Five-year plans of China

{{Short description|Series of development initiatives by the CCP}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}} In the [[People's Republic of China]], '''five-year plans''' ({{zh|s=五年计划|p=Wǔnián Jìhuà}}) are a series of social and [[economic development]] initiatives issued by the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) since 1953. Since 1949, the CCP has shaped the [[economy of China|Chinese economy]] through the [[Plenum (meeting)|plenums]] of its [[Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|Central Committee]] and [[National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party|national party congresses]]. The plenums follow a customary pattern of themes; since the [[14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party|14th Party Congress]] (1992–1997), the fifth plenum has evaluated the current five-year plan and outlined the next five-year plan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Blanchette |first1=Jude |last2=Kennedy |first2=Scott |date=2020-10-30 |title=China's Fifth Plenum: Reading the Initial Tea Leaves |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/chinas-fifth-plenum-reading-initial-tea-leaves |language=en |journal=[[Center for Strategic and International Studies]]}}</ref>

[[Economic planning|Planning]] is a key characteristic of the nominally [[socialist economies]], and one plan established for the entire country normally contains detailed economic development guidelines for all its regions. In order to more accurately reflect China's transition from a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]-style [[command economy]] to a [[socialist market economy]] ([[socialism with Chinese characteristics]]), the plans since the 11th Five-Year Plan for 2006 to 2010 have been referred to in Chinese as "guidelines" ({{zh|s=规划|p=guīhuà}}) instead of as "plans" ({{zh|s=计划|p=jìhuà}}).

== Role == Medium and long-term planning are central to coordinating state activity across many policy areas in China and China's Five-Year Plans are one of the most prominent examples of this approach.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Heilmann |first=Sebastian |url= |title=Red Swan: How Unorthodox Policy-Making Facilitated China's Rise |date=2018 |publisher=[[The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press]] |isbn=978-962-996-827-4 |author-link=Sebastian Heilmann}}</ref>{{Rp|page=8}} Through the Five-Year Plans, the CCP and the government establish their policy priorities.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=8}} Five-Year Plans continue to be a central means of organizing policy in China, especially in the areas of [[Environmental policy in China|environmental protection]], [[Education in China|education]], and [[Industry of China|industrial policy]].<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=149}}

Formulation of a new five-year plan generally begins midway through the current plan. The formulation usually takes two to three years and involves series of rounds such as evaluation, preliminary research, drafting and revisions, and soliciting public input.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Cai |first1=Jane |last2=Chen |first2=Meredith |date=2 May 2025 |title=How did China's 5-year plans deliver an economic miracle and what's next? |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3308784/how-did-chinas-5-year-plans-deliver-economic-miracle-and-whats-next |access-date=3 May 2025 |work=[[South China Morning Post]]}}</ref> The initial formulation of a Five-Year Plan begins with fairly short, general guidelines prepared by the [[Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP Central Committee]] in the fall prior to the start of a Plan period.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=155}} More detailed plans are drafted by the [[State Council of China|State Council]] and approved by the [[National People's Congress]] the following March.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=155}}<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Cai |first1=Jane |last2=Chen |first2=Meredith |date=2 May 2025 |title=How did China's 5-year plans deliver an economic miracle and what's next? |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3308784/how-did-chinas-5-year-plans-deliver-economic-miracle-and-whats-next |access-date=3 May 2025 |work=[[South China Morning Post]]}}</ref> These plans establish national priorities and outline how they will be met.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=155}} Administratively, the Plans result in the development of numerous specific action plans across different levels of administration.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=8}} These programs evolve over the course of the plan period.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=8}} As academic [[Sebastian Heilmann]] observes, this process is best viewed as a planning coordination and evaluation cycle rather than a unified blueprint.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=155}}

China's Five-Year Plans have been praised for their efficiency, capabilities and their importance to rapid economic growth, development, [[corporate finance]] and [[Industrial policy|industrial policies]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chen|first1=Donghua|last2=Li|first2=Oliver Zhen|last3=Xin|first3=Fu|date=2017-09-01|title=Five-year plans, China finance and their consequences|journal=China Journal of Accounting Research|language=en|volume=10|issue=3|pages=189–230|doi=10.1016/j.cjar.2017.06.001|issn=1755-3091|doi-access=free|hdl=10419/187680|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

