Tamarod

{{Short description|Early 2010s political movement in Egypt against President Mohamed Morsi}} {{About|the Egyptian grassroots movement in opposition to President Mohamed Morsi|the Bahraini movement with similar name|Bahrain Tamarod}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}} {{Mohamed Morsi}}

'''Tamarod''' ({{langx|ar|تمرد|tamarrud}}, "rebellion") was an Egyptian movement funded by the General Intelligence Service (Mukhabarat)<ref>{{Cite web |title=هل فضحت التسريبات سرّ تمرد؟ |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/news/2015/3/3/%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%AD%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%91-%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=الجزيرة نت |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2015 |title=Recordings Suggest Emirates and Egyptian Military Pushed Ousting of Morsi |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/02/world/middleeast/recordings-suggest-emirates-and-egyptian-military-pushed-ousting-of-morsi.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref> and UAE<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leaks from Sisi's office allege far-reaching UAE 'interference' in Egypt |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/leaks-sisis-office-allege-far-reaching-uae-interference-egypt |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Middle East Eye |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Diwakar |first=Amar |title=Mohamed Morsi: An ill-fated presidency vanquished by the ‘deep state’ |url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/mohamed-morsi-an-ill-fated-presidency-vanquished-by-the-deep-state-37329 |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=Mohamed Morsi: An ill-fated presidency vanquished by the ‘deep state’ |language=en}}</ref> to overthrow the first democratically elected Egyptian president Mohamed Morsi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2023 |title=Egypt's Counterrevolution and the Return to Tyranny |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/egypts-counterrevolution-and-return-tyranny |website=Center for Strategic and International Studies {{!}} CSIS}}</ref> The nominal aim was to register opposition to and force him to call early presidential elections. The goal was to collect 15 million signatures by 30 June 2013, the one-year anniversary of Morsi's inauguration.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tamarod approaches 15 million signatures|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/tamarod-approaches-15-million-signatures|agency=Egypt Independent|date=10 June 2013|access-date=20 December 2013}}</ref> On 29 June 2013<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23131953|title=Profile: Egypt's Tamarod protest movement|publisher=BBC News|date=July 2013}}</ref> the movement claimed to have collected more than 22 million signatures (22,134,460). A counter campaign was launched in support of Morsi's presidency which claimed to have collected 11 million signatures.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/27/tamarod-egypt-morsi-campaign-oppsition-resignation|title=Tamarod campaign gathers momentum among Egypt's opposition|newspaper=The Guardian |date=27 June 2013|last1=Kingsley |first1=Patrick }}</ref> The movement was planning to become a political party following the 2014 Egyptian presidential election.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.aswatmasriya.com/news/view.aspx?id=c021be67-82b9-4100-8c24-3913e6dc930e|title=Tamarod takes steps to turn into political party|work=Aswat Masriya|access-date=13 May 2014|date=13 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/05/10/secret-tapes-of-the-2013-egypt-coup-plot-pose-a-problem-for-obama.html|title=Secret Tapes of the 2013 Egypt Coup Plot Pose a Problem for Obama|work=The Daily Beast|date=10 May 2015|last1=Hertsgaard|first1=Mark}}</ref>

The movement helped launch the June 2013 Egyptian protests<ref>{{cite news|title=Profile: Egypt's Tamarod protest movement|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23131953|access-date=20 December 2013|publisher=BBC News|date=1 July 2013}}</ref> which was part of the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état.

