{{short description|Annual celebration held on May 5}} {{hatnote|Several terms redirect here. Not to be confused with Mexican Independence Day, which occurs on September 16. For other uses, see May 5, Battle of Puebla, and Cinco de Mayo (disambiguation).}} {{Use mdy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox holiday | holiday_name = Cinco de Mayo | type = Cultural | longtype = Historical, national, ethnic, cultural | image = Batalla de Puebla.png | caption = ''Battle of Puebla, 5th May 1862'', by Francisco P. Miranda | observedby = Mexicans (especially in Puebla), Mexican Americans, and people of non-Mexican heritage | significance = Celebration of the Mexican victory over French forces at the Battle of Puebla, on May 5, 1862 | date = May 5 | scheduling = same day each year | mdy = yes | duration = 1 day | frequency = Annual | celebrations = Parades, food, music, folkloric dancing, battle reenactments | nickname = ''El Día de la Batalla de Puebla'' }}
'''Cinco de Mayo''' ({{IPA|es-419|ˈsiŋko ðe ˈmaʝo|label=Mexican Spanish:}}; {{langnf|es||Fifth of May|links=no}}) is an annual celebration held on May 5 to celebrate Mexico's victory over the Second French Empire at the Battle of Puebla in 1862,<ref name="NatGeo">{{Cite news |url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/05/0505_060505_cinco_de_mayo.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060908224754/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/05/0505_060505_cinco_de_mayo.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 8, 2006 |work=National Geographic News |title=Cinco de Mayo, From Mexican Fiesta to Popular U.S. Holiday |first=Stefan |last=Lovgren |date=May 5, 2006}}</ref><ref name="Congress.gov">{{Cite web |url=https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/2009/05/04/house-section/article/H5069-8 |title=Recognizing the Significance of Cinco de Mayo |date=May 4, 2009 |website=Congress.gov |publisher=House of Representatives |access-date=May 1, 2017}}</ref> led by General Ignacio Zaragoza. Zaragoza died months after the battle from an illness, however, and a larger French force ultimately defeated the Mexican army at the Second Battle of Puebla and then occupied Mexico City. Following the end of the American Civil War in 1865, the United States began lending money and guns to the Mexican Liberals, pushing France and Mexican Conservatives to the edge of defeat. At the opening of the French chambers in January 1866, Napoleon III announced that he would withdraw French troops from Mexico. In reply to a French request for American neutrality, the American secretary of state William H. Seward replied that French withdrawal from Mexico should be unconditional.
More popular in the United States than in Mexico,<ref>{{cite web |title=Why is Cinco de Mayo More Popular in America Than in Mexico? |first=Brian |last=Greene |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2012/05/04/why-is-cinco-de-mayo-more-popular-in-america-than-in-mexico |work=U.S. News & World Report |date=May 4, 2012 |access-date=May 6, 2023}}</ref> Cinco de Mayo has become associated with the celebration of Mexican-American culture.<ref name="mn">{{cite news |url=http://www.mndaily.com/articles/2003/05/05/38887 |date=May 5, 2003 |title=University community celebrates Cinco de Mayo |first=Jens |last=Krogstad |work=The Minnesota Daily |publisher=University of Minnesota |access-date=April 25, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118214433/http://www.mndaily.com/articles/2003/05/05/38887 |archive-date=November 18, 2007 |quote=Today, the holiday is celebrated more in the United States than in Mexico}}</ref><ref name="clnet"/><ref name="MexCon">{{Cite news |work=Deseret News |url=http://www.deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,660217535,00.html |title=Cinco de Mayo celebrations run all weekend |access-date=May 8, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930193228/http://www.deseretnews.com/dn/view/0%2C1249%2C660217535%2C00.html |archive-date=September 30, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Celebrations began in Columbia, California, where they have been observed annually since 1862.<ref name="Cinco de Mayo: The Real Story">{{cite web |url=http://egpnews.com/2009/04/cinco-de-mayo-the-real-story/ |title=Cinco de Mayo: The Real Story |last1=Hayes-Bautista |first1=David E. |date=April 2009 |website=EGP News |publisher=Eastern Group Publications |access-date=June 2, 2016 |quote=Far up in the gold country town of Columbia (now Columbia State Park) Mexican miners were so overjoyed at the news that they spontaneously fired off rifles shots and fireworks, sang patriotic songs and made impromptu speeches. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612081116/http://egpnews.com/2009/04/cinco-de-mayo-the-real-story/ |archive-date=June 12, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The day gained nationwide popularity beyond those of Mexican-American heritage in the 1980s due to advertising campaigns by beer, wine, and tequila companies; today, Cinco de Mayo generates beer sales on par with the Super Bowl.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=What Is Cinco de Mayo? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/05/business/cinco-de-mayo-facts-history.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=May 6, 2018 |date=May 5, 2018}}</ref> In Mexico, the commemoration of the battle continues to be mostly ceremonial, such as through military parades or battle reenactments. The city of Puebla marks the event with various festivals and reenactments of the battle.
Cinco de Mayo is sometimes mistaken for Mexican Independence Day—the most important national holiday in Mexico—which is celebrated on September 16, commemorating the ''Grito de Dolores'' ("Cry of Dolores") in 1810, which initiated the Mexican War of Independence from Spain.<ref name="NatGeo"/><ref name=DN>{{cite web |url=http://news.discovery.com/history/cinco-de-mayo-not-mexicos-independence-day.html |title=Cinco de Mayo: NOT Mexico's Independence Day |author=Lauren Effron |website=Discovery Channel |date=May 5, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100508063233/http://news.discovery.com:80/history/cinco-de-mayo-not-mexicos-independence-day.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 8, 2010 |access-date=May 6, 2023}}</ref> Cinco de Mayo has been referenced and featured in entertainment media, and has become an increasingly global celebration of Mexican culture, cuisine, and heritage.
