic in remote South Australia, it was funded mostly by the federal government, but boosted by the sale of paintings by [[Ernabella Arts]], which raised {{AUD|170,000}} towards the centre. At full capacity, the clinic can provide dialysis for up to 16 patients, but there is still a need for some short-stay housing to accommodate those who travel from elsewhere for treatment at Pukatja.{{sfn|ABC News|2019}}{{sfn|SBS|2019}}
===Policing=== As of 2018, the APY Lands were served by [[police station]]s situated at [[Amata, South Australia|Amata]], [[Ernabella]], [[Mimili]], [[Murputja]], [[Umuwa]] and the town of [[Marla, South Australia|Marla]]. Specialist policing support is located at Umuwa, including [[Commonwealth Investigation Branch|CIB]] and [[domestic violence]] investigators.{{sfn|ABC: SAPOL statement|2018}}{{sfn|Boisvert|2018}}
The station at Umuwa has not been permanently staffed.{{sfn|''Adelaide Advertiser''|2007a}} {{as of|2020}} a new, permanent policing complex is being built at Umawa. It will accommodate officers with specialist response capabilities, as well provide a base for a mobile unit which will be deployed in Fregon/Kaljiti, Indulkana and Pipalytjara. The service will work closely with [[child protection]] service agencies address [[child abuse]] and [[family violence]] issues.{{sfn|Henson|2018}}{{sfn|DPMC media release|2018}}{{sfn|Henson|2018}}{{sfn|DPMC media release|2018}} The 2019–2020 [[Government of South Australia]] agency budget estimates the completion date as June 2021, with a total spend of {{AUD|4.28 million}}.{{sfn|SA State budget|2019}}
===Water=== [[SA Water]] operates [[desalination plant]]s at [[Indulkana]], [[Mimili]], [[Kaltjiti]] (Fregon) and [[Yunyarinyi]] (Kenmore Park), which treat the water from local [[well|bores]].{{sfn|SA Water|2020}}
In early 2019, at a site near Kaljiti/Fregon, a new water source was found in a "palaeo-valley", where groundwater is held about {{convert|90|m}} below the surface (existing sources being about {{convert|30|m|-1|disp=sqbr}} down). Core drill samples have been dated at 5–10 million years old. Pipes were temporarily capped, but elder Witjiti George said that he hoped the water could be used to support a cattle herd, helping to create jobs and an ongoing industry for isolated communities. The new source could also provide much needed drinking water. APY Lands general manager Richard King said the origin of the water was yet to be established, but the water is pure, with low [[salinity]]. Government experts were working with [[Flinders University]] and the [[CSIRO]] to learn more about the source.{{sfn|Martin|Puddy|2019}}
===Feral camels=== In January 2020, the [[government of South Australia]] declared that due to the [[2019–20 Australian bushfire season]] and drought, [[feral camels in Australia|feral camels]] in large numbers were destroying infrastructure and putting families and communities in danger as they searched for water sources.{{sfn|Ollie|2020}} They were also destroying native vegetation, contaminating water supplies and destroying cultural sites. On 8 January 2020 the South Australian [[Department for Environment and Water (South Australia)|Department for Environment and Water]] began a five-day [[cull]] of the camels, the first mass cull of camels in the area. Professional shooters would kill between 4,000 and 5,000 (or up to 10,000{{sfn|Ollie|2020}}) camels from helicopters, "...in accordance with the highest standards of animal welfare".{{sfn|Bogle|2020}}
==Art== The APY is renowned for its artists, who are always well-represented in any exhibitions and awards for [[Contemporary Indigenous Australian art|Indigenous Australian artists]]. In 2017, APY artists earned 25 nominations in the prestigious [[Telstra National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Awards]]; two were named as finalists in the [[Archibald Prize]] (which was won by one of them, [[Vincent Namatjira]]);{{sfn|Marsh|2019}} 14 APY artists' work made the shortlist for the 2019 {{AUD|50,000}} [[Wynne Prize for landscape painting]]; Peter Mungkuri from [[Iwantja Arts]] won the inaugural [[Hadley's Art Prize]]; and in 2019, APY artists also won or were shortlisted for the [[Ramsay Art Prize]], the [[Sir John Sulman Prize]], the [[Hazelhurst Art on Paper Award]] the John Fries Award, and others. [[Nici Cumpston]], artistic director of [[Tarnanthi]] Festival at [[Art Gallery of South Australia]], regularly visits the APY art centres.{{sfn|Moodie|2017}}