==History== The Rebel movement was founded by five activists, including its official spokesman Mahmoud Badr,<ref>Hussein, Dina. [http://www.mei.edu/video/tamarod-organization-rebellion Tamarod: The Organization of a Rebellion]. Middle East Institute. Retrieved on 7 July 2013.</ref> on 28 April 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kefaya says Tamarod campaign is not under auspices of Kefaya movement|url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/04/30/kefaya-says-tamarod-campaign-is-not-under-auspices-of-kefaya-movement/|work=Daily News Egypt|date=30 April 2013|access-date=20 December 2013}}</ref> An opposition group within the organization—initially named Tamarod 2 Get Liberated—argued that Tamarod was only able to collect 8.5 million signatures and that some of its founders were trained by security services.<ref name=reuters20feb>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-politics-tamarud-idUSBREA1J1E420140220?irpc=932|title=Activists who backed Mursi's fall turn against military|work=Reuters|date=20 February 2014|access-date=31 March 2014}}</ref> A report by Reuters alleged that police officers and officials from the Ministry of the Interior signed and helped distribute and collect signatures for the petition, as well as attending demonstrations themselves.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-egypt-interior-special-report-idUKBRE99908720131010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222201359/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-egypt-interior-special-report-idUKBRE99908720131010 |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 December 2015 |title=Special Report – The real force behind Egypt's 'revolution of the state' |last=Georgy |first=Michael|date=10 October 2013|editor1-last=Woods |editor1-first=Michael|editor2-last=Robinson |editor2-first=Simon|work=Reuters|access-date=18 April 2014}}</ref>

Members of the movement stated that they would support appointing Maher el-Beheiry, the former head of the Supreme Constitutional Court, to temporarily replace Morsi if he were to step down.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tamarod backs SCC president to replace Morsy|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/tamarod-backs-scc-president-replace-morsy/|work=Egypt Independent|date=15 June 2013|access-date=20 December 2013}}</ref> The movement gave Morsi until 2 July 2013 to step down; if he did not step down, a civil disobedience campaign was to be initiated.<ref>{{cite news|title=Is the clock ticking for Mursi? Opposition sets deadline for his ouster|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2013/07/01/Is-the-clock-ticking-for-Mursi-Opposition-sets-deadline-for-his-ouster.html|publisher=Al Arabiya|date=1 July 2013|access-date=20 December 2013}}</ref>

On 2 July 2013, the Salafist Call and its political wing, the Salafist Nour Party, stated that it had three main demands: a snap presidential poll should take place, a technocratic government should be formed and a committee should be formed to examine constitutional amendments.<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt's Salafist Call, Nour Party calls for early presidential polls|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/75456/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-Salafist-Call,-Nour-Party-calls-for-early-p.aspx|work=Al-Ahram|date=2 July 2013|access-date=20 December 2013}}</ref>

The Egyptian armed forces gave both sides until 3 July 2013 to defuse the crisis.<ref name="bbc1july">{{cite news|title=Egypt's army gives parties 48 hours to resolve crisis|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23133174|publisher=BBC|date=1 July 2013|access-date=20 December 2013}}</ref> At that point, the armed forces said it would offer a "road map", though they stated that they would not get involved in politics or the government.<ref name="bbc1july" /> Subsequently, the armed forces removed Morsi and replaced him with Adly Mahmoud Mansour,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/03/world/meast/egypt-protests/index.html?hpt=hp_t1|title=Coup topples Egypt's Morsy; deposed president under 'house arrest'|publisher=CNN|date=4 July 2013|access-date=20 December 2013}}</ref> who had recently succeeded Maher el-Beheiry as head of the Supreme Constitutional Court.