==First Plan (1953–1957)== {{Main|1st Five-Year Plan (China)}} [[File:Grandpa Scan.png|thumb|Chairman Mao and Various Leaders of the First Five Year Plan - 1956]] Having restored a viable economic base, the leadership under [[Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP Chairman]] [[Mao Zedong]], [[Premier of China|Premier]] [[Zhou Enlai]], and other revolutionary veterans sought to implement what they termed a socialist transformation of China.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last1=Marquis |first1=Christopher |url= |title=Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise |last2=Qiao |first2=Kunyuan |date=2022 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-26883-6 |location=New Haven |doi=10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k |jstor=j.ctv3006z6k |oclc=1348572572 |author-link=Christopher Marquis |s2cid=253067190}}</ref> The First Five-Year Plan was deeply influenced by Soviet methodologies and assistance from Soviet planners.<ref name=":023">{{Cite book |last=Hou |first=Li |title=Building for Oil: Daqing and the Formation of the Chinese Socialist State |date=2021 |publisher=[[Harvard University Asia Center]] |isbn=978-0-674-26022-1 |edition= |series=[[Harvard-Yenching Institute]] monograph series |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=68–69}} Industrial development was the primary goal.<ref name=":023" />{{Rp|page=67}} With Soviet assistance in the form of both funds and experts, China began to develop industries from scratch. Consistent with the focus on developing industry, [[northeast China]] was the region which received the greatest share of state funds during the First Plan.<ref name=":023" />{{Rp|page=39}}

The 1st Five-Year Plan phrased its developmental focus in the terminology of revolution.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Harrell |first=Stevan |title=An Ecological History of Modern China |publisher=[[University of Washington Press]] |year=2023 |isbn=9780295751719 |location=Seattle}}</ref>{{Rp|page=81}} It attributed the backwards state of China's economy to [[Dialectical materialism|contradictions]] between the developing productive forces and the capitalist [[relations of production]].<ref name=":12" />{{Rp|page=81}} Agriculture, fishing, and forestry would be collectivized.<ref name=":9" />{{Rp|page=209}} Regarding commercial and services industries, the approach in the first Five-Year Plan was for the government to buy them out, including through coercing reluctant sellers if necessary.<ref name=":9" />{{Rp|page=209}}

Government control over industry was increased during this period by applying financial pressures and inducements to convince owners of private, modern firms to sell them to the state or convert them into joint public-private enterprises under state control. The Plan strained agricultural production.<ref name=":023" />{{Rp|page=18}} In terms of economic growth, the 1st Five-Year Plan was quite successful, especially in those areas emphasized by the Soviet-style development strategy.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=40}} During this Plan period, China began developing a heavy-industrial base and brought its industrial production above what it had been prior to war.<ref name=":12" />{{Rp|page=81}} China also raised its agricultural production to above prewar levels, resulting primarily from gains in efficiency brought about by the reorganization and cooperation achieved through cooperative farming.<ref name=":12" /> Although [[Urbanization in China|urbanization]] had not been a specific goal of the plan's focus on industrialization, industrialization also prompted extensive urban growth.<ref name=":023" />{{Rp|page=67}} By 1956, China had completed its socialist transformation of the domestic economy.<ref name=":9" />{{Rp|page=142}}

==Second Plan (1958–1962)== {{Main|2nd Five-Year Plan (China)}} {{See also|Great Leap Forward}} This plan was created to accomplish several tasks, including: *Expanding [[heavy industry]] in China. *Furthering the cause of socialism by transferring more property to collective ownership. *Encouraging the [[economic growth]] of China through [[Industrial sector|industry]], [[agriculture]], [[handicrafts]], [[transportation]] and [[commerce]]. *Cultivating cultural and scientific development of the Chinese people. *Strengthening [[defense (military)|national defense]] and improving [[living standards]] in China.

The [[Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party|Political Bureau of the CCP]] had determined that gross value of agricultural products should increase 270%; in fact, the gain was a considerably more modest 35%.<ref name=Second>{{cite web | last = Pan | first = Letian | url = http://www.gov.cn/english/2006-04/05/content_245706.htm | title = The 2nd Five-Year Plan (1958–1962) | date = 5 April 2006 | access-date = 12 May 2009 | publisher = Official Web Portal, Government of China | archive-date = 27 July 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090727064853/http://www.gov.cn/english/2006-04/05/content_245706.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> The country saw increases in capital construction over those observed during the first Five-Year Plan and also saw significant increases in industry (doubling output value) and income (workers and farmers, increase by as much as 30%).