==={{anchor}}APY Art Centre Collective=== The '''APY Art Centre Collective''' is a group of ten Indigenous-owned and -governed enterprises which supports artists from across the Lands and helps to market their work.{{sfn|Apy Art Centre Collective|2017}} The idea was born in 2013, when artists from seven remote art centres got together to look for ways to help the Anangu artists create a network around Australia. It was initially funded from the proceeds of art sales only,{{sfn|Marsh|2019}} but in July 2017 was registered as a [[public benevolent institution]],{{sfn|ABN Lookup|2014}} and {{as of|lc=yes|2019}} was receiving support from the [[Australia Council]], [[Australian Government|federal]] and [[Government of South Australia|state governments]]. However the artists themselves manage the collective. The individual art centres saw collaboration as a natural progression, because "We're telling the same story, and when we work together it makes us stronger"; in addition, exploitation by third parties is reduced.{{sfn|Marsh|2019}}
The collective aims to create and investigate new markets for their work, increase income for each art centre and support their business development, and in addition support collaborative regional projects, such as the renowned [[Kulata Tjuta]] project, and the APY Photography initiative. Seven art centres across the Lands support the work of more than 500 Anangu artists,{{sfn|Apy Art Centre Collective|2017}} from the oldest one, [[Ernabella Arts]], to [[Iwantja Arts]] at Indulkana, whose residents include award-winning Vincent Namatjira.{{sfn|Marsh|2019}} As well as the APY centres, [[Maruku Arts]] from [[Uluru]], [[Tjanpi Desert Weavers]] based in [[Alice Springs]], and Ara Iritja Aboriginal Corporation bring the number up to ten.{{sfn|Apy Art Centre Collective|2017}}
Artist Sally Scales (who was formerly the youngest person to have been chair of the APY Executive Board) has been involved with the Collective since 2017 and is {{as of|lc=yes|2021}} a regional project coordinator.{{sfn|Keen|2021}}
The Collective has galleries in [[Darlinghurst]], [[Sydney]], and, since May 2019, a gallery and studio space on [[Light Square]] in [[Adelaide]],{{sfn|APY Gallery Adelaide}} known as '''APY Gallery Adelaide'''. The Adelaide studio will function as another working space, the first to be established off-Country. An important aspect is that the artists are able to continue working when visiting healthcare facilities or family in Adelaide, with [[shuttle bus]]es running between the centre and [[Kidney dialysis|dialysis]] centre.{{sfn|Marsh|2019}} Nearly 30% of 2019 gallery sales were made by overseas purchasers, and about 50% from the [[Eastern states of Australia]].{{sfn|Skujins|2020}} About 84% of artwork sales ({{AUD |1.6 million}} as of July 2020) has been returned to the communities through the APY Art centres, which are the only source of income in most of these communities apart from the government.{{sfn|Neyton|2020}}
The art centres represented are:{{sfn|Apy Art Centre Collective}} {{div col|colwidth=15em}} * [[Tjala Arts]] (at Amata) * [[Ernabella Arts]] * [[Kaltjiti Arts]] * [[Iwantja Arts]] * [[Mimili Maku Arts]] * [[Tjungu Palya]] (Nyapari) * [[Ara Irititja]] (APY project) * [[Maruku Arts]] (Yulara) * [[Tjanpi Desert Weavers]]{{efn|"Tjanpi's artist base is made up of women from the Ngaanyatjarra Pitjantjatjara Yakunytjatjara Lands, an area approximately {{convert|350000|km2|mi2}} in size spanning the tri-state border region of the Northern Territory, Western Australia, and South Australia." {{harv|Tjanpi Desert Weavers}}}} * [[Umoona Art Centre]] ([[Coober Pedy]]) {{div col end}}
