455 series

{{short description|Japanese train type}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}} {{Infobox train | name = 455 series | image = JNR455(JR East) at Koriyama 2006 1200size.jpg | imagesize = 300px | caption = A JR East 455 series in 2006 | service = October 1965–March 2015 (general service) 2015–2021 (remaining driving cab mixed from 413/455 series trainsets of JR West) | manufacturer = | factory = | family = | replaced = | yearconstruction = 1965–1971 | yearservice = | refurbishment = | yearscrapped = | numberbuilt = | numberservice = 2 vehicles | numberpreserved = 3 vehicles | numberscrapped = | formation = | fleetnumbers = | capacity = | operator = [[JNR]] (1965–1987) [[JR East]] (1987–2008) [[JR Kyushu]] (1987–2010) [[JR West]] (1987–2015, 2015-2021) [[Echigo Tokimeki Railway]] (2021–) | depots = | lines = | carbody = Steel | carlength = {{Convert|20,000|mm|ftin|abbr=on}} | width = {{Convert|2,950|mm|ftin|0|abbr=on}} | height = | floorheight = | doors = 2 per side | maxspeed = {{Convert|110|km/h|mph|round=5|abbr=on}} | weight = | acceleration = | deceleration = | traction = [[Resistor|Resistor control]] | traction motors = MT54 120 kW traction motors | poweroutput = | aux = | powersupply = | hvac = | electricsystem = 1,500 V DC, 20 kV AC 50 Hz | collectionmethod = [[Overhead catenary]] | bogies = | brakes = | safety = | coupling = | multipleworking = 451/453/457/471/473 series | gauge = {{RailGauge|1067mm|lk=on}} }}

The {{Nihongo|'''455 series'''|455系|455-kei}} is a Japanese dual-voltage (1,500 V DC and 20 kV AC 50 Hz) [[electric multiple unit]] (EMU) train type introduced by [[Japanese National Railways]] (JNR) on express services in 1965 and later operated by [[East Japan Railway Company]] (JR East), [[West Japan Railway Company]] (JR-West), and [[Kyushu Railway Company]] (JR Kyushu).<ref name="neko1995">{{cite book |title = JR全車輛ハンドブック1995 |trans-title= JR Rolling Stock Handbook 1995|publisher = Neko Publishing |date = 1995 |location = Japan |pages = 208–210}}</ref>

The last sets operated by JR-West were withdrawn in 2015. However, 2 cars remain in service as the driving car of a mixed 413/455 series set until they resold to the private railway operator in 2021 hence ended their overall service by JR West.

==Design== Intended for use in the [[Tohoku region]], the basic design and appearance was identical to the [[475 series]] dual-voltage (1,500 V DC and 20 kV AC 60 Hz) EMUs introduced around the same time in [[Kyushu]], and similar to the earlier [[453 series|453]] and [[473 series]] EMUs.<ref name="jnrexpress2013">{{cite book |title = 写真とイラストで見る国鉄急行型電車のすべて |trans-title= JNR Express EMUs in pictures|publisher = Neko Publishing Ltd.|date = 29 November 2013 |location = Japan |pages = 76–89|isbn = 978-4-7770-1532-0}}</ref> The first units built were not equipped with air-conditioning, except for the SaRo 455 "Green" (first class) cars.<ref name="jnrexpress2013"/>

==Variants== * '''455-0 series''' * '''455-200 series''' * '''455-300 series''' * '''455-400 series''' * '''455-500 series''' * '''455-600 series''' * '''455-700 series'''

===455-0 series=== These were the 455 series cars built from new between 1965 and 1971.<ref name="jrr2014_winter">{{cite book |title = JR電車編成表 2014冬 |trans-title= JR EMU Formations - Winter 2014|publisher = JRR |date = 1 December 2013 |location = Japan |pages = 253–254|isbn = 978-4-330-42413-2}}</ref><ref name="jnrexpress2013"/> * KuHa 455-1 – 75, driving trailer cars * KuMoHa 455-1 – 51, driving motor cars * KuRoHa 455–1, composite driving trailer converted from KuHa 455–44 with three rows of "Green" (first class) seats<ref name="neko1995"/> * MoHa 454-1 – 51, intermediate motor cars, with pantograph * SaHa 455-1 – 8, intermediate trailer cars (built for use in [[457 series]] sets)<ref name="jnrexpress2013"/> * SaRo 455-1 – 45, "Green" (first class) trailer cars * SaHaShi 455-1 – 26, buffet cars