==Context==
===Events before the Battle of Puebla=== [[File:Batalla de Puebla, 5-5-1862 (1870).png|thumb|Anonymous painting of the Battle of Puebla, located at the Museo Nacional de las Intervenciones]]
Cinco de Mayo has its roots in the second French intervention in Mexico, which took place in the aftermath of the 1846–48 Mexican–American War and the 1858–61 Reform War. The Reform War was a civil war that pitted Liberals (who believed in separation of church and state and freedom of religion) against Conservatives (who favored a tight bond between the Catholic Church and the Mexican state).<!-- reference removed, triggered Wikipedia blacklist--> These wars nearly bankrupted the Mexican Treasury. On July 17, 1861, Mexican President Benito Juárez issued a moratorium in which all foreign debt payments would be suspended for two years.<ref name="clnet">{{cite web |url=http://clnet.ucla.edu/cinco.html |title=Cinco de Mayo |publisher=University of California at Los Angeles |access-date=May 5, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060408054236/http://www.clnet.ucla.edu/cinco.html |archive-date=April 8, 2006}}</ref><ref name="inside-mexico">{{cite web |last=Herz |first=May |url=http://www.inside-mexico.com/featurecinco.htm |title=Cinco de Mayo |website=Inside Mexico |access-date=May 5, 2011 |archive-date=December 12, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212220958/http://inside-mexico.com/featurecinco.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> In response, France, Spain, and the United Kingdom held a convention in London and joined in alliance to send naval forces to Veracruz to demand reimbursement. France, at the time ruled by Napoleon III, decided to use the opportunity to establish an empire in Mexico that would favor French interests, whereupon Britain and Spain negotiated with Mexico and peacefully withdrew. The empire was part of an envisioned "Latin America" (term used to imply cultural kinship of the region with France) that would rebuild French influence in the American continent and exclude Anglophone American territories.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}
===Battle of Puebla and victory=== {{main|Battle of Puebla}}
Late in 1861, a well-armed French fleet attacked Veracruz, landing a large French force and driving President Juárez and his government into retreat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/topics/cinco-de-mayo |title=Cinco de Mayo |date=October 23, 2009 |publisher=History.com |access-date=May 5, 2011}}</ref> Moving on from Veracruz towards Mexico City, the French army encountered heavy resistance from the Mexicans close to Puebla, at the Mexican forts of Loreto and Guadalupe.<ref name="mexonline">{{cite web |url=http://www.mexonline.com/cinco-de-mayo.htm |title=Cinco de Mayo |publisher=Mexico Online |date=April 25, 2007 |access-date=May 5, 2011}}</ref> The French army of 6,500–8,000<ref>{{cite news |url=http://communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/end-day/2012/may/2/cinco-de-mayo-whats-all-fuss-about/ |title=Cinco de Mayo: What's all the fuss about? |first=Julia |last=Goralka |work=The Washington Times |date=May 2, 2012 |access-date=November 15, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2012/05/happy-cinco-de-mayo----sorta.html |title=Happy Cinco de Mayo – Sorta. |first=Ray |last=Suarez |website=PBS NewsHour |date=May 4, 2012 |access-date=October 28, 2012 |archive-date=October 25, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025114638/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2012/05/happy-cinco-de-mayo----sorta.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="mexonline" /> attacked the poorly equipped Mexican army of 4,000.<ref name="mexonline" /><ref group="note">According to Mexico's National Institute of Historical Studies on the Mexican Revolution the Mexican force consisted of 4,802 soldiers.[http://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Img/5mayo/5deMayo.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006180230/http://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Img/5mayo/5deMayo.pdf|date=October 6, 2012}} And Peter Hicks of the French Foundation Napoléon and other French sources state the size of the Mexican force was 12,000 men. [https://www.napoleon.org/en/reading_room/articles/files/cinco_mexico_france.asp] [https://archive.org/stream/expditiondumex00niox#page/162/mode/2up]. Hayes-Batista clarifies on page 60 of his ''El Cinco de Mayo: An American Tradition'' that '''after''' the smaller Mexican force had defeated the French on May 5, they received reinforcements on May 6 and 7 of approximately 12,000 additional Mexican soldiers.</ref> On May 5, 1862,<ref>[http://www.history.com/topics/cinco-de-mayo "Cinco de Mayo"]. 2011. The History Channel website. Retrieved May 5, 2011.</ref> the Mexicans decisively defeated the French army.<ref name= "mexica.net">{{cite web |url=http://www.mexica.net/literat/Cinco.php |title=The Significance of 'Cinco de Mayo' |first=Ignacio |last=González |year=1996 |access-date=November 15, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://llero.net/culture/cinco-de-mayo-the-backstory.html |title=Cinco de Mayo – The Backstory |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513020920/http://llero.net/culture/cinco-de-mayo-the-backstory.html |archivedate=May 13, 2013 |first=Tony |last=Azios |website=Llero.net |publisher=Jaws Communication |date=2010 |access-date=November 15, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://thebulletin.us/articles/2009/05/07/arts_culture/monkeybrains/doc49fa6aad6bd12177671001.txt |title=Cinco De Mayo: Join In The Celebration On The Fifth Of May |first=Cheryl |last=VanBuskirk |date=May 7, 2009 |work=The Bulletin |access-date=May 10, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511155759/http://thebulletin.us/articles/2009/05/07/arts_culture/monkeybrains/doc49fa6aad6bd12177671001.txt |archive-date=May 11, 2009}}</ref> The victory represented a significant morale boost to the Mexican army and the Mexican people at large<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/topics/cinco-de-mayo |title=Cinco de Mayo |website=HistoryChannel.com |date=October 23, 2009 |access-date=May 14, 2010}}</ref><ref name="Time">{{cite magazine |last=Romero |first=Frances |date=May 5, 2010 |url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1986906_1986905_1986833,00.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507181016/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1986906_1986905_1986833,00.html |title=Happy Cinco de Mayo: Top 10 Drunkest Holidays |archivedate=May 7, 2010 |magazine=Time |access-date=May 14, 2010}}</ref> and helped to establish a sense of national unity and patriotism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mexonline.com/cinco-de-mayo.htm |title=Cinco de Mayo |publisher=Mexico Online |date=April 25, 2007 |access-date=May 5, 2011}}</ref>