In 2019, 17 APY artists were finalists in the [[Wynne Prize]] at the [[Art Gallery of New South Wales]].{{sfn|Skujins|2020}}
In early April 2020, the Adelaide gallery had to close to the public, in line with restrictions imposed by the government owing to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Australia]], so the gallery went online. In May 2020 it was announced that two of the gallery's resident painters, [[Sammy Lyons]] and [[Leah Brady]], were finalists in the [[Telstra National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Awards]].{{sfn|Skujins|2020}}
In April 2021, a joint exhibition of the work of Sally Scales and her mother, Josephine Mick, ''Irititja – Old, Kuwaritja – New, Ngali – Us (a generational story)'', was opened by prominent Sydney artist [[Ben Quilty]].{{sfn|Keen|2021}}{{sfn|APY Gallery}}
==See also== * [[Ngangkari]] – traditional healers
==Notes== {{notelist}}
===Citations=== {{Reflist}}
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http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-06-03/mintabie-fights-government-closure-and-disputes-review/9821146 | date = 3 June 2018 | access-date = 8 September 2018 }} *{{cite news | title = Mintabie locals to fight permanent eviction | last1 = Martin | first1 = Patrick | last2 = Culliver | first2 = Paul | publisher = ABC News|location=Australia | url = https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-02-13/mintabie-locals-to-fight-permanent-eviction/10804162 | date = 13 February 2019 | access-date = 16 April 2019 }} *{{cite news | title = Water discovery in ancient underground valley boosts hopes of development in APY Lands | last1 = Martin | first1 = Patrick | last2 = Puddy | first2 = Rebecca | publisher = ABC News|location=Australia | url = https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-25/ancient-desert-water-found-on-apy-lands/11080990 | date = 25 May 2019 | access-date = 26 May 2019 }} *{{cite web | title = Mintabie profile | publisher = Outback Areas Community Development Trust | url = http://www.oacdt.sa.gov.au/communities/map_of_communities/mintabie | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070829004805/http://www.oacdt.sa.gov.au/communities/map_of_communities/mintabie | archive-date = 29 August 2007 | ref = {{harvid|OACDT}} }} *{{cite web | title = Mobile Dialysis Unit for Aboriginal people | website = SA Health | publisher = [[Government of South Australia]] | url = https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/health+services/aboriginal+health+services/mobile+dialysis+unit+for+aboriginal+people | access-date = 12 July 2019 | ref = {{harvid|SA Health}} }} *{{cite news | title = Why the APY Lands dominate the Australian art scene | last = Moodie | first = Georgia | publisher = ABC News|location=Australia | url = https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-07-27/why-the-apy-lands-dominate-the-australian-art-scene/8746040 | date = 27 July 2017 | access-date = 15 March 2020 }} *{{cite web | title = Mullighan Inquiry Report | publisher = [[Government of South Australia]] | url = http://www.service.sa.gov.au/ContentPages/sagovt/mullighaninquiry_apy.aspx | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080511175250/http://www.service.sa.gov.au/ContentPages/sagovt/mullighaninquiry_apy.aspx | date = 7 May 2008 | archive-date = 11 May 2008 | ref = {{harvid|Mullighan Inquiry Report|2008}} }} *{{cite magazine| title = Watarkurinytja Wiya brings culture, Country and family to SALA Festival | last = Neyton | first = John | magazine = [[The Adelaide Review]] | url = https://www.adelaidereview.com.au/arts/visual-arts/2020/07/29/watarkurinytja-wiya-apy-sala/ | date = 29 July 2020 | access-date = 29 July 2020 }} *{{cite book | chapter = Special Article – Aboriginal Lands in South Australia | last = O'Connor | first = Alan | year = 1997 | title = 1301.4 – South Australian Year Book, 1997 | others = With assistance from the Aboriginal landholding authorities | publisher = Australian Bureau of Statistics | url = https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/1301.4Feature%20Article2151997 }} *{{cite news | title = Camel cull in SA's APY lands to result in 10,000 camels being destroyed | last = Ollie | first = Emily | publisher = [[Seven News]] | url = https://7news.com.au/news/sa/camel-cull-in-sas-apy-lands-to-see-10000-animals-destroyed-c-636668 | date = 7 January 2020 | access-date = 14 January 2020 }} *{{cite web | title = Online overview | website = Ara Irititja | url = http://www.irititja.com/ | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070714151744/http://www.irititja.com/ | access-date = 5 June 2007 | archive-date = 14 July 2007 | ref = {{harvid|Ara Irititja}} }} *{{cite web | title = Organisations | publisher = waru.org | url = http://www.waru.org/organisations/ap/ | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070719003919/http://waru.org/organisations/ap/ | access-date = 5 June 2007 | archive-date = 19 July 2007 | ref = {{harvid|waru.org – organisations}} }} *{{cite web | title = Our art centres | website = Apy Art Centre Collective | url = https://www.apyartcentrecollective.com/our-art-centres | access-date = 15 March 2020 | ref = {{harvid|Apy Art Centre Collective}} | archive-date = 22 March 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200322095915/https://www.apyartcentrecollective.com/our-art-centres | url-status = dead }} *{{cite web | title = Our Artists | website = Tjanpi Desert Weavers | url = https://tjanpi.com.au/pages/artists | access-date = 16 March 2020 | ref = {{harvid|Tjanpi Desert Weavers}} }} *{{cite report | title = Part B Attachment 1: Aboriginal Community Sites | edition = version 2.2 | publisher = [[Essential Services Commission of South Australia]] | url = https://www.escosa.sa.gov.au/ArticleDocuments/903/20160309-ElectricityGenerationLicenceApplication-CowellElectric-AboriginalCommunitySites1.pdf.aspx?Embed=Y | date = March 2014 | access-date = 15 March 2020 | ref = {{harvid|ESCoSA|2014}} }} *{{cite web | title = Permits | website = Anangu | url = http://www.anangu.com.au/index.php/permits.html | access-date = 12 July 2019 | ref = {{harvid|Permits}} }} *{{Cite news | title = Police Stations like ill-equipped sheds | newspaper = Adelaide Advertiser | url = http://www.news.com.au/adelaidenow/story/0,22606,22030204-2682,00.html | date = 7 July 2007a | ref = {{harvid|''Adelaide Advertiser''|2007a}} | access-date = 16 January 2020 | archive-date = 3 September 2012 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120903185356/http://www.news.com.au/adelaidenow/story/0,22606,22030204-2682,00.html | url-status = dead }} *{{cite web | title = Profile of the electoral division of Grey (SA) | publisher = Australian Electoral Commission | url = https://www.aec.gov.au/profiles/sa/grey.htm | date = 2016 | access-date = 20 July 2018 | ref = {{harvid|AEC|2016}} }} *{{cite web | title = RASAC Snapshot | publisher = RASAC – Regional Anangu Services Aboriginal Corporation | url = https://www.rasac.com.au/about-rasac/rasac-snapshot | access-date = 17 March 2020 | ref = {{harvid|RASAC Snapshot}} }} *{{cite news | title = Marshall's "whole of government" approach to Aboriginal affairs | last = Richards | first = Stephanie | publisher = InDaily | url = https://indaily.com.au/news/2018/07/24/marshalls-whole-of-government-approach-to-aboriginal-affairs/ | date = 24 July 2018 | access-date = 27 May 2019 }} *{{cite web | title = SAWater – Desalination across the state | publisher = [[SA Water]] | url = https://www.sawater.com.au/community-and-environment/our-water-and-sewerage-systems/water-treatment/desalination/desalination-across-the-state | date = 28 January 2020 | access-date = 28 January 2020 | ref = {{harvid|SA Water|2020}} }} *{{cite magazine| title = Buy nationally recognised art online from APY Art Centre Collective | last = Skujins | first = Angela | magazine = CityMag | url = http://citymag.indaily.com.au/culture/buy-nationally-recognised-art-online-from-apy-art-centre-collective/ | date = 14 May 2020 | access-date = 21 May 2020 }} *{{cite report | title = State Budget 2019–20: Agency Statement: Budget Paper 4 | publisher = Government