<gallery> File:KuMoHa 455-37 Sendai 20060729.JPG|JR East KuMoHa 455–37, July 2006 File:MoHa 454-37 Sendai 20060729.JPG|JR East MoHa 454–37, July 2006 File:Saha455-8.jpg|JR-West SaHa 455–8, March 2010 </gallery>

With the reduction in express services and gradual reassignment of 455 series sets to local services, a number of cab cars were subsequently rebuilt from intermediate cars or other EMU types from 1975 to allow shorter sets to be formed.<ref name="jnrexpress2013"/>

===455-200 series=== * KuHa 455-201: Rebuilt in 1975 from SaHaShi 455-18 buffet car<ref name="jrr2014_winter"/><ref name="jnrexpress2013"/> * KuHa 455-202 – 203: Rebuilt in 1979 from [[451 series]] EMU driving cars KuHa 451-26 and 27<ref name="jrr2014_winter"/><ref name="jnrexpress2013"/>

===455-300 series=== * KuHa 455-301 – 320: Rebuilt in 1984 from [[165 series]] EMU KuHa 165 driving cars.<ref name="neko1995"/><ref name="jrr2014_winter"/> * KuHa 455-321 – 324: Rebuilt 1984-1985 from [[169 series]] EMU KuHa 169-900 driving cars.<ref name="neko1995"/><ref name="jrr2014_winter"/>

===455-400 series=== * KuHa 455-401: Rebuilt in 1984 from [[165 series]] EMU KuMoHa 165 driving car.<ref name="neko1995"/><ref name="jrr2014_winter"/> * KuHa 455-402 – 405: Rebuilt 1984-1985 from [[169 series]] EMU KuMoHa 169-900 driving cars.<ref name="neko1995"/><ref name="jrr2014_winter"/>

===455-500 series=== * KuHa 455-501 – 505: Rebuilt in 1983 from [[165 series]] EMU SaHa 165 intermediate trailer cars.<ref name="neko1995"/><ref name="jrr2014_winter"/>

===455-600 series=== * KuHa 455-601 – 605: Rebuilt in 1984 from 455 series EMU SaRo 455 intermediate "Green" trailer cars.<ref name="neko1995"/><ref name="jrr2014_winter"/> * KuHa 455-606 – 611: Rebuilt from [[165 series]] EMU SaRo 165 intermediate "Green" trailer cars.<ref name="neko1995"/>

===455-700 series=== * KuHa 455-701 – 702: Rebuilt in 1986 and 1987 from 455 series EMU SaHa 455 intermediate trailer cars.<ref name="neko1995"/><ref name="jrr2014_winter"/>

<gallery> File:KuMoHa 455-202 Sendai 19890322.jpg|JR East KuMoHa 455–202, March 1989 File:KuHa 455-317 Aizu-Wakamatsu 20060722.jpg|JR East KuHa 455–317, July 2006 File:Tc455 405.jpg|JR East KuHa 455–405, April 2007 File:KuHa 455-501 Yatsushiro 20020330.jpg|JR Kyushu KuHa 455–501 in a mixed 475/455 series set, March 2002 File:KuHa455-602 Kagoshima Chuo 20060523.JPG|JR Kyushu KuHa 455–605 in a mixed 475/455 series set, May 2006 File:KuHa 455-701 Toyama 20060410.jpg|JR-West KuHa 455–701 in a mixed 413/455 series set, April 2006 </gallery>

==Formations== As of 1 October 2019, JR-West operates 2 KuHa 455-700 cars. These cars are included in mixed 413/455 series three-car sets based at Kanazawa Depot and used on the [[Nanao Line]]. They are formed as shown below. [[File:JRW 413kei B04.jpg|thumb|413/455 series set B04 painted in madder red Nanao Line livery]]