===Supporters of Tamarod=== Among the political forces that initially announced support for the Rebel movement were Shayfeencom, the Kefaya Movement,<ref name="dne5june">{{cite news|title=Reactions vary to the Rebel movement's 30 June plans|url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/06/05/reactions-vary-to-tamarods-30-june-plans/|work=Daily News Egypt|date=5 June 2013|access-date=20 December 2013}}</ref> the National Salvation Front<ref name="dne5june" /> and the April 6 Youth Movement.<ref name="dne5june"/> Nabil Na'eem, a former leader of Egyptian Islamic Jihad, stated that he would take part in the protests.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Former Jihadist leader plans to participate in 30 June protests|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/0/73923/Egypt/Former-Jihadist-leader-plans-to-participate-in--Ju.aspx/|work=Al-Ahram|date=13 June 2013|access-date=20 December 2013}}</ref> The Strong Egypt Party stated that it supported the movement and called for early presidential elections.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Strong Egypt Party supports protest on 30 June, opposes military coup|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/74273/Egypt/Politics-/Strong-Egypt-Party-supports-protest-on--June,-oppo.aspx|work=Al-Ahram|date=18 June 2013|access-date=20 December 2013|archive-date=18 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618133832/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/74273/Egypt/Politics-/Strong-Egypt-Party-supports-protest-on--June,-oppo.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The movement also accepted an endorsement by Ahmed Shafik.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tamarod clarifies Shafiq endorsement|url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/05/18/tamarod-clarifies-shafiq-endorsement/|work=Daily News Egypt|date=18 May 2013|access-date=20 December 2013}}</ref> Mohamed El Baradei, one of the leaders of the National Salvation Front, stated that former members of the National Democratic Party would be welcomed as long as they were not convicted of any crimes.<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt opposition opens to former autocrat's party|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2013/06/22/Egypt-opposition-opens-to-former-autocrat-s-party.html|publisher=Al Arabiya|date=22 June 2013|access-date=20 December 2013}}</ref>

===Opposition to Tamarod=== Supporters of President Morsi from the Muslim Brotherhood and other Islamist organizations launched two campaigns called ''Mu'ayyed'' (supporter) and ''Tagarrod'' (impartiality) in response to the Rebel movement petitions and started collecting signatures to support the continuation of Morsi's rule.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://westelbald.com/index.php/ar/component/k2/item/970-%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%B9-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%89-%D9%88%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86-%D9%86%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9<|title=حركة "تجرد": لسنا مع مرسى ولكن نطالب باحترام الشرعية|agency=Westelbald}}</ref> The ''Tagarrod'' campaign stated that it had 11 million signatures by 20 June 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Clashes break out between pro, anti-Morsi groups in Alexandria|work=Al-Ahram|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/74590/Egypt/Politics-/Clashes-break-out-between-pro,-antiMorsi-groups-in.aspx|date=21 June 2013|access-date=20 December 2013}}</ref>

Some Morsi supporters criticised the Rebel movement by claiming that it is "a manipulation of the will of the people and only serves counter-revolutionary forces supported by the remnants of the Mubarak regime".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.almesryoon.com/permalink/133659.html|title=فيديو.. عبدالماجد: "تمرد" حركة تخريبية وتجميع 2 مليون توقيع "كذب" – المصريون|agency=Almesyryoon}}</ref>

==Role following the military coup== The Tamarod campaign strongly supported the military's toppling of Morsi, the military transition government, the security force raids that involved the killing of hundreds of Brotherhood members and the jailing of thousands of rank and file. Mahmoud Badr and another Tamarod founder, Mohamed Abdel Aziz, were appointed to the post-coup fifty-member committee redrafting Egypt's Constitution.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kouddous|first=Sharif Abdel|title=What Happened to Egypt's Liberals After the Coup?|journal=The Nation|date=1 October 2013|url=http://www.thenation.com/article/176445/what-happened-egypts-liberals-after-coup#|access-date=20 December 2013}}</ref>

