{{Short description|Radio galaxy in the constellation Hydra}} {{Infobox galaxy|name=[[Third Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources|3C]] 196.1|image=File:3C 196.1 PanSTARRS i.r.g.jpg|epoch=[[J2000.0]]|caption=Radio galaxy 3C 196.1.|constellation name=[[Hydra (constellation)|Hydra]]|ra={{RA|08|15|27.810}}|dec={{DEC|-03|08|26.61}}|z=0.198000|h_radial_v=59,359 [[kilometer per second|km/s]]|dist_ly=2.383 [[light year|Gly]]|appmag_v=16.94|appmag_b=18.49|type=cD|notes=[[Radio galaxy]] of HyMORS type, X-ray cavity|names=[[Lyon-Meudon Extragalactic Database|LEDA]] 1075766, DA 247, [[NRAO VLA Sky Survey|NVSS]] J081527-030826, [[Parkes Catalogue of Radio Sources|PKS]] 0812-029, 3CR 196.1, [[Fourth Cambridge Survey|4C]] -02.35, NRAO 286, TXS 0812-029}}
'''3C 196.1''' is a low-excitation [[radio galaxy]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ricci |first=Federica |date=2022-09-01 |title=Dissecting the stormy weather in 3C 196.1 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022cxo..prop.6381R/abstract |journal=Chandra Proposal |pages=6381|bibcode=2022cxo..prop.6381R }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jimenez-Gallardo |first1=Ana |last2=Massaro |first2=Francesco |last3=Sani |first3=Eleonora |last4=Mazzucchelli |first4=Chiara |last5=Ricci |first5=Federica |last6=Balmaverde |first6=Barbara |last7=Capetti |first7=Alessandro |last8=Forman |first8=William |last9=Kraft |first9=Ralph |last10=Venturi |first10=Giacomo |last11=Prieto |first11=Almudena |last12=Marconi |first12=Alessandro |last13=Baum |first13=Stefi |last14=O'Dea |first14=Chris |last15=Paggi |first15=Alessandro |date=2022-07-01 |title=Feedback on radio galaxies: the cases of 3CR 318.1 and 3CR 196.1 |journal=44th COSPAR Scientific Assembly. Held 16–24 July |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022cosp...44.2328J/abstract |volume=44 |pages=2328|bibcode=2022cosp...44.2328J }}</ref> located in the [[constellation]] of [[Hydra (constellation)|Hydra]]. It has a [[redshift]] of 0.198<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Balmaverde |first1=B. |last2=Capetti |first2=A. |last3=Baldi |first3=R. D. |last4=Baum |first4=S. |last5=Chiaberge |first5=M. |last6=Gilli |first6=R. |last7=Jimenez-Gallardo |first7=A. |last8=Marconi |first8=A. |last9=Massaro |first9=F. |last10=Meyer |first10=E. |last11=O’Dea |first11=C. |last12=Speranza |first12=G. |last13=Torresi |first13=E. |last14=Venturi |first14=G. |date=June 2022 |title=The MURALES survey VI. Properties and origin of the extended line emission structures in radio galaxies |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202142823 |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=662 |pages=A23 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202142823 |arxiv=2204.00528 |bibcode=2022A&A...662A..23B |issn=0004-6361}}</ref> and was first discovered as an [[astronomical radio source]] in 1965.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Conway |first1=R. G. |last2=Daintree |first2=E. J. |last3=Long |first3=R. J. |date=1965-12-01 |title=Observations of Radio Sources at 612 and 1 400 Mc/s |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=131 |issue=1 |pages=159–171 |doi=10.1093/mnras/131.1.159 |doi-access=free |issn=0035-8711}}</ref> This object resides as the [[brightest cluster galaxy]] (BCG) of a cool core [[galaxy cluster]] CIZA J0815.4-0308 located at the same redshift, with its source being best described as a HyMOR (Hybrid Morphology Radio Source).