This paleobotany list records new fossil plant taxa that were announced or described during the year 2026, as well as notes other significant paleobotany discoveries and events which occurred during the year.

Algae

Chlorophytes

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeUnitLocationSynonymized taxaNotesImages
Salpingoporella vivariensis[1]Sp. novBucur et al.Early Cretaceous (Aptian)FranceA member of Dasycladales.
Similiclypeina hadrianii[1]Sp. novBucur et al.Early Cretaceous (Aptian)FranceA member of Dasycladales.

Rhodophytes

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeUnitLocationSynonymized taxaNotesImages
Vetusceramium[2]Gen. et sp. novDu et al.EdiacaranDoushantuo FormationChinaA member of Ceramiales belonging to the family Ceramiaceae. The type species is V. sinense.

Phycological research

  • Fossil evidence of persistence of multicellular algae belonging to the genus Wengania into the early Cambrian is reported from the Zhujiaqing Formation (Yunnan, China) by You, Shang & Liu (2026).[3]
  • Fossil algae with morphological similarities to Proterozoic and Cambrian vendotaenids are reported from the Ordovician Landeyran Formation (France) by Vayda, Birolini & Xiao (2026).[4]
  • Jeon et al. (2026) study the growth characteristics of Palaeoaplysina from the Permian (Asselian) strata of the Tyrrellfjellet Member of the Wordiekammen Formation (Svalbard, Norway), and interpret Palaeoaplysina as more likely to be an alga (probably a red alga) than a sponge or cnidarian.[5]
  • Zhao et al. (2026) link the displacement of green eukaryotic algae by phytoplankton groups whose plastids are derived from rhodophytes as the dominant marine phytoplankton in the early Mesozoic to structural characteristics of red lineage phytoplankton that enhanced their resistance to environmental reactive oxygen species.[6]
  • Evidence of changes of cellular structure of coralline algae from Meghalaya (northeast India) in response to environmental changes during the Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum, resulting in the studied algae maintaining calcification in spite of high temperatures and acidification of surface waters, is presented by Melbourne, Sarkar & Schmidt (2026).[7]
  • Iturain, Martínez & Olivera (2026) reconstruct the life cycle of Jurassic tasmanitid prasinophytes from the Los Molles Formation (Argentina).[8]

Non-vascular plants

Bryophyta

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeUnitLocationSynonymized taxaNotesImages
Meteoriella parvicella[9]Sp. novValidWolski, Kaczmarek & IgnatovEoceneBaltic amberEurope (Baltic Sea region)A moss belonging to the family Hylocomiaceae.

Marchantiophyta

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeUnitLocationSynonymized taxaNotesImages
Dinckleria opaca[10]Sp. novRenner & PaulsenEoceneAnglesea amberAustraliaA liverwort, a species of Dinckleria.
Frullania tseltal[11]Sp. novJuárez-Martínez et al.MioceneMexican amberMexicoA liverwort, a species of Frullania.
Frullania tsotsil[11]Sp. novJuárez-Martínez & Estrada-Ruiz in Juárez-Martínez et al.MioceneMexican amberMexicoA liverwort, a species of Frullania.

Non-vascular plant research

  • Evidence from the study of moss fossil from north-eastern European Russia, indicative of evolution of leaf developmental pathway in Permian protosphagnacean mosses similar to that of extant Sphagnum, is presented by Ignatov et al. (2026).[12]

Lycophytes

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeUnitLocationSynonymized taxaNotesImages
Nowenia[13]Gen. et sp. novEl-Abdallah & Tomescu in El-Abdallah et al.DevonianBeartooth Butte FormationUnited States
(Wyoming)
A zosterophyll. The type species is N. matsunagae.
Selaginellites huatingensis[14]Sp. novSong & Ding in Song et al.Middle JurassicYanan FormationChinaA member of Selaginellales.
Sinostigmaria[15]Gen. et sp. novYang et al.Carboniferous (Viséan)Xiangbai FormationChinaA member of Isoetales. Genus includes new species S. yisis.

Lycophyte research

  • D'Antonio et al. (2026) report evidence of preservation of internal three-dimensional structure in specimens of Stigmaria from the Carboniferous strata in Illinois, Indiana and Iowa (United States), and evidence of differences between the rooting systems of Stigmaria and other rhizomorphic lycopsids, indicating that the studied structures likely are not homologous.[16]
  • Xu et al. (2026) report evidence from morphology and stable isotope analysis from Permian–Triassic transitional lycophytes from southwest China interpreted as consistent with use of crassulacean acid metabolism photosynthesis similar to the one seen in extant Isoetales, and interpret the physiology of the studied lycophytes as a possible factor enabling their survival during the Permian–Triassic extinction event and subsequent recovery.[17]