However, the [[Great Leap Forward]], which diverted millions of agricultural workers into industry, and the [[great sparrow campaign]], which led to an infestation of locusts, as well as natural and weather based issues, caused a huge decrease in food production. Simultaneously, rural officials, under huge pressure to meet their quotas, vastly overstated how much grain was available. Thus, [[Great Chinese Famine|a massive nationwide famine]] ensued.

The policies of the Second Plan's Great Leap Forward departed from the approach in the Soviet-inspired First Plan, which stressed central command and extensive planning.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=40}} Instead, the approach entailed local areas marshalling all available resources for large projects.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=40}} In 1960–61, attempts were made to redirect twenty million workers into agricultural production and to reallocate investment into those industrial sectors that could further support agriculture. This shift was also in sharp contrast to the rapid industrialization seen in the First Five-Year Plan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cheng |first1=Chu-yuan |title=The Economy of Communist China, 1949–1969 |date=1971 |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]], Center for Chinese Studies |isbn=978-0-472-90220-0 |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan |page=4 |doi=10.3998/mpub.19999 |jstor=10.3998/mpub.19999 |doi-access=free |jstor-access=free}}</ref>

==Third Plan (1966–1970)== {{Main|3rd Five-Year Plan (China)}}

The 3rd Plan was originally due early in 1963, but at that time China's economy was too dislocated, as a result of the failure of the Great Leap Forward and four poor harvests to permit any planned operations.<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=W. K |year=1966 |title=China's Third Five-Year Plan |journal=[[The China Quarterly]] |issue=25 |pages=171–175 |jstor=3082101}}</ref> No five-year plan ultimately covered the period 1963–1965.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last=Hu |first=Richard |title=Reinventing the Chinese City |date=2023 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-21101-7 |location=New York}}</ref>{{Rp|page=201}}

As initially conceived, the 3rd Five Year Plan emphasized further development in China's already more developed coastal areas and a greater focus on consumer goods.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Meyskens |first=Covell F. |url= |title=Mao's Third Front: The Militarization of Cold War China |date=2020 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-108-78478-8 |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |oclc=1145096137}}</ref>{{Rp|page=7}} It called for enhancing "eating, clothing, and daily use" items (''chi, chuan, yong'').<ref name=":023" />{{Rp|page=100}} During discussions of the 3rd Five Year Plan, Mao acknowledged that during the Great Leap Forward, "We set revenue too high and extended the infrastructure battlefront too long," and that it was "best to do less and well."<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=56}}

The Plan ultimately called for the prioritization of national defense in the light of a possible big war, actively preparing for conflicts and speeding up construction in three key areas; national defense, science and technology, and industry and transport infrastructure.<ref name="third">{{cite web |title=The 3rd Five-year Plan (1966–1970) |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/MATERIAL/157608.htm |website=[[China Internet Information Center]] |publisher=}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=September 2023}} The turn towards a greater emphasis on developing heavy industries and national defense industries was prompted by the [[Gulf of Tonkin incident]], which increased fears among Chinese leadership that the United States would ultimately invade China.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=7}} Support among leadership for Mao's proposed [[Third Front Construction|Third Front construction]] increased as a result and changed the direction of the 3rd Five Year Plan.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=7}}

== Fourth Plan (1971–1975) == {{main|4th Five-Year Plan (China)}} The Fourth Five Year Plan sought decentralization and prioritized "small scale, indigenous, and labor intensive" development projects over "large scale, foreign, and capital intensive" development.<ref name=":023" />{{Rp|page=169}}

==Fifth Plan (1976–1980)== {{Main|5th Five-Year Plan (China)}} The central government stipulated the 1976–1985 Ten Year Plan Outline of Developing National Economy (Draft) in 1975, which included the 5th Five-Year Plan.

