415 series

{{short description|Japanese train type}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}} {{Infobox train | name = 415 series 401 series/403 series/421 series/423 series | image = JNR-415.JPG | imagesize = 300px | caption = A 415 series train on the [[Jōban Line]] approaching [[Abiko Station (Chiba)|Abiko Station]] in July 2006 | service = | manufacturer = [[Hitachi]], [[Kawasaki Heavy Industries]], [[Kinki Sharyo]], [[Nippon Sharyo]], [[Tokyu Car Corporation]], [[JR-West]] | factory = | family = | replaced = | successor = [[E531 series]] | yearconstruction = 1971–1991 | yearservice = 1971 | refurbishment = | yearscrapped = | numberconstruction = | numberbuilt = 674 vehicles | numberservice = | numberpreserved = | numberscrapped = | formation = 3/4/7 cars per trainset | fleetnumbers = | capacity = | operator = [[JNR]] (1971–1987) [[JR East]] (1987–2016) [[JR Kyushu]] (1987–present) [[JR-West]] (1991-2021) | depots = | lines = Various | carbody = Steel/stainless steel | trainlength = | carlength = {{cvt|19.5-20|m|ftin|frac=16}} | width = {{cvt|2,950|mm|ftin|frac=16}} | height = {{cvt|3.654-3.67|m|ftin|frac=16}} | floorheight = | platformheight = | entrylevelorstep = | art-sections = | doors = | maxspeed = {{Convert|100|km/h|mph|1|abbr=on}} | weight = | acceleration = | deceleration = | traction = [[Resistor|Resistor control]] (401 series and 421 series sets) MT46 (403 series and 415 series sets) MT54 | engine = | transmission = | aux = | poweroutput = 100 kW (MT46B) (401 series)<ref name="neko09102008"/> 120 kW | hvac = | electricsystem = 1,500 V DC / 20 kV AC 50 Hz/60 Hz overhead catenary | collectionmethod = [[Pantograph (transport)|Pantograph]] | uicclass = | aarwheels = | bogies = | brakes = | safety = | coupling = | multipleworking = | gauge = {{RailGauge|1067mm|lk=on}} }}

The {{nihongo|'''415 series'''|415系|415-kei}} is a dual-voltage AC/DC outer-suburban [[electric multiple unit]] (EMU) train type introduced in 1971 by [[Japanese National Railways]] (JNR), and later operated in Japan by [[East Japan Railway Company]] (JR East), [[Kyushu Railway Company]] (JR Kyushu), and [[West Japan Railway Company]] (JR-West).

==Variants== The 415 series was introduced in 1971, and has since spawned six variants, as listed below.

* 415-0 series * 415-100 series * 415-500 series * 415-700 series * 415-800 series * 415-1500 series

The 415 series is descended from the 401, 403, 421 and 423 series.{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}}

==401/421 series== {{More citations needed section|date=March 2020}} {{Infobox train | name = 401 series / 421 series | image = JNR kuha401-17.jpg | imagesize = 300px | caption = A Joban Line 401 series set in January 1985 | interiorimage = File:山陽本線新下関駅-幡生駅-01.jpg | interiorcaption = A 421 series train on Sanyō Main Line in March 1978 | stocktype = | service = 1960–1991 (401 series) 1960–1996 (421 series) | manufacturer = [[Tokyu Car Corporation]] [[Kinki Sharyo]] (421 series) [[Nippon Sharyo]] (401 series) [[Kawasaki Heavy Industries|Kawasaki Sharyo]] [[Hitachi]] | factory = | family = | replaced = | successor = [[E501 series]], [[811 series]], [[813 series]] | yearconstruction = 1960–1966 | yearservice = 1960 | refurbishment = 1964–1966 (SaYa 420 for 421 series) | yearscrapped = 1978–1991 (401 series) 1979–1996 (421 series) | numberconstruction = | numberbuilt = '''401 series''': 100 vehicles (25 sets) '''421 series''': 92 vehicles (23 sets) | numberservice = None | numberpreserved = None | numberscrapped = 100 vehicles (401 series) 92 vehicles (421 series) | formation = 4 cars per trainset | fleetnumbers = | capacity = | operator = '''401 series''': [[JNR]] (1960–1987) [[JR East]] (1987–1991) '''421 series''': [[JNR]] (1960–1987) [[JR Kyushu]] (1987–1996) | depots = | lines = '''401 series''': [[Joban Line]] '''421 series''': [[Sanyo Main Line]] [[Kagoshima Main Line]] | carbody = Steel body | carlength = | width = {{Convert|2,900|mm|ftin|abbr=on|frac=16}} | height = | floorheight = | doors = 3 pairs per side | maxspeed = Service:{{cvt|100|km/h}} Design:{{cvt|110|km/h}} | weight = | acceleration = | deceleration = | traction = Resistor control | poweroutput = 100kW per motor | transmission = Gear ratio: 17:82 | traction motors = MT46B | aux = | powersupply = 20kVA [[Motor-generator|Motor Generator]] | hvac = | electricsystem = '''401 series''': 1,500 V DC & 20 kV AC (50 Hz) '''421 series''': 1,500 V DC & 20 kV AC (60 Hz) | collectionmethod = [[Pantograph (rail)|Pantograph]] | bogies = DT21B (motored) TR62 (trailer for 401 series) TR64 (trailer for 421 series) | brakes = | safety = | coupling = | multipleworking = | gauge = {{RailGauge|1067mm|lk=on}} }}

