For other uses, see 2G (disambiguation).

2G refers to the second generation of cellular network technology, which were rolled out globally starting in the early 1990s. The main differentiator to previous mobile telephone systems, retrospectively dubbed 1G, is that the radio signals of 2G networks are digital rather than analog, for communication between mobile devices and base stations. In addition to voice telephony, 2G also made possible the use of data services.

The most common 2G technology has been the GSM standard, which became the first globally adopted framework for mobile communications. Other 2G technologies include cdmaOne and the now-discontinued Digital AMPS (D-AMPS/TDMA),[1] as well as the Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) and Personal Handy-phone System (PHS) in Japan.

The transition to digital technology enabled the implementation of encryption for voice calls and data transmission, significantly improving the security of mobile communications while also increasing capacity and efficiency compared to earlier analog systems. 2G networks were primarily designed to support voice calls and Short Message Service (SMS), with later advancements such as General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enabling always-on packet data services, including email and limited internet access. 2G was succeeded by 3G technology, which provided higher data transfer rates and expanded mobile internet capabilities.

History

In 1990, AT&T Bell Labs engineers Jesse Russell, Farhad Barzegar and Can A. Eryaman filed a patent for a digital mobile phone that supports the transmission of digital data. Their patent was cited several years later by Nokia and Motorola when they were developing 2G digital mobile phones.[2]

2G was first commercially launched in 1991 by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Oyj) in Finland in the form of GSM, which was defined by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).[3] The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) defined the cdmaOne (IS-95) 2G standard, with an eight to tenfold increase in voice call capacity compared to analog AMPS.[4] The first deployment of cdmaOne was in 1995.[5] In North America, Digital AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136) and cdmaOne (IS-95) were dominant, but GSM was also used.

Later 2G releases in the GSM space, often referred to as 2.5G and 2.75G, include General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE). GPRS allows 2G networks to achieve a theoretical maximum transfer speed of 40 kbit/s (5 kB/s). EDGE increases this capacity, providing a theoretical maximum transfer speed of 384 kbit/s (48 kB/s).

Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their 1G predecessors were:

Evolution of GSM 2G

2.5G (GPRS)

Main article: GPRS

2.5G ("second-and-a-half generation") refers to 2G systems that incorporate a packet-switched domain alongside the existing circuit-switched domain, most commonly implemented through General Packet Radio Service (GPRS).[6] GPRS enables packet-based data transmission by dynamically allocating multiple timeslots to users, improving network efficiency. However, this does not inherently provide higher speeds, as similar techniques, such as timeslot bundling, are also employed in circuit-switched data services like High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD). Within GPRS-enabled 2G systems, the theoretical maximum transfer rate is 40 kbit/s (5 kB/s).[7]

2.75G (EDGE)

Main article: EDGE (telecommunication)

2.75G refers to the evolution of GPRS networks into EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution) networks, achieved through the introduction of 8PSK (8 Phase Shift Keying) encoding. While the symbol rate remained constant at 270.833 samples per second, the use of 8PSK allowed each symbol to carry three bits instead of one, significantly increasing data transmission efficiency. Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), also known as Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS) or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC), is a backward-compatible digital mobile phone technology built as an extension to standard GSM. First deployed in 2003 by AT&T in the United States, EDGE offers a theoretical maximum transfer speed of 384 kbit/s (48 kB/s).[7]

2.875G (EDGE Evolution)

Evolved EDGE (also known as EDGE Evolution or 2.875G) is an enhancement of the EDGE mobile technology that was introduced as a late-stage upgrade to 2G networks. While EDGE was first deployed in the early 2000s as part of GSM networks, Evolved EDGE was launched much later, coinciding with the widespread adoption of 3G technologies such as HSPA and just before the emergence of 4G networks. This timing limited its practical application.

Evolved EDGE increased data throughput and reduced latencies (down to 80 ms) by utilizing improved modulation techniques, dual carrier support, dual antennas, and turbo codes. It achieved peak data rates of up to 1 Mbit/s, significantly enhancing network efficiency for operators that had not yet transitioned to 3G or 4G infrastructures. However, despite its technical improvements, Evolved EDGE was never widely deployed. By the time it became available, most network operators were focused on implementing more advanced technologies like UMTS and LTE. As of 2016, no commercial networks were reported to support Evolved EDGE.