In March 1978, the Ten Year Development Outline was amended because the original version in 1975 stipulated that by 1985, steel and petroleum outputs should reach 60 and 250 million tons respectively, and 120 large projects, including 10 steel production bases, nine non-ferrous metal bases, eight coal bases and 10 oil and gas fields, should be built. To achieve these goals, the government would invest 70 billion yuan in infrastructure construction, equaling total national investment over the previous 28 years. These were impossible targets and ran counter to economic development rules.<ref name=":0" />

The Plan put forward suggestions to set up an independent and comparatively complete industrial system and national economic system from 1978 to 1980.<ref name=":0" />

With the implementation of the Plan, considerable success was achieved. In 1977, the gross output value of industry and agriculture reached 505.5 billion yuan, 4.4% above-target and representing an increase of 10.4% compared with the previous year. Gross domestic product for 1978 reached 301 billion yuan, an increase of 12.3% compared with 1977, and an increase of 19.4% compared with 1976.<ref name=":0" />

However, during this period, the Chinese economy developed too quickly, and the very high goals triggered the onset of yet another round of mistakes. In December 1978, the [[3rd Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party]] shifted the work focus of the CCP to modernization. The Session emphasized that the development should follow economic rules and proposed readjustment and reform measures, which indicated that national economic development had entered a new phase, one of exploration and development. In April 1979, the central government formally put forward new principles of readjustment, reform, rectification and improvement.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=he 5th Five-Year Plan (1976-1980) |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2012npc/2011-02/23/content_14689645.htm |website=[[China Daily]]}}</ref>

==Sixth Plan (1981–1985)== {{Main|6th Five-Year Plan (China)}}

According to ''[[China Daily]]'', the 6th Plan was first planned as part of the "Ten Year National Economic Development Plan Outline for 1976–1985" until the State Council decided to redraft the country's mid- and long-term plans in 1980. The 1982 national planning meeting was again mainly focused on the drafting of the Plan. It was only in December that year that the fifth meeting of the [[5th National People's Congress]] officially ratified the Plan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 6th Five-Year Plan (1981-1985) |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2012npc/2011-02/23/content_14689649.htm |website=[[China Daily]]}}</ref>

The Sixth Five-Year Plan was the first to address government [[Energy policy of China|policy support]] for [[Solar power in China|solar]] PV panel manufacturing.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Joanna I. |title=Cooperating for the Climate: Learning from International Partnerships in China's Clean Energy Sector |date=2023 |publisher=The [[MIT Press]] |isbn=978-0-262-54482-5 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts}}</ref>{{Rp|page=34}} Policy support for solar panel manufacturing has been a part of every Five-Year Plan since.<ref name=":32" />{{Rp|page=34}}

==Seventh Plan (1986–1990)== {{Main|7th Five-Year Plan (China)}}

In late September 1985, the Conference of CCP Delegates convened to adopt the "Proposal for the 7th Five Year Plan" which was set to begin in 1986.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Weber |first=Isabella |author-link=Isabella Weber |url= |title=How China Escaped Shock Therapy: The Market Reform Debate |date=2021 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-429-49012-5 |location=Abingdon, Oxon |pages= |oclc=1228187814}}</ref>{{Rp|page=200}} The proposal demonstrated a shift from direct government control over enterprises to using indirect macroeconomic controls to "establish a new system for the socialist economy."<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|page=200}} In March 1986, the State Council submitted "The 7th Five Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China, 1986–1990" to the Fourth Session of the 6th National People's Congress for review and ratification. It was the first time in China's history that an all-round plan for social and economic development was created at the start of a new five-year plan.

The national goals of the Plan included speeding up development on the coast, with inland regions role's being to "support and accelerate coastal development."<ref name=":26" />{{Rp|page=218}} During this Plan period, different regions of China were encouraged to develop by leveraging their respective advantages.<ref name=":26">{{Cite book |last=Ang |first=Yuen Yuen |url= |title=How China Escaped the Poverty Trap |date=2016 |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5017-0020-0 |doi= |jstor=10.7591/j.ctt1zgwm1j |author-link=Yuen Yuen Ang}}</ref>{{Rp|page=218}} Coastal regions were instructed to focused on "the restructuring of traditional industries, new industries, and consumer goods production."<ref name=":26" />{{Rp|page=217}} Western regions were to focus on processing and agriculture. In central regions, energy, construction, and minerals were the focus.<ref name=":26" />{{Rp|page=217}}