Ferns and fern allies

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeUnitLocationSynonymized taxaNotesImages
Coniopteris glaesifilix[18]Sp. novWang, Tao, Zhang, Wang, & Shi in Wang et al.Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian)Kachin amberMyanmar
Cyathocarpus felicianoi[19]Sp. novCorreia, Šimůnek & PereiraCarboniferous (Gzhelian)Douro Carboniferous BasinPortugalA member of Marattiales belonging to the family Psaroniaceae.
Danaeopsis huatingensis[20]Sp. novSun & Dengin Sun et al.Middle TriassicTongchuan FormationChinaA member of the family Marattiaceae.
Danaeopsis xunyiensis[20]Sp. novSun & Dengin Sun et al.Middle TriassicTongchuan FormationChinaA member of the family Marattiaceae.
Lophosoria myanmarica[21]Sp. novLi in Li et al.Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)Kachin amberMyanmarA species of Lophosoria.
Loxsomopsis minor[22]Sp. novLi in Li, Li & MaLate Cretaceous (Cenomanian)Kachin amberMyanmarA species of Loxsomopsis.
Paradoxopteris huertasii[23]Sp. novPalma-Castro et al.Early Cretaceous (Aptian)Paja FormationColombia
Polymorphopteris mei[24]Sp. novLi et al.PermianChina
Polystichum espinarensis[25]Sp. novValidAliaga-Castillo et al.PliocenePeruA species of Polystichum. Published online in 2025; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2026.
Todites holmesii[26]Sp. novRetallackEarly TriassicAustraliaAn osmundalean fern.

Pteridological research

  • A study on changes of distribution and on the evolutionary history of members of the genera Equisetites and Neocalamites in Europe, Central Asia and Siberia during the Early and Middle Jurassic is published by Frolov & Mashchuk (2026).[27]

Conifers

Cheirolepidiaceae

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeUnitLocationSynonymized taxaNotesImages
Arkansia axsmithii[28]Sp. novAndruchow-Colombo & MatsunagaEarly CretaceousHolly Creek FormationUnited States
(Arkansas)
Classostrobus amealensis[29]Sp. novTekleva et al.Early Cretaceous (Hauterivian)Portugal
Pseudofrenelopsis axsmithii[28]Sp. novAndruchow-Colombo & MatsunagaEarly CretaceousHolly Creek FormationUnited States
(Arkansas)

Cupressaceae

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeUnitLocationSynonymized taxaNotesImages
Austrohamia vitrea[30]Sp. novMolano et al.JurassicLa Matilde FormationArgentinaA member of Cupressaceae sensu lato.
Cupressinoxylon marquesii[31]Sp. novNhamutole & BamfordMozambique
Kamikistrobus[32]Gen. et sp. novJiang & YamadaLate Cretaceous (Turonian)Yezo GroupJapanA member of the subfamily Taxodioideae. Genus includes new species K. primulus.
Thuja lingbaoensis[33]Sp. novWang in Wang et al.EoceneXiangcheng FormationChinaA species of Thuja.

Pinaceae

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeUnitLocationSynonymized taxaNotesImages
Pinus izberdana[34]Sp. novNosova in Nosova, Melnikov & ChumanovaLate Cretaceous (Santonian-Campanian)Russia
(Orenburg Oblast)
A pine.
Schizolepidopsis gerrienneii[35]Sp. novDe Brito et al.Early JurassicBelgiumA member or a relative of the family Pinaceae.
Tsuga zhuoziensis[36]Sp. novValidXiao et al.MioceneHannuoba FormationChinaA species of Tsuga. Announced online in 2025; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2026.

Podocarpaceae

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeUnitLocationSynonymized taxaNotesImages
Circoporoxylon bighornense[37]Sp. novValidHoff & Gee in Hoff, Gee & StorrsLate JurassicMorrison FormationUnited States
(Montana)
Podocarpoxylon paralambertii[38]Sp. novRamos, Brea & KröhlingPleistoceneEl Palmar FormationArgentina

Taxaceae

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeUnitLocationSynonymized taxaNotesImages
Torreya albertensis[39]Sp. novHalbwidl, Seyfullah & WestLate CretaceousHorseshoe Canyon FormationCanada
(Alberta)
A species of Torreya.

Other conifers

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeUnitLocationSynonymized taxaNotesImages
Lindleycladus changtuensis[40]Sp. novYu & Liang in Yu et al.Early Cretaceous (Aptian)Shahezi FormationChinaA member of the family Podozamitaceae.
Texoxylon[41]Gen. et sp. novSingleton & CostanzaCarboniferous (Kasimovian)Palo Pinto FormationUnited States
(Texas)
A member of Coniferopsida of uncertain affinities. Genus includes new species T. fambroensis.