The 401 series {{citation needed span|date=March 2020|& 421 series was introduced for Joban Line and Sanyo Main Line respectively}} in 1960<ref name="neko09102008">{{cite web |url=https://rail.hobidas.com/photo/archives/2008/10/401.html |title=401系 |trans-title=401 series |date=9 October 2008 |website=rail.hobidas.com |publisher=Neko Publishing |language=ja |access-date=8 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319232413/https://rail.hobidas.com/photo/archives/2008/10/401.html |archive-date=19 March 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> and produced until 1966.{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}} They were introduced on the [[Jōban Line]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}} They were equipped with MT46B motors with {{Cvt|100|kW}} of power output.<ref name="neko09102008"/> The last 401 series trains were withdrawn in 1991,{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}} while the last 421 series trains operated by [[JR Kyushu]] remained and withdrawn from service until 1996.{{Citation needed|date=March 2020}}

==403/423 series== The first 403 series set was introduced in 1965, along with the similar 423 series. The 403 series was capable of running on railway lines with 1.5 kV DC and 20 kV AC 50 Hz, while 423 series is capable of 1.5 kV and 20 kV AC 60 Hz [[railway electrification]]. The last 423 series was withdrawn in 2001, while the 403 series remained in service until 2008.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}

<gallery widths=180> File:JNR kuha401-34.jpg|403 series set K55 on the [[Jōban Line]] in 1985 </gallery>

==415-0 series== This was the original version of the 415 series train, and was manufactured from 1971 to 1974, and had air-conditioners installed in 1977. The [[Jōban Line]] and [[Mito Line]] trains were withdrawn in March 2007 in favour of the new [[E531 series]] trains, but 415-0 series were still in operation with [[JR Kyushu]] as of January 2013.<ref name="dj346">{{cite journal| last = Saka| first = Masahiro| script-title=ja: JR九州近郊型電車の現況|trans-title= The current state of JR Kyushu outer-suburban EMUs| journal = Tetsudō Daiya Jōhō Magazine | volume = 42| issue = 346|pages=14–31|language= ja| date = February 2013}}</ref>

===Kyushu=== The first 415-0 series sets allocated to Kyushu were 4-car units delivered in December 1974. These were formed KuHa 411-300 + MoHa 415 + MoHa 414 + KuHa 411-300.<ref name="dj346"/> Originally delivered in the JNR livery of brick red ("Red No. 13") with cream ("Cream No. 4") warning panels on the cab ends, these sets were repainted between 1986 and 1987 into a new livery of white with blue bodyside stripe, carried up until the present day.<ref name="dj346"/> Some sets later received life-extension refurbishment with transverse seating replaced by longitudinal seating.<ref name="dj346"/>

===Livery variations=== JR Kyushu set FM5 was re-painted in the old [[JNR]] livery in 2000 to commemorate the [[millennium]] celebrations in Japan. It operated in this livery until it was withdrawn in 2012.<ref name="dj346"/>

<gallery widths=180> File:JRKyushu EMU415-F5.jpg|JR Kyushu 415-0 series set FM5 in JNR-era livery, June 2006 File:415keisyanai.JPG|Interior of a 415-0 series trainset </gallery>

==415-100 series== This subseries was introduced in 1978, and most of the trains are operated by [[JR Kyushu]], although a few trainsets were operated by [[JR East]] on the [[Jōban Line]] (the latter were withdrawn in March 2007, again in favour of the [[E531 series]] trains). The 415-100 series trainsets were built in the same exterior style as the [[113 series|113-2000 series]] trains, but the seat pitch for transverse seating was increased from 1,420 mm to 1,490 mm, and toilets were fitted only in the KuHa 411-200 cars.<ref name="dj346"/>

===Kyushu=== The first 415-100 series sets allocated to Kyushu were 4-car units delivered from September 1978. These were formed KuHa 411-100 + MoHa 415-100 + MoHa 414-100 + KuHa 411-200.<ref name="dj346"/> Some sets later received life-extension refurbishment with transverse seating replaced by longitudinal seating.<ref name="dj346"/>

<gallery widths=180> File:Series415-100 Fo124.jpg|JR Kyushu 415-100 series in August 2017 </gallery>

==415-500 series== The 415-500 sub-series was introduced from January 1982 on the [[Jōban Line]], based at Katsuta Depot. These units had all longitudinal seating.<ref name="dj346"/> Five 4-car sets were transferred to Minami-Fukuoka Depot in 1987 for use on [[Kagoshima Main Line]] duties, but these were all transferred to Kagoshima Depot by March 2007.<ref name="dj346"/> A further two 4-car sets were transferred from JR East to JR Kyushu, entering service in March 2009.<ref name="dj346"/>

