{{Short description|Near-Earth asteroid}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}} {{Infobox planet | minorplanet = yes | name = 8034 Akka | background = #FFC2E0 | image = | image_size = | caption = | discovery_ref = <ref name="jpldata" /> | discovered = 3 June 1992 | discoverer = {{Ubl | C. Shoemaker | E. Shoemaker }} | discovery_site = Palomar Obs. | mpc_name = (8034) Akka | alt_names = 1992 LR | named_after = {{nowrap|Akka {{small|(Finnish mythology)}}<ref name="springer" />}} | mp_category = {{Hlist | Amor | NEO<ref name="jpldata" /> }} | orbit_ref = <ref name="jpldata" /> | epoch = 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5) | uncertainty = 0 | observation_arc = 23.78 yr (8,687 days) | aphelion = 2.5787 AU | perihelion = 1.0817 AU | semimajor = 1.8302 AU | eccentricity = 0.4090 | period = 2.48 yr (904 days) | mean_anomaly = 49.897° | mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS|0.3981|sup=ms}} / day | inclination = 2.0241° | asc_node = 232.87° | arg_peri = 68.173° | moid = 0.0742 AU (28.9 LD) | dimensions = {{Ubl | {{val|0.540|0.260|u=km}}<ref name="Trilling-2016" /> | 0.700 km {{small|(derived)}}<ref name="lcdb" /> | 0.800 km<ref name="Neodys" /> }} | rotation = {{Ubl | {{val|3.6377|ul=h}}<ref name="Pravec-1998b" /> | {{val|7.283|0.004|u=h}}<ref name="Wisniewski-1997" /> }} | albedo = {{Ubl | 0.20 {{small|(assumed)}}<ref name="lcdb" /> | {{val|0.33|0.23}}<ref name="Trilling-2016" /> }} | spectral_type = S<ref name="lcdb" /> | abs_magnitude = {{Ubl | 17.9<ref name="jpldata" /> | 18.14<ref name="Pravec-1998b" /> | {{val|18.148|0.11}}<ref name="lcdb" /><ref name="Pravec-2012b" /> | {{val|18.15|0.11}}<ref name="Wisniewski-1997" /> | {{val|18.16|0.22}}<ref name="Trilling-2016" /> }} }}
'''8034 Akka''', provisional designation {{mp|1992 LR}}, is a sub-kilometer sized, eccentric asteroid and near-Earth object of the Apollo group, approximately 540 meters in diameter. It was discovered at Palomar Observatory in 1992, and named after Akka from Finnish mythology.
== Discovery ==
Akka was discovered by American astronomer couple Carolyn and Eugene Shoemaker at the Palomar Observatory, California, on 3 June 1992. The discovery was made as the asteroid neared a close approach to Earth the following month at 12.1 million kilometers or 31.5 lunar distances (LD).<ref name="MPC-Akka" /><ref name="jpldata-close" />
== Orbit and classification ==
Akka orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.1–2.6 AU once every 2 years and 6 months (904 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.41 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic.<ref name="jpldata" /> The first observation was made at Siding Spring Observatory in May 1992, extending the asteroid's observation arc by just two weeks prior to its discovery.<ref name="MPC-Akka" />
=== Close approaches ===
With an Earth minimum orbit intersection distance of {{convert |0.0742 |AU |km |abbr=on |sigfig=3}} or 28.9 LD, Akka is only slightly above the threshold-limit of 0.05 AU, or about 19.5 lunar distances, defined for potentially hazardous asteroids.<ref name="jpldata" />
Akka frequently makes close approaches to Earth and Mars. Its closest recorded approach to Earth and Mars is 0.081 AU on 29 July 1992 and 0.061 AU on 26 April 1982, respectively. It will make its closest approach to another planet when it comes within 0.044 AU of Mars on 6 April 2171.<ref name="jpldata-close" />
== Physical characteristics ==
=== Rotation period ===
A rotational lightcurve of Akka was obtained from photoelectric observation made by Polish astronomer Wiesław Wiśniewski of the University of Arizona in August 1992. The ambiguous lightcurve gave a rotation period of {{val|7.283|0.004}} hours with a brightness variation of 0.46 in magnitude ({{small|U=2}}).<ref name="Wisniewski-1997" /> Alternatively, the body rotates once every {{val|3.6377}} hours (or half the previous period) with an amplitude of 0.52, as determined by Czech astronomer Petr Pravec ({{small|U=2}}).<ref name="Pravec-1998b" />
=== Diameter and albedo ===
According to Spitzer's "NEOSurvey", a follow-up to the "ExploreNEOs" program, Akka measures 0.540 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a high albedo of 0.33.<ref name="Trilling-2016" /> The ''Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link'' assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 0.7 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 18.148.<ref name="lcdb" />
== Naming ==
This minor planet was named after Akka from Finnish mythology. She is the Earth's mother and the goddess of harvest and personifies love, agriculture and femininity. Akka is the wife of the principal sky deity Ukko, after whom the minor planet 2020 Ukko is named.<ref name="springer" /> The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 24 July 2002 ({{small|M.P.C. 46101}}).<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive" />