===Events after the Battle of Puebla=== thumb|right|Cover of ''May 5, 1862 and the siege of Puebla'', 1901, from the ''Biblioteca del Niño Mexicano'', a series of booklets for children detailing the history of Mexico
The Mexican victory, however, was short-lived. A year later, with 30,000 troops, the French were able to defeat the Mexican army, capture Mexico City, and install Emperor Maximilian I as ruler of Mexico.<ref name="mexonline" /> Maximilian's rule lasted only three years, from 1864 to 1867.<ref name="mexonline"/> By 1865, "with the American Civil War now over, the U.S. began to provide more political and military assistance to Mexico to expel the French."<ref name="mexonline"/> After the American Civil War's end, Napoleon III, facing a persistent Mexican guerilla resistance, the threat of war with Prussia, and "the prospect of a serious scrap with the United States", began withdrawing French troops from Mexico in 1866.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Michael C. Meyer |author2=William H. Beezley |title=The Oxford History of Mexico |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lHeMAVmPjhkC&pg=PA387 |year=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=387–8 |isbn=9780195112283 |access-date=2025-05-05}}</ref> The Mexicans recaptured Mexico City, and Maximilian I was apprehended and executed, along with his Mexican generals Miguel Miramón and Tomás Mejía Camacho in Cerro de las Campanas, Querétaro.<ref name="inside-mexico"/><ref name="mexonline"/> "On June 5, 1867, Benito Juárez entered Mexico City where he installed a new government organizing his administration."<ref name="inside-mexico"/>
===Significance=== The Battle of Puebla was significant, both nationally and internationally, for several reasons. First, "This battle was significant in that the 4,000 Mexican soldiers were greatly outnumbered by the well-equipped French army of 8,000 that had not been defeated for almost 50 years."<ref name="thebulletin.us">[http://thebulletin.us/articles/2009/05/07/arts_culture/monkeybrains/doc49fa6aad6bd12177671001.txt "Cinco De Mayo: Join In The Celebration On The Fifth Of May"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511155759/http://thebulletin.us/articles/2009/05/07/arts_culture/monkeybrains/doc49fa6aad6bd12177671001.txt |date=May 11, 2009 }} Cheryl VanBuskirk. ''The Bulletin''. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US. May 7, 2009. Retrieved June 5, 2009.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20000510083547/http://www.pbs.org/kpbs/theborder/history/timeline/10.html "The Battle of Puebla and Cinco de Mayo"]. PBS. Retrieved February 6, 2009.</ref>{{refn|It has been pointed out that, contrary to reports on PBS and in Philadelphia's ''The Bulletin'', the French were in fact considered to have been defeated by the Russians at the Siege of Petropavlovsk in 1854.|group=note}} Second, since the overall failed French intervention, The Bulletin has argued that no country in the Americas has subsequently been invaded by any other military force from another continent.<ref>[http://thebulletin.us/articles/2009/05/07/arts_culture/monkeybrains/doc49fa6aad6bd12177671001.txt "Cinco De Mayo: Join In The Celebration On The Fifth Of May"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511155759/http://thebulletin.us/articles/2009/05/07/arts_culture/monkeybrains/doc49fa6aad6bd12177671001.txt |date=May 11, 2009 }} Cheryl VanBuskirk. ''The Bulletin'', May 7, 2009. Retrieved June 5, 2009.</ref> Historian Justo Sierra has suggested in his ''Political Evolution of the Mexican People'' that, had Mexico not defeated the French in Puebla on May 5, 1862, France would have gone to the aid of the Confederate States of America in the American Civil War and the United States' destiny could have been different.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.banderasnews.com/0705/edat-frenchdefeat.htm |title=Mexico's Lasting European Influence. By Jose Antonio Burciaga. Free Lance-Star Publishing. May 2007. (First released in The Hispanic News Link. 1981.) |publisher=Banderasnews.com |access-date=May 5, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=The Political Evolution of the Mexican People. By Justo Sierra. Translated by Charles Ramsdell. Austin, TX: The University of Texas Press. 1969. |author=Robert L. Bidwell |journal=Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs |publisher=Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Miami |jstor=174689 |volume=13 |number=2 |date=Apr 1971 |pages=306–308 |doi=10.2307/174689}}</ref>
==History of the holiday in Mexico== thumb|left|The former forts of Guadalupe and Loreto now house a museum.
On May 9, 1862, President Juárez declared that the anniversary of the Battle of Puebla would be a national holiday regarded as "Battle of Puebla Day" or "Battle of Cinco de Mayo".<ref>[http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/1200-did-you-know-cinco-de-mayo-is-more-widely-celebrated-in-usa-than-mexico "Did You Know? Cinco de Mayo is more widely celebrated in USA than Mexico".] Tony Burton. Mexconnect. Retrieved May 8, 2013.</ref><ref>[https://geo-mexico.com/?p=4104 "Cultural adaptation: the Cinco de Mayo holiday is far more widely celebrated in the USA than in Mexico".] Geo-Mexico. May 2, 2011. Retrieved May 8, 2013.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=2A7Cj2AsbSoC&pg=PA14 "25 Latino Craft Projects: Celebrating Culture in Your Library".] Ana Elba Pabon. Diana Borrego. 2003. American Library Association. Page 14. Retrieved May 8, 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.history.com/news/7-things-you-may-not-know-about-cinco-de-mayo "7 Things You May Not Know About Cinco de Mayo".] Jesse Greenspan. May 3, 2012. Retrieved May 8, 2013.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=hCYK7X_SqHIC&pg=PA7488 ''Congressional Record – House'']. Page 7488. 9 May 2001. Retrieved May 8, 2013. Contrary to most other sources, this source states the date Juarez declared Cinco de Mayo to be a national holiday was September 8, 1862.</ref>
thumb|Porfirio Díaz leading Mexican troops in celebration of Cinco de Mayo in 1902 The national celebration of the day peaked during the Porfiriato, the period of Mexican history corresponding with the dictatorship of President Porfirio Díaz, who had fought in the Battle of Puebla as a young officer. According to historian Kelly Lytle Hernández, Díaz "strategically turned the Cinco de Mayo Festival or celebration into a celebration of his power and his reign and made it something that was celebrated across Mexico and even in diasporic Mexican communities in the United States."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/transcripts/1096408339 |title=Cinco de Mayo and the Rise of Modern Mexico : Throughline |website=NPR |date=May 5, 2022}}</ref> Because of this association, in much of Mexico, Cinco de Mayo celebrations declined after Díaz was deposed in the Mexican Revolution.
