{{Short description|Main-belt asteroid}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}} {{Infobox planet | minorplanet = yes | name = 3428 Roberts | background = #D6D6D6 | image = 003428-asteroid shape model (3428) Roberts.png | image_scale = | caption = Shape model of Roberts from its lightcurve | discovery_ref = <ref name="MPC-object" /> | discoverer = Indiana University<br />{{small|(Indiana Asteroid Program)}} | discovery_site = Goethe Link Obs. | discovered = 1 May 1952 | mpc_name = (3428) Roberts | alt_names = 1952 JH{{·}}1952 KB<br />{{mp|1972 YQ|1}}{{·}}{{mp|1978 JH|2}}<br />{{mp|1980 TD|15}}{{·}}{{mp|1982 FR|1}} | pronounced = | named_after = Walter Orr Roberts<ref name="MPC-object" /><br />{{small|(American astronomer)}} | mp_category = {{plainlist| * {{nowrap|main-belt<ref name="MPC-object" /><ref name="jpldata" />{{·}}{{small|(middle)}}<ref name="lcdb" />}} * background<ref name="AstDys-object" /> }} | orbit_ref = <ref name="jpldata" /> | epoch = 23 March 2018 (JD 2458200.5) | uncertainty = 0 | observation_arc = 65.41 yr (23,891 d) | aphelion = 3.1044 AU | perihelion = 2.2199 AU | semimajor = 2.6621 AU | eccentricity = 0.1661 | period = 4.34 yr (1,587 d) | mean_anomaly = 102.91° | mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS|0.2269|sup=ms}} / day | inclination = 8.8754° | asc_node = 230.80° | arg_peri = 303.48° | mean_diameter = {{plainlist| * {{val|17.163|0.118|ul=km}}<ref name="Masiero-2011" /><ref name="WISE" /> * {{val|18.47|1.31|u=km}}<ref name="AKARI" /> }} | rotation = {{val|3.278|0.001|ul=h}}<ref name="Oliver-2008" /><ref name="lcdb" /> | pole_ecliptic_lat= {{plainlist| * (63.0°, 49.0°) (λ<sub>1</sub>/β<sub>1</sub>)<ref name="Hanus-2016a" /> * (231.0°, 49.0°) (λ<sub>2</sub>/β<sub>2</sub>)<ref name="Hanus-2016a" /> }} | albedo = {{plainlist| * {{val|0.082|0.012}}<ref name="AKARI" /> * {{val|0.095|0.012}}<ref name="Masiero-2011" /><ref name="WISE" /> }} | spectral_type = C/S {{small|(assumed)}}<ref name="lcdb" /> | abs_magnitude = 12.00<ref name="jpldata" /><ref name="lcdb" /><ref name="WISE" /><ref name="AKARI" /> }}
'''3428 Roberts''' (''prov. designation'': {{mp|1952 JH}}) is a background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately {{convert|17|km|mi|abbr=off|sigfig=2|sp=us}} in diameter. It was discovered on 1 May 1952, by Indiana University's Indiana Asteroid Program at its Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States.<ref name="MPC-object" /> The asteroid has a short rotation period of 3.28 hours.<ref name="lcdb" /> It was named in memory of American astronomer Walter Orr Roberts.<ref name="MPC-object" />
== Orbit and classification ==
''Roberts'' is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements.<ref name="AstDys-object" /> It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.2–3.1 AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,587 days; semi-major axis of 2.66 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic.<ref name="jpldata" /> The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Goethe Link in May 1952.<ref name="MPC-object" />
== Naming == This minor planet was named in memory of American physicist and astronomer Walter Orr Roberts (1915–1990), founding director of the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who was one of the first astronomers to use a coronagraph for his solar observations in the 1940s.<ref name="MPC-object" /> The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 5 September 1990 ({{small|M.P.C. 16885}}).<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive" />
== Physical characteristics == Roberts spectral type is unknown. The ''Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link'' (CALL) generically assumed it to be either a C-type or S-type asteroid.<ref name="lcdb" />
=== Rotation period and poles === In March 2008, a rotational lightcurve of Roberts was obtained from photometric observations at the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory in Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 3.278 hours with a high brightness amplitude of 0.58 magnitude ({{small|U=3}}), indicative of an elongated shape.<ref name="Oliver-2008" /> In 2016, a modeled lightcurves using photometric data from various sources, gave a sidereal period of {{val|3.27835|0.00005}} hours and two spin axes of (63.0°, 49.0°) and (231.0°, 49.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).<ref name="Hanus-2016a" />
=== Diameter and albedo === According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Roberts measures between 17.16 and 18.47 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.082 and 0.095.<ref name="Masiero-2011" /><ref name="WISE" /><ref name="AKARI" />
CALL assumes an albedo of 0.10 – a compromise value between the stony (0.20) and carbonaceous (0.057) asteroids of the inner and outer main belt, respectively – and calculates a diameter of 16.73 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.0.<ref name="lcdb" />