After serving for more than a decade in service, the remaining cars in this subseries were retired following the timetable revision on 23 September 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2022 |title=鹿児島地区「415系500番台」ダイヤ改正で引退最終日に見送りイベント |trans-title=Kagoshima area "415 series 500 series" retired due to timetable revision, Send-off event on the last day |url=https://news.railway-pressnet.com/archives/43936 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913082000/https://news.railway-pressnet.com/archives/43936 |archive-date=13 September 2022 |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=news.railway-pressnet.com |language=ja}}</ref>

<gallery widths=180> File:Series415-500 Fo515.jpg|JR Kyushu 415-500 series in January 2022 </gallery>

==415-700 series== Only seven cars were manufactured, and from 1985 to 2007 was operated as part of the 7+4+4-car formations on the Jōban Line. It was withdrawn in March 2007 and scrapped in July 2008.

==415-800 series== Introduced by [[JR-West]] in 1991 for service on the [[Nanao Line]] and the [[IR Ishikawa Railway Line]]. The 415-800 series trainsets are based on the [[113 series|113-800 series]] trains.

<gallery widths=180> File:JRW 415-800 EMU.JPG|JR-West 415-800 series, July 2004 File:JRwest415keisyanai.JPG|Interior of a 415-800 series trainset File:415-800fuku.jpg|Fukuchiyama Line livery, Used on the Fukuchiyama Line from 1991 </gallery>

==415-1500 series== Introduced in February 1986, the stainless steel bodies 415-1500 series trainsets look externally similar to the [[211 series|211]] and [[213 series]] trains, and can be operated in 4- or 7+4+4-car formations ([[Jōban Line]] only). These trains can be coupled with the 415-500 and 415-700 series trains, and are lighter than previous variants.

An experimental [[Bilevel rail car|bi-level]] cab car was built by [[Nippon Sharyo]] in 1991.<ref name="neko14122009">{{cite web |url=https://rail.hobidas.com/photo/archives/2009/12/4151901.html |title=クハ415-1901 |trans-title=Kuha 415-1901 |date=14 December 2009 |website=rail.hobidas.com |publisher=Neko Publishing |language=ja |access-date=14 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319045911/https://rail.hobidas.com/photo/archives/2009/12/4151901.html |archive-date=19 March 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The car, designated as ''Kuha'' 415-1901, had a capacity of 156 passengers. It was scrapped in 2006.<ref name="neko14122009"/>

<gallery widths=180> File:415-1901 Mito 20020831.jpg|Experimental double-deck car KuHa 415-1901, August 2002 </gallery>

===Kyushu=== 12 4-car 415-1500 series sets (F1510 - F1521) were delivered to Kyushu between September 1986 and February 1987.<ref name="dj346"/> Set F1501 was also later transferred from JR East to JR Kyushu in 2009, allocated first to Minami-Fukuoka Depot, and later to Mojiko Depot (from March 2012).<ref name="dj346"/>

<gallery widths=180> File:JR East 415-1500 Jōban-Line 8 cars.JPG|JR East 415-1500 series in March 2016 File:Series415-1500 JRKyusyu.jpg|JR Kyushu 415-1500 series in August 2017 </gallery>

==References== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book | script-title=ja: JR全車輌ハンドブック2009 |trans-title= JR Rolling Stock Handbook 2009| publisher = Neko Publishing | year = 2009 | location = Japan | isbn = 978-4-7770-0836-0|title= Jēāru zensharyō handobukku: Rail Magazine 2009}} * {{cite book |script-title=ja: JR電車編成表 2009夏| trans-title = JR EMU Formations - Summer 2009 | publisher = JRR | date = June 2009 | location = Japan | isbn = 978-4-330-06909-8}} * {{cite journal| last = Fukuhara | script-title=ja: 415系近郊形電車のあゆみその１ | trans-title = History of the 415 series suburban EMUs - Part 1| journal = [[Japan Railfan Magazine]] | volume = 50| issue = 592|pages=94–99| date = August 2010}} {{refend}} {{reflist}}

==Further reading== * {{cite book |script-title=ja: 415系物語 |trans-title= The 415 series story | last = Fukuhara | first = Shunichi|publisher = JTB Publishing | date = August 2015 |location = Japan |isbn = 9784533105920 |language = ja }}

==External links== {{Commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100209205421/http://www.jreast.co.jp/train/local/415.html JR East 415 series information] {{in lang|ja}} * [http://www.uraken.net/rail/alltrain/uratetsu401.html Uraken.net 401 series information] {{in lang|ja}}

[[Category:East Japan Railway Company]] [[Category:West Japan Railway Company]] [[Category:Kyushu Railway Company]] [[Category:Hitachi multiple units]] [[Category:Electric multiple units of Japan]] [[Category:Train-related introductions in 1971]] [[Category:20 kV AC multiple units]] [[Category:Tokyu Car multiple units]] [[Category:Kinki Sharyo multiple units]] [[Category:Kawasaki multiple units]] [[Category:1500 V DC multiple units of Japan]] [[Category:Nippon Sharyo multiple units]] [[Category:1971 establishments in Japan]]