== References == {{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="jpldata">{{cite web |type = 2016-03-03 last obs. |title = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 8034 Akka (1992 LR) |url = https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2008034 |publisher = Jet Propulsion Laboratory |access-date = 22 June 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="jpldata-close">{{cite web |title = Close-Approach Data for 8034 Akka (1992 LR) |url = https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2008034;old=0;orb=0;cov=0;log=0;cad=1#cad |publisher = Jet Propulsion Laboratory |access-date = 30 May 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="Neodys">{{cite web |url = https://newton.spacedys.com/neodys/index.php?pc=1.1.9&n=8034 |title = (8034) Akka |publisher = University of Pisa |work = NEODyS |access-date = 24 November 2015}}</ref>
<ref name="springer">{{cite book |title = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names{{Snd}} (8034) Akka |last = Schmadel | first = Lutz D. |publisher = Springer Berlin Heidelberg |page = 628 |date = 2007 |isbn = 978-3-540-00238-3 |doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_6797 |chapter = (8034) Akka }}</ref>
<ref name="MPC-Akka">{{cite web |title = 8034 Akka (1992 LR) |work = Minor Planet Center |url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=8034 |access-date = 1 February 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive">{{cite web |title = MPC/MPO/MPS Archive |work = Minor Planet Center |url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html |access-date = 30 May 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="lcdb">{{cite LCDB|number = 8034 |access-date = 30 May 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="Wisniewski-1997">{{cite journal |first1 = W. Z. |last1 = Wisniewski |first2 = T. M. |last2 = Michalowski |first3 = A. W. |last3 = Harris |first4 = R. S. |last4 = McMillan |date = March 1995 |title = Photoelectric Observations of 125 Asteroids |url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=1995LPI....26.1511W |journal = Abstracts of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference |volume = 26 |pages = 1511 |bibcode = 1995LPI....26.1511W |access-date= 1 February 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="Pravec-1998b">{{cite journal |first1 = Petr |last1 = Pravec |first2 = Marek |last2 = Wolf |first3 = Lenka |last3 = Sarounová |date = November 1998 |title = Lightcurves of 26 Near-Earth Asteroids |url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=1998Icar..136..124P |journal = Icarus |volume = 136 |issue = 1 |pages = 124–153 |bibcode = 1998Icar..136..124P |doi = 10.1006/icar.1998.5993 |access-date= 1 February 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="Pravec-2012b">{{Cite journal |first1 = Petr |last1 = Pravec |first2 = Alan W. |last2 = Harris |first3 = Peter |last3 = Kusnirák |first4 = Adrián |last4 = Galád |first5 = Kamil |last5 = Hornoch |date = September 2012 |title = Absolute magnitudes of asteroids and a revision of asteroid albedo estimates from WISE thermal observations |url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2012Icar..221..365P |journal = Icarus |volume = 221 |issue = 1 |pages = 365–387 |bibcode = 2012Icar..221..365P |doi = 10.1016/j.icarus.2012.07.026 |access-date= 30 May 2016|hdl= 11104/0217021 |hdl-access= free }}</ref>
<ref name="Trilling-2016">{{Cite journal |display-authors = 6 |first1 = David E. |last1 = Trilling |first2 = Michael |last2 = Mommert |first3 = Joseph |last3 = Hora |first4 = Steve |last4 = Chesley |first5 = Joshua |last5 = Emery |first6 = Giovanni |last6 = Fazio |first7 = Alan |last7 = Harris |first8 = Michael |last8 = Mueller |first9 = Howard |last9 = Smith |date = December 2016 |title = NEOSurvey 1: Initial Results from the Warm Spitzer Exploration Science Survey of Near-Earth Object Properties |journal = The Astronomical Journal |volume = 152 |issue = 6 |page = 10 |bibcode = 2016AJ....152..172T |doi = 10.3847/0004-6256/152/6/172 |arxiv = 1608.03673 |s2cid = 56105212 |doi-access = free }}</ref>
}} <!-- end of reflist -->
== External links == * [http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/lcdbsummaryquery.php Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)], query form ([http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216050541/http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html |date=16 December 2017 }}) * [https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg Dictionary of Minor Planet Names], Google books * [http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page_cou.html Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR]{{Snd}} Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend * {{NeoDys|8034}} * {{ESA-SSA|8034|Akka}} * {{JPL small body}}
{{Minor planets navigator |(8033) 1992 FY1 |number=8034 |(8035) 1992 TB}} {{Small Solar System bodies}} {{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Akka}} 008034 Category:Discoveries by Carolyn S. Shoemaker Category:Discoveries by Eugene Merle Shoemaker Category:Named minor planets Category:Earth-crossing asteroids 19920603