In the aftermath of the military coup in Egypt, defence minister General Abdul Fattah al-Sisi called for mass demonstrations on 26 July 2013, to grant his forces a "mandate" to crack down on "terrorism".<ref>{{cite news|title=Showdown in Cairo: Egyptian general demands permission to take on the 'terrorists'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/showdown-in-cairo-egyptian-general-demands-permission-to-take-on-the-terrorists-8729903.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/showdown-in-cairo-egyptian-general-demands-permission-to-take-on-the-terrorists-8729903.html |archive-date=26 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=26 July 2013|newspaper=The Independent|date=20 December 2013}}</ref> While this announcement was rejected by Egyptian human rights groups<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt rights groups voice misgiving about army's call for rallies|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/77394/Egypt/Politics-/Egypt-rights-groups-voice-misgiving-about-armys-ca.aspx|access-date=26 July 2013|newspaper=Al-Ahram|date=26 July 2013}}</ref> and by many of the political movements that had initially supported the military coup, such as the revolutionary April 6 Youth Movement<ref>{{cite news|title=6 April Youth Movement to stay off the streets on Friday|url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/07/26/6-april-youth-movement-to-stay-off-the-streets-on-friday/|access-date=26 July 2013|newspaper=Daily News Egypt|date=26 July 2013}}</ref> and the moderate Strong Egypt Party,<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt's Abol Fotouh warns against army-called rally|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-protests-abolfotouh-idUSBRE96N0YG20130724|access-date=20 December 2013|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=24 July 2013}}</ref> Tamarod sided with General Sisi and called on their supporters to participate in the demonstrations. Mohamed Khamis, a leading Tamarod activist, said: "We support it, we will go out on the streets on Friday, and ask the army and the police to go and end this terrorism."<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt's army chief calls for show of support from citizens|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/24/egypt-army-chief-support-citizens|access-date=21 August 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=24 July 2013}}</ref>

On 14 August 2013, following the August 2013 Rabaa massacre by security forces of supporters of deposed president Mohamed Morsi, in which hundreds of protestors were killed,<ref>{{cite web archived|title=Egyptian security forces storm protesters' camps|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/egyptian-security-forces-move-against-protesters-camps/2013/08/14/bc079750-04a7-11e3-9259-e2aafe5a5f84_story.html|access-date=20 December 2013|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=14 August 2013}}</ref> Tamarod criticized Vice-President Mohamed ElBaradei for his decision to resign in protest against the crackdown.<ref>{{cite web archived|title=Hundreds reported killed as Egypt smashes protests|url=http://www.dallasnews.com/news/local-news/20130814-hundreds-reported-killed-as-egypt-smashes-protests.ece|access-date=21 August 2013|newspaper=The Dallas Morning News|date=14 August 2013}}</ref>

On 15 August, Tamarod released a statement on state television calling on all Egyptians to form neighbourhood watches, in anticipation of plans by supporters of former president Mohamed Morsi to organise nationwide marches in protest against the violent dispersal of their sit-ins. Founder and spokesperson Mahmoud Badr said: "Just as you met our calls to take to the streets on 30 June, today we ask you to meet our calls and form neighbourhood watches tomorrow. Our country is facing huge threats." While this call was supported by the National Salvation Front, it was rejected by the Strong Egypt Party and by the April 6 Youth Movement, which called it irresponsible and warned that it could lead towards civil war.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tamarod statement stirs controversy|url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/08/16/tamarod-statement-stirs-controversy/|access-date=21 August 2013|newspaper=Daily News Egypt|date=16 August 2013}}</ref>

Tamarod's indiscriminate support for the Egyptian military has been criticised by some liberal activists and media, with Mada Masr's Sarah Carr calling them the "Tamarod (Rebel) battalion of the Egyptian army".<ref>{{cite news|title=With or against us|url=http://www.madamasr.com/content/or-against-us|access-date=22 August 2013|newspaper=Mada Masr|date=18 August 2013}}</ref> Tamarod has also supported the police.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tamarod praises the police|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com//news/tamarod-praises-police|access-date=21 January 2014|work=Egypt Independent|date=21 January 2014}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

On 8 October 2013, the group announced that it would run in the 2015 parliamentary election.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tamarod to run for parliamentary elections|url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/10/08/tamarod-to-run-for-parliamentary-elections/|agency=Daily News Egypt|date=8 October 2013|access-date=20 December 2013}}</ref> Tamarod formed and tried to officially register a political party called the Arabic Popular Movement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thecairopost.com/news/116904/news/tamarod-to-announce-its-new-political-partys-program|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701054043/http://thecairopost.com/news/116904/news/tamarod-to-announce-its-new-political-partys-program|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 July 2014|title=Tamarod to announce its new political party's program|work=Cairo Post|date=1 July 2014|access-date=9 July 2014}}</ref>