Conifer research

  • Zhou et al. (2026) reconstruct the general morphology of Pagiophyllum maculosum on the basis of the study of the first fossil material reported from the Lower Jurassic strata in China.[42]
  • Taxonomic revision of coniferous woods from the Oligocene strata of the Petroșani Basin (Romania) is published by Călin, Popa & Pirnea (2026).[43]

Flowering plants

Magnoliids

Magnoliid research

  • Rubalcava-Knoth et al. (2026) identify leaf architecture characters that can be used for identification of fossil members of Lauraceae at the family level.[44]

Monocots

Alismatales

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeUnitLocationSynonymized taxaNotesImages
Anomacolocasioides[45]Gen. et sp. novGieser, Donovan & Herrera in Gieser et al.EoceneGreen River FormationUnited States
(Wyoming)
A member of the family Araceae. Genus includes new species A. demkovichorum.
Eospirodela[46]Gen. et sp. novAli, Almeida & Khan in Ali et al.EocenePalana FormationIndiaA member of the family Araceae. The type species is E. indica.
Gigantosagittata[45]Gen. et sp. novGieser, Donovan & Herrera in Gieser et al.EoceneGreen River FormationUnited States
(Wyoming)
A member of the family Araceae. Genus includes new species G. graingeriana.

Arecales

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeUnitLocationSynonymized taxaNotesImages
Palmoxylon caryoteaeoides[47]Sp. novKumar et al.Cretaceous-Paleocene transitionDeccan Intertrappean BedsIndiaA fossil palm stem.
Palmoxylon nannorrhopsoides[47]Sp. novKumar et al.Cretaceous-Paleocene transitionDeccan Intertrappean BedsIndiaA fossil palm stem.
Palmoxylon sabaleaeoides[47]Sp. novKumar et al.Cretaceous-Paleocene transitionDeccan Intertrappean BedsIndiaA fossil palm stem.
Phoenicites deccansis[48]Sp. novKumar & KhanCretaceous-Paleocene transitionDeccan Intertrappean BedsIndiaA pinnate palm leaf.

Monocot research

  • Evidence from the study of the fossil record of seagrasses, indicative of links between the biogeographical distribution of seagrasses throughout the evolutionary history of the group and long-term climate fluctuations, is presented by Tuya et al. (2026).[49]
  • Bellot et al. (2026) reconstruct the evolutionary history of palms on the basis of phylogeny of extant members of the group determined from data from nuclear genes and on the basis of the study of the fossil record of the group.[50]
  • Redescription and a study on the affinities of Palmoxylon santarosense, P. rionegrense and P. valchetense from the Allen Formation (Argentina) is published by Vera (2026).[51]

Basal eudicots

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeUnitLocationSynonymized taxaNotesImages
Appianocarpa[52]Gen. et sp. novValidRico et al.EoceneCanada
(British Columbia)
A member of the family Menispermaceae. Genus includes new species A. canadense. Announced in 2025; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2026.
Platanus orientalifolia[53]Sp. novZhu & Jia in Jia et al.EoceneXiangcheng FormationChinaA species of Platanus.

Superasterids

Cornales

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeUnitLocationSynonymized taxaNotesImages
Davidia indica[54]Sp. novValidAli, Su & Khan in Ali et al.EoceneIndiaA species of Davidia. Published online in 2025; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2026.

Ericales

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeUnitLocationSynonymized taxaNotesImages
Herendeeniodoxa[55]Gen. et sp. novPigg et al.PaleoceneSentinel Butte FormationUnited States
(North Dakota)
A member of the family Actinidiaceae. Genus includes new species H. willistonensis.

Icacinales

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeUnitLocationSynonymized taxaNotesImages
Mappia siwalika[56]Sp. novValidPrasad et al.MioceneIndiaA species of Mappia.

Lamiales

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeUnitLocationSynonymized taxaNotesImages
Fraxinoxylon sihongense[57]Sp. novZhu, Li & Cheng in Zhu et al.MioceneXiacaowan FormationChinaA member of the family Oleaceae.

Solanales

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeUnitLocationSynonymized taxaNotesImages
Albionites[58]Gen. et comb. novDeanna & Knapp in Deanna et al.EocenePoole FormationUnited KingdomA member of the family Solanaceae; a new genus for "Solanum" arnense Chandler (1962).
Hyoscyamosperma[58]Gen. et 2 sp. novDeanna & Smith in Deanna et al.Oligocene to QuaternaryRussiaA member of the family Solanaceae. The type species is H. daturoides; genus also includes H. undulatus.
Seminuta[58]Gen. et sp. novDeanna & Smith in Deanna et al.Pliocene to PleistoceneItalyA member of the family Solanaceae. The type species is S. pliocenica.
Sinuatitesta[58]Gen. et comb. novDeanna & Knapp in Deanna et al.Oligocene to PleistoceneUkraineA member of the family Solanaceae; a new genus for "Solanum" foveolatum Negru (1986).
Solanotes[58]Gen. et sp. novDeanna & Smith in Deanna et al.Oligocene to PleistoceneRussiaA member of the family Solanaceae. The type species is S. dorofeevii.
Solanum miocenicum[58]Sp. novDeanna & Smith in Deanna et al.Oligocene to PleistoceneRussiaA species of Solanum.
Thanatosperma[58]Gen. et sp. novDeanna & Knapp in Deanna et al.Pliocene to HoloceneGermanyA member of the family Solanaceae. The type species is T. minutum.