of South Australia. Dept of Treasury and Finance | volume = 4 | url = https://statebudget.sa.gov.au/budget-docs/2019-20_agency_statements_volume_4.pdf?v=2 | date = 18 June 2019 | access-date = 16 January 2020 | issn = 1440-8589 | ref = {{harvid|SA State budget|2019}} | archive-date = 27 February 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200227100125/https://statebudget.sa.gov.au/budget-docs/2019-20_agency_statements_volume_4.pdf?v=2 | url-status = dead }} *{{cite news | title = Statement from South Australia Police | publisher = [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] | website = Australian Story | url = https://www.abc.net.au/austory/statement-from-south-australian-police/9510954 | date = 5 March 2018 | access-date = 16 January 2020 | ref = {{harvid|ABC: SAPOL statement|2018}} }} *{{cite web | title = Umuwa | website = PY Media | url = http://www.pymedia.org.au/communities/umuwa/ | access-date = 17 March 2020 | ref = {{harvid|PY Media}} }} *{{cite web | title = Welcome to the Outback Communities Authority | publisher = Outback Communities Authority | url = https://www.oca.sa.gov.au/ | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190414075228/https://www.oca.sa.gov.au/ | access-date = 26 May 2019 | archive-date = 14 April 2019 | ref = {{harvid|OCA}} }} *{{cite web | title = Who we are | publisher = Nganampa Health Council | url = http://www.nganampahealth.com.au/about-nganampa-health | access-date = 12 July 2019 | ref = {{harvid|NHC}} }} {{refend}}
==Further reading== {{refbegin}} *{{cite web | title = Communities | publisher = Outback Communities Authority | url = https://oca.sa.gov.au/communitieshome | ref = {{harvid|OCA communities map}} | access-date = 26 May 2019 | archive-date = 26 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200726075232/https://oca.sa.gov.au/communitieshome | url-status = dead }} (Map showing location and boundaries) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070702190730/http://www.parliament.sa.gov.au/Committees/Standing/LC/AboriginalLandsParliamentaryStandingCommittee/Aboriginal%2BLands%2BParliamentary%2BStanding%2BCommittee.htm Aboriginal Lands Joint Standing Committee of South Australian Parliament] (2006) *{{cite web | title = "The Pitjantjatjara Land Rights Act 1981" – Presentation by the Hon Robert Lawson MLC | work = The Bennelong Society 2003 Conference "An Indigenous Future? Challenges and Opportunities" | year = 2003 | quote = a brief overview of the Pitjantjatjara Land Rights Act 1981..., its history, operations, limitations and its future. | url = http://www.bennelong.com.au/conferences/conference2003/Lawson2003.php | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070813150939/http://www.bennelong.com.au/conferences/conference2003/Lawson2003.php | archive-date = 13 August 2007 | ref = {{harvid|"The Pitjantjatjara Land Rights Act 1981" -|2003}} }} {{refend}}
==External links== * {{official website|http://www.anangu.com.au/ | Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Council website}} * {{official website|https://www.apyartcentrecollective.com/ |APY Art Centre Collective official website}} * {{official website|https://www.apygallery.com/ |APY Gallery Adelaide website}} *{{cite web| title = Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981 | publisher = Government of South Australia. Attorney-General's Dept | url = https://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/LZ/C/A/ANANGU%20PITJANTJATJARA%20YANKUNYTJATJARA%20LAND%20RIGHTS%20ACT%201981.aspx | ref = {{harvid|Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights}} }}(for latest version)
{{coord|26.5|S|132|E|source:dewiki_region:AU-SA_type:adm2nd_dim:400km|format=dms|display=title}} {{Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara localities}} {{Local Government Areas of South Australia}} {{Authority control}}
[[Category:Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara| ]] [[Category:Aboriginal communities in South Australia]] [[Category:Aboriginal land councils]] [[Category:Local government areas of South Australia]]