Phase-out

See also: GSM#Discontinuation

2G, understood as GSM and CdmaOne, has been superseded by newer technologies such as 3G (UMTS / CDMA2000), 4G (LTE / WiMAX) and 5G (5G NR). However, 2G networks were still available as of 2023 in most parts of the world, while notably excluding the majority of carriers in North America, East Asia, and Australia.[8][9][10]

Many modern LTE-enabled devices have the ability to fall back to 2G for phone calls, necessary especially in rural areas where later generations have not yet been implemented.[11] In some places, its successor 3G is being shut down rather than 2G – Vodafone previously announced that it had switched off 3G across Europe in 2020 but still retains 2G as a fallback service.[12] In the US T-Mobile shut down their 3G services while retaining their 2G GSM network.[13][14]

Various carriers have made announcements that 2G technology in the United States, Japan, Australia, and other countries are in the process of being shut down, or have already shut down 2G services so that carriers can re-use the frequencies for newer technologies (e.g. 4G, 5G).[15][16]

As a legacy protocol, 2G connectivity is considered insecure.[17] Specifically, there exist well known methods to attack weaknesses in GSM since 2009[18] with practical use in crime.[19] Attack routes on 2G CdmaOne were found later and remain less publicized.[20]

Android 12 and later provide a network setting to disable 2G connectivity for the device.[21] iOS 16 and later can disable 2G connectivity by enabling Lockdown Mode.[22]

Criticism

In some parts of the world, including the United Kingdom, 2G remains widely used for older feature phones and for internet of things (IoT) devices such as smart meters, eCall systems and vehicle trackers to avoid the high patent licensing cost of newer technologies.[23] Terminating 2G services could leave vulnerable people who rely on 2G infrastructure unable to communicate even with emergency contacts, causing harm and possibly deaths.[24]