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Ricci |first1=F. |last2=Lovisari |first2=L. |last3=Kraft |first3=R. P. |last4=Massaro |first4=F. |last5=Paggi |first5=A. |last6=Liuzzo |first6=E. |last7=Tremblay |first7=G. |last8=Forman |first8=W. R. |last9=Baum |first9=S. |last10=O’Dea |first10=C. |last11=Wilkes |first11=B. |date=October 2018 |title=Stormy Weather in 3C 196.1: Nuclear Outbursts and Merger Events Shape the Environment of the Hybrid Radio Galaxy 3C 196.1 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |language=en |volume=867 |issue=1 |pages=35 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aae487 |doi-access=free |arxiv=1809.10693 |bibcode=2018ApJ...867...35R |issn=0004-637X}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Massaro |first1=F. |last2=Tremblay |first2=G. R. |last3=Harris |first3=D. E. |last4=Kharb |first4=P. |last5=Axon |first5=D. |last6=Balmaverde |first6=B. |last7=Baum |first7=S. A. |last8=Capetti |first8=A. |last9=Chiaberge |first9=M. |last10=Gilli |first10=R. |last11=Giovannini |first11=G. |last12=Grandi |first12=P. |last13=Macchetto |first13=F. D. |last14=O'Dea |first14=C. P. |last15=Risaliti |first15=G. |date=2012-11-28 |title=''CHANDRA'' OBSERVATIONS OF 3C RADIO SOURCES WITH ''z'' < 0.3. II. COMPLETING THE SNAPSHOT SURVEY |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/203/2/31 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series |volume=203 |issue=2 |pages=31 |doi=10.1088/0067-0049/203/2/31 |arxiv=1210.6027 |bibcode=2012ApJS..203...31M |issn=0067-0049}}</ref>
== Description == The host galaxy of 3C 196.1 is a [[Type-cD galaxy|type-cD]] [[elliptical galaxy]] confirmed by [[Infrared|near-infrared]] and [[Optics|optical]] imaging. It is described having an elongated structure from northeast and southwest direction<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Madrid |first1=Juan P. |last2=Chiaberge |first2=Marco |last3=Floyd |first3=David |last4=Sparks |first4=William B. |last5=Macchetto |first5=Duccio |last6=Miley |first6=George K. |last7=Axon |first7=David |last8=Capetti |first8=Alessandro |last9=O’Dea |first9=Christopher P. |last10=Baum |first10=Stefi |last11=Perlman |first11=Eric |last12=Quillen |first12=Alice |date=June 2006 |title=''Hubble Space Telescope'' Near-Infrared Snapshot Survey of 3CR Radio Source Counterparts at Low Redshift |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series |volume=164 |issue=2 |pages=307–333 |doi=10.1086/504480 |arxiv=astro-ph/0603239 |bibcode=2006ApJS..164..307M |issn=0067-0049}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Jimenez-Gallardo |first1=A. |last2=Sani |first2=E. |last3=Ricci |first3=F. |last4=Mazzucchelli |first4=C. |last5=Balmaverde |first5=B. |last6=Massaro |first6=F. |last7=Capetti |first7=A. |last8=Forman |first8=W. R. |last9=Kraft |first9=R. P. |last10=Venturi |first10=G. |last11=Gendron-Marsolais |first11=M. |last12=Prieto |first12=M. A. |last13=Marconi |first13=A. |last14=Peña-Herazo |first14=H. A. |last15=Baum |first15=S. A. |date=2022-12-01 |title=The Cavity of 3CR 196.1: Hα Emission Spatially Associated with an X-Ray Cavity |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=941 |issue=2 |pages=114 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aca08b |doi-access=free |arxiv=2211.04481 |bibcode=2022ApJ...941..114J |issn=0004-637X}}</ref> with an estimated angular size of 3.16 kpc arcsec<sup>−1</sup>.<ref name=":1" /> According to optical [[color gradient]]s of the host galaxy, 3C 196.1 exhibits periodic shells with the [[centroid]]s of the optical isotopes having a directional shift towards southwest, indicating a [[Galaxy merger|merger stage]].<ref name=":0" /> Furthermore, nucleus of the galaxy is partly obscured by [[Cosmic dust|interstellar dust]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=de Koff |first1=Sigrid |last2=Best |first2=Philip |last3=Baum |first3=Stefi A. |last4=Sparks |first4=William |last5=Rottgering |first5=Huub |last6=Miley |first6=George |last7=Golombek |first7=Daniel |last8=Macchetto |first8=Ferdinando |last9=Martel |first9=Andre |date=July 2000 |title=The Dust-Radio Connection in 3CR Radio Galaxies |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/313402/fulltext/ |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=33–159|doi=10.1086/313402 |bibcode=2000ApJS..129...33D |url-access=subscription }}</ref> and appears to be split in several patches of [[Electromagnetic radiation|emission]] that is extended along the nucleus' direction.