== References == {{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="jpldata">{{cite web |type = 2017-09-28 last obs. |title = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 3428 Roberts (1952 JH) |url = https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2003428 |publisher = Jet Propulsion Laboratory |access-date = 14 May 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="MPC-object">{{cite web |title = 3428 Roberts (1952 JH) |work = Minor Planet Center |url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=3428 |access-date = 14 May 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive">{{cite web |title = MPC/MPO/MPS Archive |work = Minor Planet Center |url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html |access-date = 14 May 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="Masiero-2011">{{cite journal |display-authors = 6 |first1 = Joseph R. |last1 = Masiero |first2 = A. K. |last2 = Mainzer |first3 = T. |last3 = Grav |first4 = J. M. |last4 = Bauer |first5 = R. M. |last5 = Cutri |first6 = J. |last6 = Dailey |first7 = P. R. M. |last7 = Eisenhardt |first8 = R. S. |last8 = McMillan |first9 = T. B. |last9 = Spahr |first10 = M. F. |last10 = Skrutskie |first11 = D. |last11 = Tholen |first12 = R. G. |last12 = Walker |first13 = E. L. |last13 = Wright |first14 = E. |last14 = DeBaun |first15 = D. |last15 = Elsbury |first16 = T. IV |last16 = Gautier |first17 = S. |last17 = Gomillion |first18 = A. |last18 = Wilkins |date = November 2011 |title = Main Belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE. I. Preliminary Albedos and Diameters |journal = The Astrophysical Journal |volume = 741 |issue = 2 |page = 20 |bibcode = 2011ApJ...741...68M |doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/68 |arxiv = 1109.4096|s2cid = 118745497 }}</ref>
<ref name="AstDys-object">{{cite web |title = Asteroid 3428 Roberts – Proper Elements |publisher = AstDyS-2, Asteroids – Dynamic Site |url = https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.6&n=3428 |access-date= 29 October 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="lcdb">{{cite LCDB|number = 3428 |access-date = 14 May 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="WISE">{{cite journal |display-authors = 6 |first1 = A. |last1 = Mainzer |first2 = T. |last2 = Grav |first3 = J. |last3 = Masiero |first4 = E. |last4 = Hand |first5 = J. |last5 = Bauer |first6 = D. |last6 = Tholen |first7 = R. S. |last7 = McMillan |first8 = T. |last8 = Spahr |first9 = R. M. |last9 = Cutri |first10 = E. |last10 = Wright |first11 = J. |last11 = Watkins |first12 = W. |last12 = Mo |first13 = C. |last13 = Maleszewski |date = November 2011 |title = NEOWISE Studies of Spectrophotometrically Classified Asteroids: Preliminary Results |journal = The Astrophysical Journal |volume = 741 |issue = 2 |page = 25 |bibcode = 2011ApJ...741...90M |doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90 |arxiv = 1109.6407 |s2cid = 118700974 }} ([http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/741/2/68/fulltext/apj398969t1_mrt.txt catalog])</ref>
<ref name="AKARI">{{cite journal |display-authors = 6 |first1 = Fumihiko |last1 = Usui |first2 = Daisuke |last2 = Kuroda |first3 = Thomas G. |last3 = Müller |first4 = Sunao |last4 = Hasegawa |first5 = Masateru |last5 = Ishiguro |first6 = Takafumi |last6 = Ootsubo |first7 = Daisuke |last7 = Ishihara |first8 = Hirokazu |last8 = Kataza |first9 = Satoshi |last9 = Takita |first10 = Shinki |last10 = Oyabu |first11 = Munetaka |last11 = Ueno |first12 = Hideo |last12 = Matsuhara |first13 = Takashi |last13 = Onaka |date = October 2011 |title = Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey |journal = Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan |volume = 63 |issue = 5 |pages = 1117–1138 |bibcode = 2011PASJ...63.1117U |doi = 10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117 |doi-access= }} ([http://vizier.cfa.harvard.edu/viz-bin/VizieR-5?-source=J/PASJ/63/1117/acua_v1&Num=3428 online], [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/43545172.pdf AcuA catalog p. 153])</ref>
<ref name="Oliver-2008">{{Cite journal |last1 = Oliver |first1 = Robert Lemke |last2 = Shipley |first2 = Heath |last3 = Ditteon |first3 = Richard |date = October 2008 |title = Asteroid Lightcurve Analysis at the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory: 2008 March |journal = Minor Planet Bulletin |url = http://www.minorplanet.info/MPB/issues/MPB_35-4.pdf |volume = 35 |issue = 4 |pages = 149–150 |bibcode = 2008MPBu...35..149O |issn = 1052-8091 |access-date = 19 March 2020 |archive-date = 17 March 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200317170259/http://www.minorplanet.info/MPB/issues/MPB_35-4.pdf }}</ref>
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== External links == * [https://space.frieger.com/asteroids/asteroids/3428-Roberts (3428) Roberts], 3D Asteroid Catalogue * [http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/OneAsteroidInfo.php Lightcurve Database Query] (LCDB), at ''www.minorplanet.info'' * [https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg Dictionary of Minor Planet Names], Google books * [https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs000001.html Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000)] – Minor Planet Center * {{AstDys|3428}} * {{JPL small body}}
{{Minor planets navigator |3427 Szentmártoni |number=3428 |3429 Chuvaev}} {{Small Solar System bodies}} {{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Roberts}} 003428 003428 Category:Named minor planets 19520501