Superasterid research

  • Lu et al. (2026) study the fossil material of Nyssa sibirica from the Pliocene strata from the Yuxi Basin (Yunnan, China) and reconstruct the geographic distribution of tupelos throughout their evolutionary history, interpreting the species belonging to this genus as originating in warm and humid environments, with their distribution contracting as a result of climate cooling during the Neogene.[59]
  • González-Ramírez, Deanna & Smith (2026) reconstruct the evolutionary history of Solanaceae on the basis of data from extant and fossil taxa, reporting evidence of Late Cretaceous origin of the group.[60]

Superrosids

Fabales

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeUnitLocationSynonymized taxaNotesImages
Pahudioxylon pakistanicum[61]Sp. novIzhar, Su & Oskolski in Izhar et al.MioceneKamlial FormationPakistanA member of the family Fabaceae belonging to the subfamily Detarioideae.
Simojoflorum[62]Gen. et sp. novHernández-Damián et al.MioceneLa Quinta Formation
(Mexican amber)
MexicoA member of the family Fabaceae belonging to the tribe Mimoseae. The type species is S. mijangosii.
Spatholobus zhurongii[63]Sp. novZhao & Xie in Zhao et al.MioceneBangmai FormationChinaA species of Spatholobus.

Fagales

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeUnitLocationSynonymized taxaNotesImages
Hexagonokaryon[64]Gen. et sp. novValidManchester et al.PaleoceneUnited States
(Wyoming)
A member of the family Fagaceae. Genus includes new species H. nixonii. Published online in 2025; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2026.
Quercus bernardii[65]Sp. novValidDenk, van Zuijlen & KringsMioceneFranceAn oak.

Malpighiales

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeUnitLocationSynonymized taxaNotesImages
Eogarcinia[66]Gen. et sp. novValidAli, Almeida & Khan in Ali et al.EoceneIndiaFossil flowers with affinities with Garcinia. Genus includes new species E. longistaminata. Published online in 2025; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2026.
Parasalicaceoxylon[67]Gen. et sp. novHung & Oskolski in Hung et al.EoceneNa Duong FormationVietnamA member of the family Salicaceae. The type species is P. naduongensis.
Salicoxylon meridionale[68]Sp. novPujana et al.Oligocene–MioceneRío Guillermo FormationArgentinaFossil wood of a member of the family Salicaceae.
Tetrapterys miocenica[69]Comb. novValid(Berry)MioceneVenezuelaA species of Tetrapterys; moved from Gyrocarpus miocenica Berry (1937).

Malvales

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeUnitLocationSynonymized taxaNotesImages
Dryobalanops rajangensis[70]Sp. novOthman et al.MioceneMerit-Pila FormationMalaysiaA species of Dryobalanops.
Malvaciphyllum checuorum[71]Sp. novPuente-Santos & Carvalho in Puente-Santos, Carvalho & HerreraPaleoceneBogotá FormationColombiaA member of the family Malvaceae.
Tilia pentagona[72]Sp. novChen, Jia & Xing in Chen et al.MioceneDuho FormationSouth KoreaA species of Tilia.
Tilia perpendicularis[72]Sp. novChen et al.MioceneDuho FormationSouth KoreaA species of Tilia.
Umarsaria[73]Gen. et sp. novSingh et al.EoceneUmarsar ligniteIndiaA flower of malvaceous affinity. Genus includes new species U. asahnii.

Myrtales

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeUnitLocationSynonymized taxaNotesImages
Capella[74]Gen. et sp. novRozefelds et al.OligoceneAustraliaA member of Melastomataceae. Genus includes new species C. raulingsii.
Syzygium paleosalicifolium[75]Sp. novSadanand, Bhatia & Srivastava in Sadanand et al.MioceneKasauli FormationIndiaA species of Syzygium.
Trapa gokarnansis[76]Sp. novKhatri in Khatri et al.PleistoceneNepalA species of Trapa.

Oxalidales

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeUnitLocationSynonymized taxaNotesImages
Eucryphia ñirihuaensis[77]Sp. novPassalia et al.MioceneÑirihuau FormationArgentinaA species of Eucryphia.

Sapindales

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeUnitLocationSynonymized taxaNotesImages
Baravalosphaera[78]Gen. et sp. novErsoy et al.OligoceneFranceA member of the family Anacardiaceae. Genus includes new species B. operculata.
Koelreuteria cyrtinervis[79]Sp. novXie & Jia in Xie et al.EoceneHuazhige FormationChinaA species of Koelreuteria.
Koelreuteria quasibipinnata[79]Sp. novXie et al.MioceneDuho FormationSouth KoreaA species of Koelreuteria.
Koelreuteria truncatocarpa[79]Sp. novXie et al.MioceneDuho FormationSouth KoreaA species of Koelreuteria.
Palaeochoerospondias[78]Gen. et comb. novErsoy et al.Eocene and OligoceneUnited KingdomA member of the family Anacardiaceae.
Genus includes P. sheppeyensis (Reid & Chandler, 1933).
Uintacarpa[80]Gen. et sp. novValidManchester, Judd & TiffneyEoceneGreen River FormationUnited States
(Utah)
A Sapindalean fruit of uncertain affinity.
Likely belonging to Simaroubaceae or Rutaceae.
Genus includes new species U. alata.
Announced online in 2025
the official version was published in 2026.
Zanthoxylum guipingense[81]Sp. novXu, Song & Jin in Xu et al.MioceneErzitang FormationChinaA species of Zanthoxylum.