[[File:5 de Mayo Parade in Orizaba 2017 084.jpg|thumb|Cinco de Mayo parade in Orizaba, Veracruz, 2017]] Today, the commemoration of the battle is not observed as a national holiday in Mexico (i.e. not a statutory holiday).<ref>[http://merida.usconsulate.gov/holidays.html "Holidays 2013"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513164436/http://merida.usconsulate.gov/holidays.html |date=May 13, 2013 }} U.S. Consulate in Mexico. Retrieved April 16, 2013.</ref> However, all public schools are closed nationwide in Mexico on May 5.<ref>[http://www.animalpolitico.com/2013/01/los-dias-de-2013-que-por-ley-debes-descansar/ ''Los días de 2013 que, por ley, debes descansar'']. January 9, 2013. Retrieved April 16, 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.sep.gob.mx/es/sep1/Calendario_2012__2013 ''Calendario Escolar 2012–2013'']. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413144732/http://www.sep.gob.mx/es/sep1/Calendario_2012__2013 |date=April 13, 2013 }} Secretaria de Educacion Publica. Government of Mexico. Retrieved April 16, 2013.</ref> The day is an official holiday in the State of Puebla, where the Battle took place, and also a full holiday (no work) in the neighboring State of Veracruz.<ref>[http://calendariolaboral.com.mx/calendario-puebla-2012.html ''Calendario Puebla 2012'']. Retrieved April 16, 2013.</ref><ref>[http://web.ssaver.gob.mx/rhumanos/files/2013/01/Circular-0077-13-Calendario-Oficial-de-Días-Festivos-2013.pdf ''Circular 0077-13 Calendario Oficial de Días Festivos 2013''].{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Adelante. Gobierno del Estado de Veracruz. January 16, 2013. Retrieved April 16, 2013.</ref>
In Puebla, historical reenactments, parades, and meals take place to commemorate the battle. Parade participants dress as French and Mexican soldiers to reenact the battle.<ref name= "BusinessInsider">{{Cite news |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/how-mexico-celebrates-cinco-de-mayo-2015-4?op=1/#e-largest-cinco-de-mayo-celebrations-take-place-in-the-city-of-puebla-the-site-where-the-original-battle-took-place-not-only-is-the-city-a-unesco-world-heritage-centre-thanks-to-its-preserved-16th-and-17th-century-cathedrals-its-also-considered-mexicos-gastronomic-capital-1 |title=How people actually celebrate Cinco de Mayo in Mexico |work=Business Insider |access-date=May 3, 2017 |language=en}}</ref> Every year the city also hosts the ''Festival Internacional de Puebla'', which gathers national and international artists, traditional musicians and dancers,<ref name= "BusinessInsider"/> as well as the ''Festival Internacional del Mole'', with an emphasis on the city's iconic ''mole poblano''.<ref name= "BusinessInsider"/>
In Mexico City, military commemoration is occasionally held at the Campo Marte.<ref>{{cite web |title=Peña Nieto no estará en Puebla para desfile del 5 de Mayo; conmemora Batalla en Campo Marte |url=https://www.sdpnoticias.com/nacional/2015/05/05/pena-nieto-no-estara-en-puebla-para-desfile-del-5-de-mayo-conmemora-batalla-en-campo-marte |website=SDPnoticias.com |language=es-ES |date=May 5, 2015}}</ref> A street, ''{{ill|Avenida Cinco de Mayo|es|Avenida Cinco de Mayo (Ciudad de México)|vertical-align=sup}}'', in the Historic Center of Mexico City was named after the battle in 1862 by Benito Juárez.