{| class="wikitable" |- ! Designation | Mc || M' || Tc' |- ! Numbering | KuMoHa 413 || MoHa 412 || KuHa 455-700 |} * The MoHa 412 car is fitted with one PS21 lozenge-type [[Pantograph (rail)|pantograph]].<ref name="jrr2014_winter"/> * Set B11 includes 413–100 series cars KuMoHa 413-101 and MoHa 412–101.<ref name="jrr2014_winter"/>

===Past formations=== As of October 1, 2013, JR-West operated 16 KuHa 455 cars (including two KuHa 455-700 cars), included in mixed 413/455 and 475/455 series three-car sets based at Kanazawa Depot and used on the [[Hokuriku Main Line]]. They were formed as shown below.

===413 series sets B04 and B11=== [[File:JR West 413 Series Train at Toyama Station.JPG|thumb|413/455 series set B04 in July 2013, with its KuHa 455 driving car visible at the rear end]]

{| class="wikitable" |- ! Designation | Mc || M' || Tc' |- ! Numbering | KuMoHa 413 || MoHa 412 || KuHa 455-700 |}

*In March 2013, these sets were reallocated to the Nanao Line.

===475 series sets A05 and A26=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Designation | Mc || M' || Tc' |- ! Numbering | KuMoHa 475 || MoHa 474 || KuHa 455 |} * The MoHa 474 car is fitted with one PS21 lozenge-type pantograph.<ref name="jrr2014_winter"/>

A typical formation for a combined ''Bandai'' (455 series, cars 1 to 6, Ueno - Kitakata) and ''Iwate'' (451/453 series, cars 7 to 13, Ueno - Morioka) service as of March 1972 is shown below.<ref name="jnrexpress2013"/>

{| class="wikitable" |- ! Car No. | 1 || 2 || 3 || style="background: #E6FFE6"| 4 || 5 || 6 || || 7 || style="background: #FFE6EE"| 8 || 9 || 10 || style="background: #E6FFE6"| 11 || 12 || 13 |- ! Numbering | KuHa 455 || MoHa 454 || KuMoHa 455 || style="background: #F5FFF5"| SaRo 455 || MoHa 454 || KuMoHa 455 || || KuHa 451 || style="background: #FFF5F8"| SaHaShi 451 || MoHa 450 || KuMoHa 451 || style="background: #F5FFF5"| SaRo 455 || MoHa 454 || KuMoHa 455 |}

JR East 3-car sets (S2 to S51) based at Sendai Depot and used in the Tohoku region until their withdrawal in 2008 were formed as shown below.<ref name="jrr2005">{{cite book |title = JR電車編成表 '05冬号 |trans-title= JR EMU Formations - Winter 2005|publisher = JRR |date = January 2005 |location = Japan |pages = 28–29|isbn = 978-4-88283-042-9}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" |- ! Designation | Mc || M' || Tc' |- ! Numbering | KuMoHa 455 || MoHa 454 || KuHa 455 |} * The MoHa 454 car was fitted with one PS16 lozenge-type pantograph.<ref name="jrr2005"/>

[[File:KuRoHa 455-1 Koriyama 20060816.JPG|thumbnail|Rebuilt car KuRoHa 455–1 in 2006 with Green car saloon at the outer end]] One JR East 3-car set, S40, based at Sendai Depot, was modified in 1999 with a KuRoHa 455 car at the north end including three rows of "Green" car (first class) accommodation arranged 2+2 abreast.<ref name="jrr2005"/>

{| class="wikitable" |- ! Designation | Mc || M' || Tc' |- ! Numbering | KuRoHa 455-1 || MoHa 454-40 || KuMoHa 455-40 |} * The MoHa 454 car was fitted with one PS16 lozenge-type pantograph.<ref name="jrr2005"/>

===Key=== * KuHa: Standard class driving trailer car * KuMoHa: Standard class driving motor car * MoHa: Intermediate motor car * SaRo: "Green" (first class) trailer car * SaHaShi: Buffet car

==Interior== Designed for use on express services, passenger accommodation consisted of fixed 4-person seating bays.