Saxifragales

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeUnitLocationSynonymized taxaNotesImages
Trochodendroides cuneatum[82]Comb. novValid(Newberry)PaleoceneUnited States
(Montana)
A species of Trochodendroides; moved from Populus cuneata Newberry (1868).
Trochodendroides flexuosa[82]Comb. novValid(Hollick)PaleoceneUnited States
(Alaska)
A species of Trochodendroides; moved from Populus flexuosa Hollick (1936).
Trochodendroides genesevianum[82]Comb. novValid(Chandrasekharam)PaleoceneCanada
(Alberta)
A species of Trochodendroides; moved from Cercidiphyllum genesevianum Chandrasekharam (1974).

Vitales

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeUnitLocationSynonymized taxaNotesImages
Austrovideira barivierae[83]Sp. novChen et al.OligoceneQuercy Phosphorites FormationFranceA member of the family Vitaceae.
Leea himachalensis[56]Sp. novValidPrasad et al.MioceneIndiaA species of Leea.
Vitis praerotundifolia[83]Sp. novChen et al.Eocene and OligoceneQuercy Phosphorites FormationFranceA species of Vitis.
Vitis quercyensis[83]Sp. novChen et al.EoceneQuercy Phosphorites FormationFranceA species of Vitis.

Zygophyllales

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeUnitLocationSynonymized taxaNotesImages
Larreoxylon[84]Gen. et sp. novFranco et al.MioceneMariño FormationArgentinaA member of the family Zygophyllaceae belonging to the subfamily Larreoideae. Genus includes new species L. cuyensis.

Superrosid research

  • Velasco-Flores et al. (2026) report the discovery of stem fossils of Euphorbia canariensis from the Pleistocene (Chibanian) strata of the Diego Hernández Formation (Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain), preserved in their original distribution as a result of volcanic eruption, and representing the first record of fossils attributed to this species.[85]
  • Lu et al. (2026) study the affinities of Albizia fossil leaflets from the Miocene strata from the Xiangyang Coal Mine (Yunnan, China), and interpret them as indicative of presence of ancestors of Albizia julibrissin in southwest China during or before the late Miocene.[86]
  • Krejčíř et al. (2026) describe silicified oak wood (most closely resembling members of the genus Trigonobalanus) from the Menilite Formation (Czech Republic) associated with termite coprolites and microscopic fungal structures, and interpret the studied wood as consistent with presence of evergreen broad–leaved forests during the Oligocene.[87]
  • Sobek et al. (2026) redescribe the type material of Fagus haidingeri.[88]
  • Ali et al. (2026) report the discovery of fossil material of cf. Backhousia sp. from the Eocene strata of the Palana Formation (India), representing the first fossil record a member of this genus outside Australia.[89]

Other angiosperms

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeUnitLocationSynonymized taxaNotesImages
Jixia jiuquanensis[90]Sp. novPeng et al.Early CretaceousZhonggou FormationChinaA basal flowering plant.
Kanalflorus[91]Gen. et sp. novValidHernández-Damián et al.Late Cretaceous (Campanian)Angostura FormationMexicoA flowering plant of uncertain affinities, with a floral structure similar to those of eudicots, especially extant members of Apiales. Genus includes new species K. variabilis.
  • Song et al. (2026) describe a flower of Tropidogyne cf. pentaptera from the Cretaceous amber from Myanmar preserved with four instead of five tepals, providing evidence of variability of floral organ number in mid-Cretaceous eudicots.[92]

General angiosperm research

  • Evidence of early Albian age of the early angiosperm herbaceous assemblage from the Frentsevka Formation (Primorsky Krai, Russia) is presented by Golovneva et al. (2026).[93]