In early 2014, some leaders of the movement broke away and formed a splinter group, known as Tamarud 2 Get Liberated, in response to the authoritarianism of the post-coup military backed government. Members of the breakaway faction have claimed that some of the founders of the Tamarod movement were agents of state security forces.<ref name=reuters20feb/> The organization, named Taharor, has stated that it believes that the Tamarod movement ignores police brutality.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thecairopost.com/news/104372/news/taharor-aims-to-collect-50000-signatures-for-elbaradei-to-run-for-president|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331101409/http://thecairopost.com/news/104372/news/taharor-aims-to-collect-50000-signatures-for-elbaradei-to-run-for-president|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 March 2014|title=Taharor aims to collect 50,000 signatures for ElBaradei to run for president|work=The Cairo Post|access-date=29 March 2014|date=29 March 2014}}</ref> The group was critical of the April 6 Youth Movement following the banning of the youth movement; Tamarod spokesman Mohamed Nabawy stated that the ruling of the Egyptian judiciary was based on "evidence".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thecairopost.com/news/108529/news/tamarod-blasts-april-6|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503005401/http://thecairopost.com/news/108529/news/tamarod-blasts-april-6|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 May 2014|title=Tamarod blasts April 6|work=The Cairo Post|access-date=18 October 2014|date=13 May 2014}}</ref>

===Foreign involvement=== Leaked tapes from the summer of 2013 that were later verified by J. P. French Associates<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kirkpatrick |first1=Davud |title=Leaks Gain Credibility and Potential to Embarrass Egypt's Leaders |work=The New York Times |date=12 May 2015 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/13/world/middleeast/leaks-gain-credibility-and-potential-to-embarrass-egypts-leaders.html |access-date=19 June 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619140439/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/13/world/middleeast/leaks-gain-credibility-and-potential-to-embarrass-egypts-leaders.html |archive-date=19 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> recorded figures of the Egyptian military, including former General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, suggesting that the Egyptian military was involved in the mass-protests preceding Morsi's ouster.<ref name=nytleakedtapes>{{cite news|last1=Kirkpatrick|first1=David|title=Recordings Suggest Emirates and Egyptian Military Pushed Ousting of Morsi|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/02/world/middleeast/recordings-suggest-emirates-and-egyptian-military-pushed-ousting-of-morsi.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=8 October 2015|work=The New York Times|date=1 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529025542/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/02/world/middleeast/recordings-suggest-emirates-and-egyptian-military-pushed-ousting-of-morsi.html?_r=0|archive-date=29 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=couptapes>{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/05/10/secret-tapes-of-the-2013-egypt-coup-plot-pose-a-problem-for-obama.html |first1=Mark |last1=Hertsgaard |title=Secret Tapes of the 2013 Egypt Coup Plot Pose a Problem for Obama|work=The Daily Beast|date=10 May 2015|access-date=16 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515011350/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/05/10/secret-tapes-of-the-2013-egypt-coup-plot-pose-a-problem-for-obama.html|archive-date=15 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In one of the leaked tapes, the generals are heard discussing rigging the legal case against Morsi, and in another, authorizing the withdrawal of a large sum of money for the army's use from the bank account of Tamarod, as the ostensibly independent grassroots group was organizing protests against President Morsi at the time.<ref name=nytleakedtapes /><ref name=couptapes /> The tapes also suggest high-level collusion between the coup plotters and the Government of the United Arab Emirates as the money that was to be transferred from Tamarod's account into the army's account was provided by the UAE.<ref name=couptapes /> The tapes were first released on the Qatari-owned Egyptian Islamist channel ''Mekameleen'', a fact that the Egyptian government says discredits the tapes as fakes.<ref name=couptapes /> American officials later confirmed that the United Arab Emirates was indeed providing financial support for the protests against Morsi that preceded the military coup.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/27/sunday-review/obama-egypt-coup-trump.html |url-access=subscription |title=The White House and the Strongman|work=The New York Times |date=27 July 2018 |access-date=2018-11-21|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121120106/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/27/sunday-review/obama-egypt-coup-trump.html|archive-date=21 November 2018|url-status=live|last1=Kirkpatrick |first1=David D. }}</ref> There is also evidence on the support of the military coup plotters by the Egyptian economic elites.<ref>Korotayev, A., Issaev, L., & Shishkina, A. (2016). [https://www.academia.edu/37205002/Egyptian_coup_of_2013_an_econometric_analysis_The_Journal_of_North_African_Studies Egyptian coup of 2013: an 'econometric'analysis. ''The Journal of North African Studies'', 21(3), 341–356] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328215058/https://www.academia.edu/37205002/Egyptian_coup_of_2013_an_econometric_analysis_The_Journal_of_North_African_Studies |date=28 March 2019 }}.</ref> Egypt's Interior Ministry was seen as most influential in the lead-up to the coup d’état as a revenge for powers lost during the Egyptian revolution of 2011 according to a Reuters analysis.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Asma Alsharif, Yasmine Saleh |title=Special Report: The real force behind Egypt's 'revolution of the state' |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-interior-specialreport-idUSBRE99908D20131010 |access-date=6 October 2020 |work=Reuters |date=10 October 2013 |language=en}}</ref>