==History of the holiday in United States== upright|thumb|''Junta Patriótica Mexicana del Pueblo Obrero'', Santa Ana, California, 1919<ref name="10.2307/25161927">{{cite journal |last1=Hayes-Bautista |first1=David E. |last2=Chamberlin |first2=Cynthia L. |last3=Jones |first3=Branden |last4=Cornejo |first4=Juan Carlos |last5=Cañadas |first5=Cecilia |last6=Martinez |first6=Carlos |last7=Meza |first7=Gloria |title=Empowerment, Expansion, and Engagement: Las Juntas Patrióticas in California, 1848–1869 |journal=California History |date=1 January 2008 |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=4–23 |doi=10.2307/25161927 |pmid= |jstor=25161927 |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/ch/article-abstract/85/1/4/32953/Empowerment-Expansion-and-Engagement-Las-Juntas |access-date=7 May 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
Remembrance of Cinco de Mayo, began, in the 1860s, by Latinos in California, Nevada, Oregon, and Texas in the context of the Latino experience of the Mexican Independence Day, Mexican Declaration of Independence, and the American Civil War in the Far West and Mexico.<ref name="youtube/dlmHGl04PjI">{{cite web |last1=Hayes-Bautista |first1=David E. |title=Latino Leadership and the Cinco de Mayo in the American West |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dlmHGl04PjI |website=Clinton School of Public Service |publisher= |via=YouTube |access-date=7 May 2025 |date=2 January 2019}}</ref>
The Chicano movement began commemorating Cinco de Mayo in the second half of the twentieth century.<ref name="nypl/cinco-de-mayo">{{cite web |title=Five Little-Known Facts About Cinco de Mayo |url=https://www.nypl.org/blog/2020/05/05/five-little-known-facts-about-cinco-de-mayo |website=The New York Public Library |access-date=6 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
According to David E. Hayes-Bautista, author of ''El Cinco de Mayo: An American Tradition'',<ref name="Hayes-Bautista/5-Mayo">{{cite book |last1=Hayes-Bautista |first1=David |title=El Cinco de Mayo: An American Tradition |date=5 May 2012 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-27213-2 |jstor=10.1525/j.ctt1pn9jg |url=https://www.ucpress.edu/books/el-cinco-de-mayo/paper |language=en}}</ref><ref name="youtube/kC5UTpiZZxI">{{cite web |last1=Hayes-Bautista |first1=David |title='El Cinco de Mayo: An American Tradition' |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kC5UTpiZZxI |website=Book TV at UCLA |publisher=C-SPAN |access-date=7 May 2025 |location= |via=YouTube |date=15 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="c-span/365682">{{cite web |last1=Hayes-Bautista |first1=David E. |title=El Cinco de Mayo |url=https://www.c-span.org/program/book-tv/el-cinco-de-mayo/365682 |website=Book TV |publisher=C-SPAN.org}}</ref> there is evidence that, in 1862, the same year the battle took place, the Mexican community in California started celebrating the victory of Cinco de Mayo. ''La Voz de Méjico'' (San Francisco, California, Spanish, 1862–1866)<ref>{{Cite web |title=La Voz De Méjico : Periódico De Política, Noticias, Comercio, Literatura, Etc (San Francisco, Calif.) 1862–1866 |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/sn84027049/ |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref> published detailed accounts of the battle.<ref name="CA-MX/cinco-de-mayo">{{cite web |title=How Cinco de Mayo Got Its Start Because of California's Mexican Americans |url=https://www.california-mexicocenter.org/how-cinco-de-mayo-got-its-start-because-of-californias-mexican-americans/ |website=The California-Mexico Studies Center, Inc. |access-date=6 May 2025}}</ref> On 7 June 1862, ''La Voz de Méjico'' reported that a Cinco de Mayo celebration took place on May 22 in the town of Columbia, California. Attendees toasted to their fellow Mexican's victory and sang patriotic songs.<ref name="Hayes-Bautista/5-Mayo"/><!-- (p. 61-64) --><ref name="youtube/MpYmjCUiRuw">{{cite web |title=David Hayes Bautista the History of Cinco de Mayo |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MpYmjCUiRuw |website=UCTV - University of California Television |publisher=University of California |access-date=6 May 2025 |date=14 June 2012}}</ref>
<blockquote>Back in California, Mexican Americans followed the news in Spanish language newspapers and were thrilled by Mexico's victory. It led them to form political organizations — Juntas Patrióticas Mejicanas — which met monthly and raised money to send to Mexico's President Juarez to aid his fight against the French. There would eventually be 129 Juntas, mostly in California. When the groups got together, speakers used the Battle of Puebla as a rallying cry to fight for democracy, Hayes-Bautista said. The first Cinco de Mayo commemorations were held in Los Angeles and San Francisco in 1863 with parades, speakers and music.<ref name="pbssocal/cinco-de-mayo">{{cite web |title=How Cinco de Mayo Got Its Start Because of California's Mexican Americans |url=https://www.pbssocal.org/shows/lost-la/how-cinco-de-mayo-got-its-start-because-of-californias-mexican-americans |website=PBS SoCal |access-date=6 May 2025 |date=3 May 2022}}</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>A year after, in 1863, 45 Mexican American women organized to provide aid to those affected by the continuing French-Mexican War going on at the time. They called their group the ''Junta Patriótica de las Señoras de Sonora'' (a town founded by miners from Sonora, Mexico<ref name="modbee/75559432">{{cite news |title=America's first Cinco de Mayo celebrated in Columbia |url=https://www.modbee.com/opinion/opn-columns-blogs/community-columns/article75559432.html |access-date=6 May 2025 |work=The Modesto Bee |language=en}}</ref>), specifically, in the 1850s. Columbia was its next door neighbor, and there were many Mexican miners living there, too. ), which translates to ''Ladies' Patriotic Assembly of Sonora'', and they would hold Cinco de Mayo celebrations each year for a time to commemorate the Mexican Army's victory over occupying French forces at the first Battle of Puebla on May 5, 1862.<ref name="uniondemocrat/Cinco-de-Mayo">{{cite news |last1=MacLean |first1=Alex |title=Event will recognize Columbia as birthplace of Cinco de Mayo celebrations |url=https://www.uniondemocrat.com/news/article_4c7a140e-cbdf-11ec-8ca3-8f7168e011ec.html |access-date=6 May 2025 |work=The Union Democrat |date=4 May 2022 |location=Sonora, California |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>