Other plants

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeUnitLocationSynonymized taxaNotesImages
Bugdaevaea[94]Gen. et sp. novBickner et al.Early CretaceousTevshiingovi FormationMongoliaA fossil seed attributable to the Bennettitales-Erdtmanithecales-Gnetales group. Genus includes new species B. lignitica.
Dengfengfructus[95]Gen. et sp. novWang et al.PermianLower Shihezi FormationChinaA fossil plant organ with similarities to flowering plant fruits. The type species is D. maxima.
Dopyeria[96]Gen. et sp. novGenselDevonian (Emsian)Canada
(New Brunswick)
A basal euphyllophyte. Genus includes new species D. elongata.
Gnetopsis villosa[97]Sp. novLi & Xue in Li et al.CarboniferousZhangshuwan FormationChinaA member of Lagenospermopsida of uncertain affinities.
Ixostrobus bilobus[98]Sp. novChen, Zhang & Wang in Chen et al.JurassicChinaMale cones of members of Czekanowskiales.
Marythodaya[99]Nom. novValidDeshmukhEarly Cretaceous (Albian)Potomac GroupUnited States
(Virginia)
A seed plant belonging to the informal grouping Bennettitales-Erdtmanithecales-Gnetales; a replacement name for Thodaya Friis, Crane & Pedersen (2019).
Neoparadoxa[99]Nom. novValidDeshmukhMiddle Jurassic (Callovian)Jiulongshan FormationChinaA gymnosperm with several morphological features formerly restricted to angiosperms; a replacement name for Paradoxa Liu, Shen & Wang (2023).
Nilssoniopteris baojishanensis[100]Sp. novZhang & Xin in Zhang et al.Middle Jurassic (Aalenian–Bajocian)Yaojie FormationChina
Nilssoniopteris specialis[100]Sp. novZhang & Xin in Zhang et al.Middle Jurassic (Aalenian–Bajocian)Yaojie FormationChina
Nosovaea[94]Gen. et sp. novBickner et al.Early CretaceousMongoliaA fossil seed attributable to the Bennettitales-Erdtmanithecales-Gnetales group. Genus includes new species N. striata.
Panxia spinosa[101]Sp. novShen, Xue & Feng in Shen et al.DevonianHaikou FormationChinaA member of Cladoxylopsida.
Pseudotorellia yilongensis[102]Sp. novDong et al.Early CretaceousHuolinhe FormationChinaA ginkgophyte leaf.
Rellimia piedboeufii[103]Comb. nov(Kräusel & Weyland)DevonianGermanyA progymnosperm; moved from Protopteridium piedboeufii Kräusel & Weyland (1932).
Williamsonia runnegari[104]Sp. novRetallackEarly TriassicBanks Wall SandstoneAustralia
Zamites ambigua[105]Sp. novMorales-Toledo, Zepeda-Martínez & Cevallos-FerrizMiddle Jurassic (Bathonian–Callovian)Otlaltepec FormationMexico

Other plant research

  • A study on the morphology of the stem apex of Medullosa stellata, interpreted as indicative of presence of a complex vascular system, as well as indicating that members of Medullosales differed in stem development from the majority of extant seed plants, is presented by Portailler & Luthardt (2026).[106]
  • Jiang et al. (2026) interpret the morphology of Fengweioxylon sinense as consistent with the interpretation of the studied plant as an evergreen tree with a 3–5 year leaf retention period, growing in environment with warm summer conditions, and interpret the morphology of corystosperms as consistent with their placement as intermediate between gymnosperms and flowering plants.[107]
  • D'Rozario, Rößler & Yang (2026) describe ovules of members of Cardiocarpales from the Permian (Lopingian) strata of the Xuanwei Formation (Yunnan, China), preserved within the ground tissue of a Psaronius housuoensis and providing possible evidence of a close ecological relationship between the two plants.[108]
  • Xu et al. (2026) revise the cuticle structures of Pterophyllum crassinervum and confirms its taxonomic validity.[109]
  • Nosova & Zavialova (2026) provide new information on the anatomy of seeds of Allicospermum angrenicum from the Middle Jurassic Angren Formation (Uzbekistan), including evidence of preservation of pollen interpreted as suggestive of cycadalean affinities of the studied plant.[110]
  • Jiang et al. (2026) use stomatal parameters and carbon isotope composition of cuticles of Ginkgoites and Czekanowskia from the Yanan Formation (China) to reconstruct CO2 concentrations, local temperature and elevation during the Aalenian, interpreted as consistent with the studied plants growing in a basin or low mountainous terrain with a warm, humid climate.[111]
  • Zhao, Huang & Cai (2026) identify pollen diagnostic of Erdtmanithecales associated with Pelretes vivificus and members of the genus Parallelothrips from the Cretaceous amber from Myanmar, indicative of pollination of Cretaceous Erdtmanithecales by both thrips and kateretid beetles.[112]
  • Zhao et al. (2026) report the discovery of kateretid and sap beetle specimens from the Cretaceous amber from Myanmar associated with dense aggregations of Eucommiidites pollen grains, interpreted as evidence of pollination of members of Erdtmanithecales by insects.[113]