===Campaign against the US=== thumb|Tamarod Facebook cover photo

Following efforts by the US administration to mediate reconciliation between the post-coup government and the Muslim Brotherhood and Western criticism of the violent dispersal of sit-ins by supporters of deposed president Morsi, Tamarod sharply criticised the United States and President Obama. In an interview, Tamarod co-founder Mahmoud Badr said: "I tell you, President Obama, why don't you and your small, meaningless aid go to hell?"<ref name=Ahram>{{cite news|title=Egypt's Rebel Campaign launches petition to cancel US aid, Israel peace treaty|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/79334/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-Rebel-Campaign-launches-petition-to-cancel-.aspx|access-date=20 December 2013|newspaper=Al-Ahram|date=18 August 2013}}</ref>

Tamarod launched a campaign to refuse US aid in all its forms and to cancel the peace agreement "between Egypt and the Israeli entity"<ref name=Ahram/> and called for rallies in support of the Egyptian government against "foreign intervention."<ref>{{cite news|title=Tamarod calls for protests against 'foreign intervention'|url=http://www.madamasr.com/content/tamarod-calls-protests-against-foreign-intervention|access-date=20 December 2013|newspaper=Mada Masr|date=8 August 2013}}</ref>

In August 2013, Tamarod expressed its anti-US attitude by choosing the picture of a burning American flag as cover photo of its Facebook page.<ref>{{cite web|title=Facebook cover photo|url=http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=622899941083494&set=a.566483390058483.1073741826.566479266725562|access-date=20 December 2013|website=Tamarod|date=17 August 2013}}</ref>

===Support for the Syrian government=== In August 2013, when several Western countries were discussing military strikes against the Syrian government of Bashar al-Assad following an alleged chemical weapons attack in the Ghouta region on 21 August, which resulted in the deaths of hundreds of civilians,<ref>{{cite news|title=Kerry Cites Clear Evidence of Chemical Weapon Use in Syria|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/27/world/middleeast/syria-assad.html?pagewanted=all|access-date=30 August 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=26 August 2013}}</ref> Tamarod released a statement saying that "it is a national duty to support the Syrian army" and denounced "people who betray their country". In the statement, Tamarod also called on the Egyptian government to close the Suez Canal to any vessel supporting military action against Syria.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tamarod urges closing Suez Canal to vessels supporting strike on Syria|url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/08/28/tamarod-urges-closing-suez-canal-to-vessels-supporting-strike-on-syria/|access-date=30 August 2013|newspaper=Daily News Egypt|date=28 August 2013}}</ref>

==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== * {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130529133055/http://tamarud.net Official website]}} {{in lang|ar}}

{{Egyptian political parties}} {{Egyptian Revolution of 2011}}

Category:2013 Egyptian coup d'état Category:Organisations of the Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014) Category:Nonviolent resistance movements Category:2013 establishments in Egypt Category:Political parties established in 2013