<gallery> File:455 interior Kuroiso 20030809.jpg|Interior of a JR East set, August 2003 File:475系クハ455-22車内.JPG|Interior of JR Kyushu KuHa 455-22 included in a 475 series set, July 2006 File:KuHa 455-702 interior 20141004.jpg|The interior of JR-West KuHa 455-702 included in 413 series set B11, October 2014 </gallery>

==Liveries==

<gallery> File:JNR455(JR East) at Koriyama 2006 1200size.jpg|A JR East 455 series set in Tohoku livery in December 2006 File:JRKyushu kuha455-605.jpg| A JR Kyushu 455 series car in Kyushu livery in April 2000 File:455 S4 719 Sendai 20020824.jpg|JR East 455 series set S-4 in Senzan Line livery in August 2002 File:JNR455(JR East) Banetsu West Line Akabe at Koriyama 2006 1224size.jpg|A JR East 455 series set in Banetsu West Line livery in December 2006 File:Kuha455-56.jpg|A JR-West 455 series car in "Hokuriku" livery in March 2010 File:JNR 475 JRWEST-A16.jpg|A JR-West 455 series car repainted into original JNR express livery in March 2010 </gallery>

==History== [[File:455 Matsushima.jpg|thumbnail|A 455 series formation on a ''Matsushima'' express service]] The 455 series trains were first introduced from the start of the 1 October 1965 revised timetable, operating on ''Iwate'' and ''Kitakami'' express services between {{STN|Ueno|x}} in Tokyo and {{STN|Morioka|x}} in the north-east of Japan, and also on ''Matsushima'' services between Ueno and {{STN|Sendai|x|Miyagi}}.<ref name="jnrexpress2013"/>

From 1 July 1967, 455 series trains were introduced on new ''Bandai'' express services operating on the [[Banetsu West Line]].<ref name="jnrexpress2013"/> From 1 October 1968, with the completion of AC electrification of the route between {{STN|Fukushima|x|Fukushima}} and Sendai via the [[Ou Main Line]] and [[Senzan Line]], 455 series trains were introduced on ''Zaō'' services operating between Ueno and Yamagata.<ref name="jnrexpress2013"/>

From the late 1960s, JNR was beginning to install air-conditioning on its trains, and 455 series cars built from June 1968 were designed to allow air-conditioning to be added easily at a later date. Air-conditioning was subsequently retrofitted between 1969 and 1975.<ref name="jnrexpress2013"/>

With the opening of the [[Tohoku Shinkansen]], the number of express services in the region were cut back from the start of the 15 November 1982 timetable revision, and discontinued by March 1985. JR East 455 series sets were reassigned to local services, and withdrawn by 2008.<ref name="jnrexpress2013"/>

==Preserved examples== [[File:L25 Mc455-1 1000.jpg|thumb|Preserved car KuMoHa 455–1 in 2007 before being moved to the Railway Museum in Saitama]] As of 2012, three 455 series EMU cars are preserved, all at the [[Railway Museum (Saitama)|Railway Museum]] in Saitama Prefecture.<ref name="sasada2012">{{cite book |title = 国鉄&JR保存車大全 |trans-title= JNR & JR Preserved Rolling Stock Complete Guide|last = Sasada|first = Masahiro |publisher = Ikaros Publications Ltd.|date = September 2012 |location = Tokyo, Japan|pages = 42–43|isbn = 978-4863206175}}</ref> * KuMoHa 455-1 (restored in original JNR express livery) * KuHa 455-2 (in cream/green livery, used as a rest area) * MoHa 454-4 (in cream/green livery, used as a rest area)

==References== {{Commons category}} {{reflist}}

[[Category:Electric multiple units of Japan]] [[Category:East Japan Railway Company]] [[Category:Kyushu Railway Company]] [[Category:West Japan Railway Company]] [[Category:Train-related introductions in 1965]] [[Category:1500 V DC multiple units of Japan]] [[Category:20 kV AC multiple units]]

[[ja:国鉄457系電車#455系・475系]]