[[File:Cinco de Mayo performers at White House.jpg|upright|thumb|Cinco de Mayo performers at the White House]]
According to "Cinco de Mayo's First Seventy-Five Years in Alta California: From Spontaneous Behavior to Sedimented Memory, 1862 to 1937."<ref name="10.2307/41172352">{{cite journal |last1=Hayes-Bautista |first1=David E. |last2=Chamberlin |first2=Cynthia L. |title=Cinco de Mayo's First Seventy-Five Years in Alta California: From Spontaneous Behavior to Sedimented Memory, 1862 to 1937 |journal=Southern California Quarterly |date=1 April 2007 |volume=89 |issue=1 |pages=23–64 |doi=10.2307/41172352 |jstor=41172352 |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/scq/article-abstract/89/1/23/87380/Cinco-de-Mayo-s-First-Seventy-Five-Years-in-Alta |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="newsroom.ucla/7891" >{{cite web |last1=Bartlett |first1=Lauren |title=Cinco de Mayo Observance Is Important Because It Provides a Collective Identity for Latinos, Says UCLA Center |url=https://www.newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ucla/Cinco-de-Mayo-Observance-Is-Important-7891.aspx?RelNum=7891 |website=Newsroom |publisher=UCLA |access-date=7 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224060433/https://www.newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ucla/Cinco-de-Mayo-Observance-Is-Important-7891.aspx?RelNum=7891 |archive-date=24 December 2007 |date=May 4, 2007 |quote=The paper by Hayes-Bautista and co-author Cynthia L. Chamberlin, the center's historian, appears in the spring edition of the Southern California Quarterly and is titled "Cinco de Mayo's First Seventy-Five Years in Alta California: From Spontaneous Behavior to Sedimented Memory, 1862 to 1937."}}</ref> by David E. Hayes-Bautista and Cynthia L. Chamberlin, published in the ''Southern California Quarterly'', by the UCLA Center for the Study of Latino Health and Culture about the origin of the observance of Cinco de Mayo in the United States, the modern American focus on that day first started in California in 1863 in response to the resistance to French rule in Mexico.<ref name="newsroom.ucla/7891" /><ref name="10.2307/41172352"/> "Far up in the gold country town of Columbia (now Columbia State Park) Mexican miners were so overjoyed at the news that they spontaneously fired off rifle shots and fireworks, sang patriotic songs and made impromptu speeches."<ref name="Cinco de Mayo: The Real Story"/>
A 2007 UCLA Newsroom article<ref name="newsroom.ucla/7891" /> notes that "the holiday, which has been celebrated in California continuously since 1863, is virtually ignored in Mexico."<ref name="newsroom.ucla/7891" /><ref name="10.2307/41172352"/> ''Time'' magazine reports that "Cinco de Mayo started to come into vogue in 1940s America during the rise of the Chicano Movement."<ref name="Time"/> The holiday crossed over from California into the rest of the United States in the 1950s and 1960s but did not gain popularity until the 1980s when marketers, especially beer companies, capitalized on the celebratory nature of the day and began to promote it.<ref>[https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2010/05/05/Cinco-de-Mayo-minor-holiday-in-Mexico/UPI-75471273059999/ "Cinco de Mayo minor holiday in Mexico"]. UPI. World News. May 5, 2010. Retrieved May 15, 2010. Verified March 20, 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.chron.com/opinion/outlook/article/Holiday-of-Cinco-de-Mayo-is-minor-event-in-Mexico-1718459.php |title=Holiday of Cinco de Mayo is minor event in Mexico |first=Oscar |last=Cesares |work=Houston Chronicle |date=May 5, 2010 |access-date=May 15, 2010}}</ref> It grew in popularity and evolved into a celebration of Mexican culture and heritage, first in areas with large Mexican-American populations, like Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, New York, New Orleans, followed by Cleveland, Boston, Indianapolis, Raleigh, Dallas, San Antonio, Washington, D.C., Atlanta, Miami, Orlando, Denver, Phoenix, Philadelphia, Tucson, San Francisco, San Jose, and San Diego.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/topics/cinco-de-mayo |title=Cinco de Mayo |website=History.com |date=October 23, 2009 |access-date=March 10, 2013}}</ref>
[[Image:Cinco26.jpg|upright|thumb|Cinco de Mayo celebration in Saint Paul, Minnesota]] In a 1998 study in the ''Journal of American Culture'' it was reported that there were more than 120 official US celebrations of Cinco de Mayo in 21 different states. An update in 2006 found that the number of official Cinco de Mayo events was 150 or more, according to José Alamillo, a professor of ethnic studies at Washington State University in Pullman, who has studied the cultural impact of Cinco de Mayo north of the border.<ref>{{cite web |first=Stefan |last=Lovgren |location=Los Angeles |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/01/100505-cinco-de-mayo-history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100506032510/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/01/100505-cinco-de-mayo-history/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 6, 2010 |title=Cinco de Mayo History: From Bloodshed to Beer Fest |work=National Geographic |access-date=May 5, 2011}}</ref> Los Angeles' Fiesta Broadway has been billed as the largest Cinco de Mayo celebration in the world, which it most certainly was at its peak in the 1990s when it attracted crowds of 500,000 or more. In recent years attendance has seen a dramatic decrease.<ref>Canalis, John (April 26, 1992). [https://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/04/26/LA-hosts-nations-biggest-Cinco-de-Mayo-party/2645704260800/ L.A. hosts nation's biggest Cinco de Mayo party]. UPI Archives. Retrieved August 22, 2016.</ref><ref>Jamison, Peter (April 24, 2016). [https://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-0425-fiesta-broadway-20160425-story.html "With thinner crowds in a smaller space, Fiesta Broadway feels deeply diminished"]. ''Los Angeles Times''. Retrieved August 22, 2016.</ref>