== Eighth Plan (1991–1995) == {{Main|8th Five-Year Plan (China)}}

== Ninth Plan (1996–2000) == {{Main|9th Five-Year Plan (China)}}

==Tenth Plan (2001–2005)== {{Main|10th Five-Year Plan (China)}} During the 10th Five-Year Plan, the strategic purpose of planning shifted from narrow, quantitative growth targets to coordinating structural and qualitative changes in economic and social growth targets.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=133}}

The Plan described science, technology, and human resources as decisive areas to improve for China to catch-up with the most advanced countries.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=134}}

Focuses included growing the services sector, developing domestic economic demand, rural urbanization, and western development.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|pages=133–134}}

Environmental sustainability was also addressed.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=133}} Goals included increasing forest coverage to 18.2%, and the urban green rate to 35%. The total amount of major urban and rural pollutants discharged were targeted for a 10% reduction as compared with 2000, and more measures would be taken to protect and save natural resources.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rongliang |first=Han |date=31 January 2002 |title=China to Invest 700 Billion-yuan for Improving Urban & Rural Environment |newspaper=[[People's Daily]] |url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200201/31/eng20020131_89701.shtml |access-date=15 March 2011}}</ref>

==Eleventh Plan (2006–2010)== {{Main|11th Five-Year Plan (China)}}

The planning philosophy for the 11th Five-Year Plan was significantly shaped by a mid-term evaluation of the 10th Five-Year Plan.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=134}} The 11th Five-Year Plan introduced a new category of "binding targets" (''yueshuxing zhibiao'') intended as government promises.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|pages=134–135}} These binding targets have since been used especially in non-economic policy areas like environmental protection and land management.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=150}} Of 22 targets listed in the 11th Five-Year Plan, eight of them were binding targets.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=184}} These binding targets were incorporated into the criteria for local [[Cadre system of the Chinese Communist Party|cadre]] performance evaluations.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=184}} The Plan also reflected a change in terminology to the allocation of administrative resources via "programs" rather than "plans."<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=134}}

==Twelfth Plan (2011–2015)== {{Main|12th Five-Year Plan}}

The 12th Five-Year Guideline was debated in mid-October 2010 at the [[2011 National People's Congress|fifth plenary session]] of the [[17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party]], the same session in which [[Xi Jinping]] was selected as Vice Chairman of the [[Central Military Commission (China)|Central Military Commission]], and the full proposal for the plan was released following the plenum and approved by the National People's Congress on 14 March 2011. The plan shifted emphasis from investment towards consumption<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|pages=196–197}} and development from urban and coastal areas toward rural and inland areas&nbsp;– initially by developing small cities and greenfield districts to absorb coastal migration. The plan also continued to advocate objectives set out in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan to enhance environmental protection, accelerate the process of opening and reform, and emphasize Hong Kong's role as a center of international finance.<ref name="Xinhua">{{cite news |date=27 October 2010 |title=CPC sets targets for 12th Five-Year Program |publisher=[[Xinhua]] |url=http://www.china.org.cn/china/2010-10/27/content_21214648.htm |access-date=22 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=27 October 2010 |title=China's 12th Five-Year Plan signifies a new phase in growth |publisher=[[Xinhua]] |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2010-10/27/content_11463985.htm |access-date=22 December 2010}}</ref> It prioritized more equitable wealth distribution, increased domestic consumption, and improved social infrastructure and social safety nets.<ref name="Xinhua" /> Improvements in the social safety net were intended to reduce [[Precautionary savings|precautionary saving]].<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=197}} The plan sought to expand the services industry in order to increase employment and continue urbanization to help raise [[real wages]].<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|pages=186–197}}