Palynology

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeUnitLocationSynonymized taxaNotesImages
Antulsporites constrictus[114]Sp. novRuffo Rey, Balarino & GutiérrezMiddle TriassicCerro de Las Cabras FormationArgentinaA bryophyte spore.
Antulsporites incipiens[114]Sp. novRuffo Rey, Balarino & GutiérrezMiddle TriassicCerro de Las Cabras FormationArgentinaA bryophyte spore.
Antulsporites robustus[114]Sp. novRuffo Rey, Balarino & GutiérrezMiddle TriassicCerro de Las Cabras FormationArgentinaA bryophyte spore.
Bacutriletes reguralis[115]Sp. novValidPeng et al.TriassicChina
Echitriletes conicus[115]Sp. novValidPeng et al.TriassicChina
Erlansonisporites depauperatus[115]Sp. novValidPeng et al.TriassicChina
Erlansonisporites junggarensis[115]Sp. novValidPeng et al.TriassicChina
Flabellisporites sparsulus[115]Sp. novValidPeng et al.TriassicChina
Floricorbispora[115]Gen. et sp. novValidPeng et al.TriassicChinaA spore. Genus includes new species F. zhoui.
Henrisporites grandis[115]Sp. novValidPeng et al.TriassicChina
Henrisporites karamayensis[115]Sp. novValidPeng et al.TriassicChina
Henrisporites rarus[115]Sp. novValidPeng et al.TriassicChina
Horstisporites papillatus[115]Sp. novValidPeng et al.TriassicChina
Luntaispora granulatus[115]Sp. novValidPeng et al.TriassicChina
Narkisporites coacorvatus[115]Sp. novValidPeng et al.TriassicChina
Narkisporites junggarensis[115]Sp. novValidPeng et al.TriassicChina
Narkisporites sparsus[115]Sp. novValidPeng et al.TriassicChina
Striatriletes inflatus[115]Sp. novValidPeng et al.TriassicChina
Striatriletes junggarensis[115]Sp. novValidPeng et al.TriassicChina
Tarimispora radiorugosa[115]Sp. novValidPeng et al.TriassicChina
Trileites bullosus[115]Sp. novValidPeng et al.TriassicChina
Trypophobiacites[116]Gen. et sp. novDe Benedetti in De Benedetti et al.Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)La Colonia FormationArgentinaA non-pollen palynomorph of uncertain affinities, with similarities to modern green algae Coelastrum. Genus includes new species T. chubutensis.