Past 2G networks

CountryStatusNetworkShutdown dateStandardNotes
ÅlandÅlcom2025-02-03GSM[25]
AnguillaDigicelactiveGSM900 MHz: 5 MHz GSM + 5 MHz UMTS
1900 MHz: 5 MHz UMTS [26][27][28][29]
FLOW2024-04-22GSM[30][31]
Antigua and BarbudaNo ServiceAPUA2018-04-01GSM[32]
Digicel2024-05-31GSM[33]
FLOW2024-07-31GSM[34]
Arubapartially
unconfirmed		DigicelGSM[35]
SETARactiveGSMGSM-900 & GSM-1900
AustraliaNo ServiceHutchison 32006-08-09cdmaOne[36][37][38][39][40]
Optus2017-08-01GSM2G shut down in WA and NT on 3 Apr 2017.[41][42]
Telstra2008-04-28cdmaOne[43][44][45][46][47]
Telstra2016-12-01GSM[48]
Vodafone2018-06-14GSM[49]
BahamasNo ServiceBTC2024-06-30GSM[50][51][52]
BahrainBatelco2021-11-30GSM[53]
Barbadospartially
unconfirmed		Digicel2025-12-02GSM[54]
FLOWGSM
BelgiumOrangeGSM[55]
TelenetGSM[56]
ProximusGSM[57]
BermudaDigicelactiveGSM1900 MHz: 15 MHz GSM + 15 MHz LTE [58]
OneactiveGSM1900 MHz: 5 MHz GSM + 20 MHz LTE [58]
BonaireunconfirmedDigicelGSM
FLOWGSM
British Virgin IslandsCCTactiveGSM1900 MHz: 10 MHz GSM + 20 MHz LTE [59]
DigicelactiveGSM1900 MHz: 0.2 MHz GSM + 5 MHz UMTS + 10 MHz LTE [59]
FLOW2024-04-22GSM[60]
BruneiNo ServiceUNN2021-06-01GSMNational Wholesale Network used by DSTCom, Progresif and imagine.[61][62]
CanadaBell2019-04-30cdmaOneShutdown of CDMA transmitters commenced in remote areas in 2017, followed by an official announcement in June 2018 that 2G devices will lose service soon.[63][64]
Rogers WirelessGSM1900 MHz shutdown in Jun 2021.
850 MHz remains active.[65][66][67][68]
SaskTel2017-07-31cdmaOne[69][70]
Telus Mobility2017-05-31cdmaOne[71][72]
Cayman Islandspartially
unconfirmed		Digicel2020-07-01GSM[73][74]
FLOWGSM
ChinaChina MobileGSM1800 MHz: 5 MHz GSM[75][76][77]
China Telecom2023-12-31cdmaOneCDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A/B (3G) service also terminated.
Shutdown commenced on 16 Jun 2020.[78][79][80][81][82][83]
China Unicom2022-12-31GSMShutdown commenced on 18 Apr 2018.[84][85][86][82][87][88]
910-915 MHz / 955-960 MHz: 5 MHz GSM or
4,2 MHz W-CDMA carrier with two 0,2 MHz GSM carriers on each side
EntelGSMShutdown commenced on 11 Jul 2024.[89][90]
ColombiaClaro2023-02-23GSM[91][92]
Tigo2022-11-01GSM[93]
Curaçaopartially
unconfirmed		DigicelGSM
FLOW2024-02-29GSM[94][95]
Dominicapartially
unconfirmed		DigicelGSM
FLOWGSM[96]
FinlandAll operatorsGSMGSM networks must be maintained until end of 2029.[97]
FranceBouyguesGSM[98]
OrangeGSM[55][99]
SFRGSM[100]
GermanyDeutsche TelekomGSM[101]
VodafoneGSM[102][103]
Telefónica (O2)GSM
GrenadaunconfirmedDigicelGSM
FLOWGSM
GuamunconfirmedGTA TeleguamGSM
Hong Kong32008-11-20cdmaOneShut down due to license expiry. Government originally did not allow the license to be renewed due to unpopularity, however the government later reversed the decision and held an auction for CDMA2000 service, which PCCW-HKT won the auction and provided CDMA2000 service immediately after 3's license expiry.
32021-09-30GSM[104]
CMHKGSM[105][106]
CSL2005D-AMPSService previously provided by Pacific Link, which subsequently merged into CSL. Shut down due to license expiry. Government did not allow the license to be renewed due to unpopularity.
CSL2017-10-31cdmaOneService previously provided by PCCW. After acquisition of CSL by HKT, its mobile business PCCW Mobile was merged into CSL. No service for local customers, only served incoming roaming tourists.
CSL terminated its CDMA family business two years before its licence expiry, and CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated along with cdmaOne.[107]
CSL2024-11-08GSM[108]
SmarTone2022-10-14GSM[109]
IcelandNova2025-01-28GSM[110]
SíminnGSM[111]
Sýn2025-06-01GSM[112]
IsraelHot Mobile2019-12-31iDEN[113]
GSMPer government statement.[114]
JamaicaNo ServiceDigicel2024-08-31GSM[115][116]
FLOW2024-04-15GSM[117][116][118]
JapanNo Serviceau KDDI2012-07-22cdmaOne[119]
NTT Docomo2012-03-31PDC[120]
Softbank2010-03-31PDC[121]
JordanUmniah2021-03-11GSM[122]
MacauNo ServiceChina Telecom2010cdmaOne[123]
CTM2019-08-01GSMService for local customers terminated on 4 Jun 2015, but remained for roaming users.[124][125][126]