On June 7, 2005, the United States Congress issued a concurrent resolution calling on the President of the United States (George W. Bush) to issue a proclamation calling upon the people of the United States to observe Cinco de Mayo with appropriate ceremonies and activities.<ref name="thomas.loc.gov">[http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/R?r109:FLD001:H04151 Library of Congress (U.S.A.) Declaration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902181814/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/R?r109:FLD001:H04151 |date=September 2, 2014 }}. Retrieved February 6, 2009.</ref> To celebrate, many display Cinco de Mayo banners while school districts hold special events to educate students about its historical significance. Special events and celebrations highlight Mexican culture, especially in its music and regional dancing. Examples include ''baile folklórico'' and mariachi demonstrations held annually at the Plaza del Pueblo de Los Ángeles, near Olvera Street. Commercial interests in the United States have capitalized on the celebration, advertising Mexican products and services, with an emphasis on alcoholic beverages,<ref name = times>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01EFDA173CF931A35756C0A9659C8B63&n=Top/News/Business/Small%20Business/Marketing%20and%20Advertising |title=Marketers extend their holiday efforts to a Mexican celebration and even to Lent. |first=Courtney |last=Kane |date=May 2, 2003 |work=The New York Times |access-date=April 25, 2016 |quote=[Cinco de Mayo] gives us an opportunity ... to really get a jump-start on the summer beer-selling season}}</ref><ref name = NYSE>{{cite web |title=Constellation Brands and Crown Imports Ring in Cinco de Mayo at New York Stock Exchange |url=http://en.acnnewswire.com/press-release/english/9314/constellation-brands-and-crown-imports-ring-in-cinco-de-mayo-at-new-york-stock-exchange |publisher=Asian Corporate News Network |location=Victor, New York |date=May 3, 2012 |website=ACNNewswire.com |access-date=May 8, 2012}}</ref> foods, and music.<ref name=Alb>{{cite news |url=http://www.abqtrib.com/news/2007/may/04/cinco-de-mayos-history-neglected-its-excuse-party/ |title=Cinco de Mayo's history neglected; it's an excuse to party |first=Nancy |last=Salem |date=May 4, 2007 |access-date=April 25, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 14, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914151001/http://www.abqtrib.com/news/2007/may/04/cinco-de-mayos-history-neglected-its-excuse-party/ |work=The Albuquerque Tribune |quote=From my perspective as a marketing professional, Cinco de Mayo has morphed into a national holiday designed by Fifth Avenue to sell alcohol and excite consumership around a party-type theme}}</ref><ref name="Corona">{{cite web |quote=Cinco de Mayo is not just a fiesta anymore, the gringos have taken it on as a good sales pitch |title=Contesting Cinco de Mayo: Cultural Politics and Commercialization of Ethnic Festivals, 1930–1950 |first=José M. |last=Alamillo |url=http://latino.si.edu/researchandmuseums/presentations/alamillo_papers.html |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |access-date=May 8, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510025308/http://latino.si.edu/researchandmuseums/presentations/alamillo_papers.html |archive-date=May 10, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> According to Nielsen, in 2013 more than $600 million worth of beer was purchased in the United States for Cinco de Mayo, more than for the Super Bowl or St. Patrick's Day.<ref name="auto"/>
The May 4, 2023 edition of ''The Washington Post'' published an article describing the holiday of Cinco de Mayo as an American holiday with Mexican roots and not necessarily a Mexican holiday.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/made-by-history/2023/05/05/cinco-de-mayo-civil-war/ |title=Cinco de Mayo is not a Mexican holiday. It's an American one. |last=Kinnally |first=Cara Anne |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=May 5, 2023 |access-date=May 12, 2023}}</ref>
On May 5, 2026, Cinco De Mayo occurred on a Tuesday, which caused many restaurants to advertise the fact that Cinco De Mayo took place on Taco Tuesday.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Giesen |first=Greg |title=It's Cinco de Mayo and Taco Tuesday. Here's a look at special offers |url=https://www.delawareonline.com/story/life/food/2026/05/04/cinco-de-mayo-and-taco-tuesday-food-deals-in-delaware/89919612007/ |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=The News Journal |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=8 authentic Mexican restaurants to celebrate Cinco de Mayo (and Taco Tuesday) |url=https://www.gainesvilletimes.com/life/food-drink/8-authentic-mexican-restaurants-to-celebrate-cinco-de-mayo-and-taco-tuesday/ |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=www.gainesvilletimes.com}}</ref>
==History of the holiday elsewhere== thumb|Cinco de Mayo celebration in Japan, 2019
Events tied to Cinco de Mayo also occur outside Mexico and the United States. As in the United States, celebrations elsewhere also emphasize Mexican cuisine, culture and music. For example, some Canadian pubs play Mexican music and serve Mexican food and drink,<ref name=Canadapubs>[http://www.canada.com/entertainment/About/6557818/story.html Canadian celebration] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827202647/http://www.canada.com/entertainment/About/6557818/story.html |date=August 27, 2012 }}; [http://www.stalbertgazette.com/article/20120505/SAG0302/305059986/-1/sag0302/romantic-rhythms-and-fiery-food St. Albert, Canada 2012 celebration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622062417/http://www.stalbertgazette.com/article/20120505/SAG0302/305059986/-1/sag0302/romantic-rhythms-and-fiery-food |date=June 22, 2012 }}; [http://www.montrealmirror.com/wp/2012/05/03/drag-superstar/ Montreal celebration]{{dead link|date=April 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}. Retrieved May 8, 2012.</ref> and a sky-diving club near Vancouver holds a Cinco de Mayo skydiving event.<ref name = Vanc>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vancouver-skydiving.bc.ca/events.html |title=Cinco de Mayo Skydiving Boogie 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419140401/http://www.vancouver-skydiving.bc.ca/events.html |location=Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada |archive-date=April 19, 2008 |url-status=dead |access-date=May 5, 2008}}</ref> In the Cayman Islands, in the Caribbean, there is an annual Cinco de Mayo air guitar competition,<ref name=Cayman>[http://www.caymannetnews.com/news-7106--6-6--.html Cayman Cinco de Mayo air guitar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116092000/http://www.caymannetnews.com/news-7106--6-6--.html |date=January 16, 2015 }}. Retrieved May 5, 2008.</ref> and at Montego Bay, Jamaica, there is a Cinco de Mayo celebration.