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=de Koff |first1=Sigrid |last2=Baum |first2=Stefi A. |last3=Sparks |first3=William B. |last4=Biretta |first4=John |last5=Golombek |first5=Daniel |last6=Macchetto |first6=Ferdinando |last7=McCarthy |first7=Patrick |last8=Miley |first8=George K. |date=December 1996 |title=HST Snapshot Survey of 3CR Radio Source Counterparts. I. Intermediate Redshifts |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/192376/pdf |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series |volume=107 |issue=2 |pages=621–660 |doi=10.1086/192376 |bibcode=1996ApJS..107..621D |issn=0067-0049|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
Radio imaging of 3C 196.1 made by [[Very Large Array]], shows a compact one-sided source within the host galaxy and a secondary nucleus on its side opposite its radio extension,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Neff |first1=S. G. |last2=Roberts |first2=L. |last3=Hutchings |first3=J. B. |date=1995-08-01 |title=VLA Maps of Radio Galaxies to Z = 1 |url=https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1995ApJS...99..349N |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series |volume=99 |pages=349 |doi=10.1086/192190 |bibcode=1995ApJS...99..349N |issn=0067-0049}}</ref> measuring a total size of 16 [[Parsec|kpc]] and an orientation along a [[position angle]] of 40°. The southwest side of the galaxy has an enshrouded [[radio lobe]] with the region displaying high [[Recessional velocity|recessional velocities]] that is exceeding 500 km s<sup>−1</sup> whereas the northwest side is more diffused with a small velocity dispersion.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Balmaverde |first1=B. |last2=Capetti |first2=A. |last3=Marconi |first3=A. |last4=Venturi |first4=G. |last5=Chiaberge |first5=M. |last6=Baldi |first6=R. D. |last7=Baum |first7=S. |last8=Gilli |first8=R. |last9=Grandi |first9=P. |last10=Meyer |first10=E. T. |last11=Miley |first11=G. |last12=O’Dea |first12=C. |last13=Sparks |first13=W. |last14=Torresi |first14=E. |last15=Tremblay |first15=G. |date=2020-12-21 |title=The MURALES survey III. Completing the MUSE observations of 37 3C low-z radio galaxies |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202039062 |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=645 |pages=A12 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202039062 |issn=0004-6361|arxiv=2010.11195 |bibcode=2021A&A...645A..12B }}</ref>
According to X-ray and [[radio imaging]] analysis, 3C 196.1 has a butterfly-shaped [[X-ray astronomy|X-ray]] cavity located 10 kpc from its nucleus with the inner and outer cavities having jet power of 1.9 × 10<sup>44</sup> [[erg]] s<sup>−1</sup> and 3.4 × 10<sup>44</sup> erg s<sup>−1</sup> respectively. The [[Enthalpy|enthalpies]] of the inner and outer cavities are computed as 7 × 10<sup>58</sup> erg and 3 × 10<sup>60</sup> erg.<ref name=":0" /> Further evidence also shows presence of [[Ionization|ionized]] gas filling up the cavity suggesting either the gas underwent numerous ionization events from AGN outbursts caused by the galaxy or the cooling of AGN outflows (10<sup>4</sup> < T ≤ 10<sup>7</sup> K) are causing the gas to form filaments.<ref name=":2" />
== References == <references />
== External links == *[http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=3C%20196.1 3C 196.1 on SIMBAD] *[https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/objsearch?search_type=Obj_id&objid=67408&objname=1&img_stamp=YES&hconst=73.0&omegam=0.27&omegav=0.73&corr_z=1 3C 196.1 on NASA/IPAC Database]
{{Hydra (constellation)}}
[[Category:Radio galaxies]] [[Category:Hydra (constellation)]] [[Category:Active galaxies]] [[Category:3C objects|196.1]] [[Category:4C objects|-02.35]] [[Category:LEDA objects|1075766]] [[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1965]] [[Category:Elliptical galaxies]]