32019-08-01GSMService for local customers terminated on 4 Jun 2015, but remained for roaming users.[124][125]
SmarTone2019-08-01GSMService for local customers terminated on 4 Jun 2015, but remained for roaming users.[124][125]
MexicoAT&T2016-09-30cdmaOneCDMA2000 service also terminated.[127]
2019-09-01GSMLocal shutdown commenced in Q1 2019.[128]
Movistar2021-01-01GSM[129]
TelcelactiveGSMGSM-1900
MontserratunconfirmedDigicelGSM
FLOWGSM
NetherlandsKPNGSM[130]
T-Mobile2021-06-01 /
2023-11-15 (IoT)		GSM[131]
New CaledoniaOPT-NCGSMShutdown commenced in 2022.[132]
New Zealand2degrees2018-03-15GSM[133]
One NZ2026-03-23GSM[134]
Spark2012-07-31cdmaOne[135][136]
NorwayTelenorGSM[137]
Telia2025-12-02GSMShutdown commenced in Aug 2025.[137][138]
PanamaDigicel2022-06-30GSMComplete shutdown of operations and market exit.[139][140][141][142]
Tigo2026-01-20GSM[143]
PolandOrangeGSM[55]
RomaniaOrangeGSM[55]
Saint Kitts and NevisDigicelGSM
FLOW2024-04-22GSM[144]
Saint LuciaunconfirmedDigicelGSM
FLOWGSM[145]
Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesDigicelGSM
FLOW2023-09-30GSM[146][147][148][149]
Saudi ArabiastcGSM[150]
SingaporeNo ServiceM12017-04-18GSM[151]
Singtel2017-04-18GSM[151]
StarHub2017-04-18GSM[151]
Sint Maarten
Saba
Sint Eustatius		No ServiceTelCell2019-01-01GSM[152]
FLOW (UTS)2017-09-26GSM[153]
SlovakiaOrangeGSM[55]
South AfricaGSMPer government statement.[154][155]
South KoreaNo ServiceKT2012-03-19cdmaOneCDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rel. 0 (3G) service has also terminated.[156]
LG Uplus2021-06-30cdmaOneCDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A/B (3G) service has also terminated.[157]
SK Telecom2020-07-27cdmaOneCDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rel. 0 (3G) service has also terminated.[158]
SpainOrangeGSM[55]
SwedenNet4Mobility (Telenor/Tele2)2025-12-09GSM[159][160]
TeliaGSM[161][162]
SwitzerlandNo ServiceSalt2020-12-31GSMShutdown commenced on 1 Jul 2020. A few single 2G-only sites remained until Sep 2023 to preserve CSFB functionality.[163][164][165]
Sunrise2023-01-03GSMWith the introduction of S-RAN in 2018 phaseout was previously postponed to 2022.[166][167][168]
Swisscom2021-04-07GSMOfficial shutdown on 31 Dec 2020 (guaranteed availability).[169][170][171]
TaiwanNo ServiceChunghwa Telecom2017-06-30GSM[172]
FarEasTone2017-06-30GSM[172]
Taiwan Mobile2017-06-30GSM[172]
Trinidad and TobagoDigicel2025-12-31GSM[173]
bmobile (TSTT)GSM850 MHz: 2.5 MHz GSM + 5 MHz UMTS [174][175]
Turks and Caicos IslandsDigicelGSM900 MHz: 9.8 MHz GSM [176]
FLOW2024-04-22GSM[177]
United Arab EmiratesNo ServiceDu2023-12-31GSM[178]
Etisalat2023-12-31GSM[179]
United KingdomGSMPer government statement on confirmation by mobile providers.[180][181][182]
United States
Puerto Rico
US Virgin Islands		AT&T2008-02-18D-AMPSTDMA (D-AMPS) on 1900 MHz shut down on 15 July 2007.[183]
2017-01-01GSM[184]
Cellcom
(US only)		2023-12-01cdmaOneCDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.[185]
Claro
(PR only)		GSM
Commnet Wireless (Choice)
(US only)		2022-12-31cdmaOneCDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.[186]
Copper Valley Wireless2022-09-30cdmaOneCDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.[187]
Edge Wireless2007-06-30D-AMPS[188]
Inland Cellular2025-09-03cdmaOneCDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.[189]
T-MobileGSM[190][191]
T-Mobile (Sprint)2022-05-31cdmaOneCDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.
Shutdown commenced on 31 Mar 2022.[192][193][194][195]
UScellular
(US only)		2009–02D-AMPS[196]
UScellular
(US only)		2024-01-14cdmaOneCDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.[197][198]
Verizon
(US only)		2022-12-31cdmaOneCDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.[199]
VenezuelaDigitel2024-03-08GSMShutdown commenced in May 2021.[200][201]
MovilnetGSM[200]
MovistarGSMShutdown commenced on 1 Jul 2022.[200]
VietnamNo ServiceGmobile2024-10-16GSMper government regulation[202]
Mobifone2024-10-16GSMper government regulation[202]
Viettel2024-10-16GSMper government regulation[202]
Vinaphone2024-10-16GSMper government regulation[202]

See also

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