==Thirteenth Plan (2016–2020)== {{Main|13th Five-Year Plan}}

Continuing themes from the 12th Five-Year Plan, the 13th Five-Year Plan also sought to boost the services sector, increase urbanization, and expand the social safety net to reduce precautionary savings.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=207}} It also emphasized innovation,<ref name=":322">{{Cite book |last=Liu |first=Zongyuan Zoe |title=Sovereign Funds: How the Communist Party of China Finances its Global Ambitions |publisher=The Belknap Press of [[Harvard University Press]] |year=2023 |isbn=9780674271913 |pages= |doi=10.2307/jj.2915805 |jstor=jj.2915805|s2cid=259402050 }}</ref>{{Rp|page=135}} the completion of building a [[moderately prosperous society]], and started the "[[Made in China 2025]]" plan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kennedy |first1=Scott |date=June 2015 |title=Made in China 2025 |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/made-china-2025 |journal= |publisher=[[Center for Strategic and International Studies]]}}</ref>

==Fourteenth Plan (2021–2025)== {{Main|14th Five-Year Plan}}

The 14th Five-Year Plan was drafted during the fifth plenum of the 19th Central Committee held from 26 to 29 October 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tiezzi |first1=Shannon |date=29 October 2020 |title=China's Fifth Plenum: What You Need to Know |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/10/chinas-fifth-plenum-what-you-need-to-know-2/ |access-date=30 November 2020}}</ref> Han Wenxiu, the deputy director of the Office of the Central Finance and Economic Commission, said [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP general secretary]] [[Xi Jinping]] had personally led the drafting process through multiple meetings of the Politburo, its standing committee, and the drafting panel that he headed.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wang |first1=Orange |last2=Zheng |first2=William |last3=Mai |first3=Jun |last4=Xie |first4=Echo |date=30 October 2020 |title=Five-year plan: China moves to technology self-sufficiency |language=en |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3107709/five-year-plan-china-officials-flesh-out-details-plenum |access-date=30 November 2020}}</ref>

The Plan was drafted against the backdrop of worsening [[China–United States relations]] and the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], which caused China's economy to shrink in the first quarter of 2020 – the first time in 44 years.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hale |first1=Thomas |last2=Liu |first2=Xinning |last3=Yang |first3=Yuan |date=17 April 2020 |title=China's economy shrinks for first time in four decades |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/8f941520-67ad-471a-815a-d6ba649d22ed |url-access=subscription |access-date=30 November 2020}}</ref> Continuing themes from the prior two plans, the Fourteenth Five-Year Plan also seeks to boost the services sector, increase urbanization, and expand the social safety net to reduce precautionary savings.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=197}} To address the [[Aging of China|aging of China's population]], the Plan seeks to expand [[Healthcare in China|healthcare]] and [[Welfare in China|retirement system]] initiatives.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Roach |first=Stephen S. |url= |title=Accidental Conflict: America, China, and the Clash of False Narratives |date=2022 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-26901-7 |location=New Haven |oclc=1347023475 |author-link=Stephen S. Roach}}</ref>{{Rp|page=201}} The Plan also emphasizes high-tech innovation.<ref name=":322" />{{Rp|page=135}}

== Fifteenth Plan (2026–2030) == {{Main|15th Five-Year Plan}}

The 15th Five-Year Plan will cover 2026 to 2030. Planning began in December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's top economic planner begins preliminary study of 15th Five-Year Plan |url=https://english.www.gov.cn/news/202312/19/content_WS6580d2b6c6d0868f4e8e2507.html |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=english.www.gov.cn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Yao |first1=Kevin |last2=Zhang |first2=Ellen |date=26 December 2024 |title=China revises up 2023 GDP, sees little impact on 2024 growth |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-revises-up-2023-gdp-1773-trillion-2024-12-26/ |access-date=7 January 2025 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> It may aim to meet [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP general secretary]] [[Xi Jinping]]'s goal of doubling the size of the economy between 2020 and 2035.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yao |first=Kevin |last2=Zhang |first2=Ellen |date=26 December 2024 |title=China revises up 2023 GDP, sees little impact on 2024 growth |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-revises-up-2023-gdp-1773-trillion-2024-12-26/ |access-date=7 January 2025 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>

== See also == {{Library resources box}} *[[China's circular economy]] *[[Five-year plan]] *[[Five-year plans of the Soviet Union]] *[[Five-Year Plans of Vietnam]]

==References== {{Country study}} {{reflist}}{{Five-year plans of China}}{{Economy of China}} {{Portal bar|Economy|China}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Five-Year Plans Of China}} [[Category:Economic history of the People's Republic of China]] [[Category:Five-year plans of China| ]] [[Category:Five-year plans|China]]