<ref name=Montego>[http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20080509/social/social1.html Jamaica celebration] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718141644/http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20080509/social/social1.html |date=July 18, 2012 }}. Retrieved May 8, 2012.</ref> The city of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, holds an annual Mexican Festival<ref name=Bris>[http://www.cincodemayo.com.au "Brisbane Cinco de Mayo Mexican Festival"]; [http://blogs.abc.net.au/queensland/2012/05/the-mexican-festival-of-cinco-de-mayo-4th-may-2012.html Brisbane celebration] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709085304/http://blogs.abc.net.au/queensland/2012/05/the-mexican-festival-of-cinco-de-mayo-4th-may-2012.html |date=July 9, 2012 }}</ref> to honor the day, and celebrations are held in London<ref name = London>[http://londonist.com/2012/05/where-to-celebrate-cinco-de-mayo-in-london.php "Where to Celebrate Cinco de Mayo in London"]. Retrieved May 8, 2012.</ref> and New Zealand.<ref name = nz>[http://www.stuff.co.nz/world/americas/6861500/Mexicans-to-celebrate-Cinco-De-Mayo Mexican Ambassador to New Zealand honors Cinco de Mayo]. Retrieved May 8, 2012.</ref> Other celebrations of the day can also be found in Cape Town, South Africa,<ref>[https://www.food-blog.co.za/cinco-de-mayo-at-the-office/ Cinco de Mayo in South Africa] Retrieved May 5, 2016</ref> Lagos, Nigeria,<ref>[http://www.fornaija.com/cinco-de-mayo-at-bottles-restaurant-this-thursday/ Cinco de Mayo in Lagos, Nigeria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604000920/http://www.fornaija.com/cinco-de-mayo-at-bottles-restaurant-this-thursday/ |date=June 4, 2016 }} Retrieved May 5, 2016</ref> and in Paris, France.<ref name="Paris">[http://www.soonnight.com/paris/paris/jeudi-05-mai-el-cinco-de-mayo,1,424658.html "El cinco de mayo – Paris – jeudi 05 mai"] After Work. Retrieved May 8, 2012.</ref> Cinco de Mayo is celebrated in Japan in Osaka and in Tokyo's Yoyogi Park Event Space as a celebration of Latin American culture.<ref>[http://www.cincodemayo.jp/english.html Cinco de Mayo festivals in Osaka and Tokyo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505150957/http://www.cincodemayo.jp/english.html |date=May 5, 2016 }} Retrieved May 5, 2016</ref><ref>[http://www.japanbases.com/forums/aft/10628.aspx "Cinco De Mayo Festival in Tokyo"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222170941/http://www.japanbases.com/forums/aft/10628.aspx |date=February 22, 2014 }} JapanBases.com. Retrieved August 16, 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.cincodemayo.jp/ "Cinco de Mayo 2013: Celebrating the Americas"] Cinco de Mayo Festival. Retrieved August 16, 2013.</ref>
==See also== {{Portal|Holidays|Mexico|United States}} * List of occasions known by their dates * Siege of Puebla (1863), fall of Puebla to the French * Third Battle of Puebla (1867), recapture of Puebla and decisive victory for the restoration of the Republic
==Notes== {{reflist|group=note}}
==References== {{reflist|30em}}
==External links== {{Commons category|Cinco de Mayo}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220904003006/https://www.inside-mexico.com/2022/05/01/cinco-de-mayo-facts/ Cinco De Mayo Quick Facts] <!-- {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904003006/https://www.inside-mexico.com/2022/05/01/cinco-de-mayo-facts/|date=September 4, 2022}} --> * [https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2011/05/cinco-de-mayo-is-not-mexican-independence-day/ Cinco de Mayo is NOT Mexican Independence Day?] on The Law Library of Congress blog * [https://www.mexican-american.org/articles/2016/05/05/origin-of-cinco-de-mayo-celebration_mexican-american-miners-of-northern-california.html "Origin of the Cinco De Mayo celebration"] – Mexican American News – a subsidiary of Xcano Media * [https://www.southtexasnews.com/beeville_bee_picayune/new-book-on-zaragoza-published-by-karnes-county-historian-author/article_43e5ef32-80ed-11ef-af91-bbb776e139dc.html Ignacio Zaragoza's role in Mexico's independence and the outcome of the American Civil War] * {{cite web |last=Renteria |first=Joanna |date=May 5, 2018 |title=The Real Meaning Behind Cinco de Mayo — and Why Mexicans Don't Really Celebrate the Date |url=https://www.popsugar.com/latina/Real-Meaning-Behind-Cinco-de-Mayo-40579049 |website=PopSugar}}
'''Video presentations''' * {{cite web |author1=History Colorado |title=Dr. David E. Hayes-Bautista – Cinco de Mayo, an American Tradition (with Presentation Slides and Video) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FlOr4EnYu08 |quote=Borderlands of Southern Colorado Lecture Series |via=YouTube |date=1 May 2020}} * {{cite web |author1=Clinton School of Public Service |title=Dr. David E. Hayes-Bautista – Latino Leadership and the Cinco de Mayo in the American West |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dlmHGl04PjI |via=YouTube |date=2 January 2019}} * {{cite web |author1=UCTV: University of California Television (uctv.tv) |title=Dr. David E. Hayes-Bautista – the History of Cinco de Mayo |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MpYmjCUiRuw |via=YouTube |date=14 June 2012}} * {{cite web |author1=LA Plaza de Cultura y Artes |title=Dr. David E. Hayes-Bautista – El Cinco de Mayo: Made in California |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=INl1eyO_AEk |via=YouTube |date=5 May 2020}} * {{cite web |author1=Robert C. Hamilton, MD |title=The Hamilton Review Ep. 197: Dr. David E. Hayes-Bautista on Latino History and Culture in California |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t1s3v-op-EE |via=YouTube |date=24 February 2023}} * {{cite web |author1=History Channel |title=Cinco de Mayo's Civil War Connection |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9VnUZ10P3KA |website=HISTORY This Week Podcast |via=YouTube |date=5 May 2025}} * [https://www.history.com/topics/holidays/cinco-de-mayo-video ''Cinco De Mayo'' Videos] on The History Channel
{{Mexico Holidays}} {{US Holidays}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Cinco De Mayo}} Category:1862 establishments in Mexico Category:Recurring events established in 1862 Category:Public holidays in Mexico Category:Public holidays in the United States Category:May observances Category:Mexican-American culture Category:Second French intervention in Mexico Category:Remembrance days Category:Spring (season) in Mexico