Palynological research

  • Bek et al. (2026) report evidence of distribution of early cryptospores and trilete spores in Ordovician and Silurian temperate zones with average temperatures similar to those of present-day tropical belt, and interpret their fossil record as suggestive of similar physiological thermal tolerance in early and extant plants.[117]
  • Wellman et al. (2026) describe the Devonian spore assemblages from the Portilla and Candás formations (Spain), and interpret spores from the latter formation as indicative of presence of a flora dominated by arborescent archaeopteridaleans and aneurophytaleans.[118]
  • Gutiérrez et al. (2026) study the composition of the first palynological assemblage recovered from the Permian (probably Lopingian) strata of the upper member of the La Golondrina Formation (Argentina), providing evidence of presence of a forest dominated by members of Glossopteridales, with undergrowth including ferns, sphenophytes, lycophytes and bryophytes.[119]
  • Evidence from the study of the palynological record from the Jiyuan Basin in the southern part of the North China Plate, indicative of four distinct phases of terrestrial vegetation transition across the Carnian pluvial episode that were temporally linked with indicators of volcanic activity and were accompanied by climate changes, is presented by Zhang et al. (2026).[120]
  • Sajjadi Hezaveh & Hashemi-Yazdi (2026) reconstruct the composition of the plant assemblage from the Triassic (Rhaetian) strata of the Qadir Member of the Nayband Formation (Iran) and the basis of the study of spores and pollen, interpreted as indicative of affinities of the studied flora with both floras from northern Gondwana and with ones from southern Laurasia.[121]
  • Vilas-Boas et al. (2026) study the composition of Late Triassic and Early Jurassic palynological assemblages from the Algarve and Lusitanian basins (Portugal), providing evidence of overall dominance of xerophytic plants across both basins, as well as evidence of links of studied assemblages with floras from the western Tethyan margin and North America, and report malformed sporomorphs interpreted as evidence of environmental impact of Central Atlantic magmatic province activity.[122]
  • Rosin et al. (2026) study the composition of the palynological assemblages from the Westbury, Lilstock and Redcar Mudstone formations in the Cheshire Basin (United Kingdom), recording changes of composition of vegetation in response to environmental changes during the latest Triassic and Early Jurassic.[123]
  • A study on spores and pollen grains from the Schandelah-1 core (Germany), providing evidence of increased occurrence of malformed pollen grains and shifts in the composition of the palynofloral assemblage indicative of ecological stress during the Toarcian hyperthermal event, is published by Galasso, Foster & van de Schootbrugge (2026).[124]
  • Yang et al. (2026) report evidence from multiproxy analyses (including the study of palynological assemblages) of continental succession from the Junggar Basin (China) indicative of a shift from fern groundcover to conifer canopy during the Jenkyns Event and of recovery of ferns after the event, as well as indicative of a more humid climate with reduced monsoon seasonality that reduced wildfire activity during the Jenkyns Event.[125]
  • Evidence from the study of palynological assemblages from the Upper Jurassic strata from the Binalud Mountains (Iran), indicative of increase in the abundance and diversity of warm-adapted cheirolepid conifers over time in response to a regional warming, is presented by Kalanat (2026).[126]
  • Buratti et al. (2026) study the composition of palynological assemblages from the Gorgo a Cerbara section (Barremian–Aptian transition; Italy), and report evidence of presence of pollen Afropollis cf. jardinus representing one of the earliest records of flowering plants in the Tethyan realm.[127]
  • Zhang et al. (2026) study the composition of palynological assemblages from the Jiufengshan Formation (Dayangshu Basin, China), and report evidence of increase of taxonomic richness of the flowering plants in the studied area during the Aptian.[128]
  • Carvalho et al. (2026) reconstruct the composition of Aptian assemblages of spore-producing plants from the south Atlantic margin and their responses to environmental changes at the time of the opening of the southern Atlantic Ocean on the basis of the study of palynological assemblages from eight Brazilian sedimentary basins.[129]
  • Evidence from the study of palynological assemblages from Codó and Itapecuru formations, indicative of changes of composition of plant assemblages in northeastern Brazil in response to climate and moisture variability during the late Aptian, is presented by Correia et al. (2026).[130]
  • Lorente (2026) calculates the biomass of Cenomanian conifers in the eastern North America and the amount of their dispersed pollen on the basis of the study of the fossil record from the Arlington Archosaur Section (Woodbine Group; Texas, United States) and comparisons with extant conifers.[131]
  • Evidence from the study of spores, pollen and microcharcoal abundances from Paleogene sediments from a hydrothermal vent crater in the North Atlantic Igneous Province on the Norwegian Margin and from other mid- and high latitude continental margins, indicative of rapid vegetation and soil disturbances in response to environmental changes at the onset of the Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum resulting in widespread appearance of fern-dominated pioneer vegetation across mid- and high-latitude regions of the world, is presented by Nelissen et al. (2026).[132]
  • Raynaud et al. (2026) reconstruct the composition of the Eocene plant assemblage from the embrithopod-bearing Bultu-Zile site (Meryemdere Formation; Turkey) on the basis of the study of the freshwater-deposited palynoflora from the site, and interpreted as indicative of a swamp-freshwater environment.[133]
  • Barreda et al. (2026) study the composition of the palynological assemblage from the Río Pichileufú locality (Huitrera Formation, Argentina), providing evidence of presence of a middle Eocene flora dominated by gymnosperms and Nothofagaceae, and including fossil pollen representing the oldest record of the crown group of Barnadesioideae reported to date.[134]
  • Moseri et al. (2026) reconstruct changes of vegetation in southwestern South Africa during the Oligocene-Miocene transition on the basis of palynological record from the Elandsfontyn Formation.[135]
  • Evidence from the study of palynological assemblages from the Miocene El Chacay Formation (Argentina) indicative of increase in floral diversity during the early Burdigalian before the onset of the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum is presented by Tapia et al. (2026).[136]
  • Pound et al. (2026) study the Miocene (Serravallian) palynoflora from the Kenslow Member of the Brassington Formation (United Kingdom), interpreted as fossil record of plant growing in an area with an oceanic type climate with more rainfall during the summer than the winter (but with no pronounced dry season), and report evidence of impact of seasonal changes of availability of moisture on the composition of the studied Miocene forest.[137]
  • Evidence from the study of the palynological assemblage from the Cessaniti site in southern Italy, indicative of presence of a taxonomically diverse and structurally complex mangrove forest during the Tortonian, is presented by Niccolini & Bertini (2026).[138]
  • Li et al. (2026) report evidence from the study of the palynological record from the East China Sea continental shelf spanning the past 71,000 years indicative of presence of a cool, dry temperate grassland biome during the lowstand intervals (including the Last Glacial Maximum), as well as evidence of presence of an open-forest landscape during the milder conditions of the Marine Isotope Stage 3, and interpret their findings as supporting the interpretation of the exposed East China Sea continental shelf as a habitat facilitating the initial dispersal of early modern humans into East Asia.[139]
  • Evidence from the study of pollen record from eastern Nanling Mountains, indicative of impact of climate changes (and, since the late Holocene, human activities) on the composition of vegetation in the studied area during the last 46,000 years, as well as of existence of cool and humid refugia in subtropical China during the Last Glacial Maximum, is presented by Quan et al. (2026).[140]
  • Morley et al. (2026) reconstruct the distribution of spruce, poplar and willow in northern Alaska (United States) during the last 20,000 years on the basis of pollen preserved in lake cores, reporting evidence of decline of spruce presence in the region between 16,000 and 11,000 years ago, its persistence in a single locality during this time interval and subsequent recovery.[141]

General research

  • Cai et al. (2026) report evidence of a shift in organic carbon to total phosphorus ratios in marine siliciclastic strata from approximately 455 million years ago, interpreted as likely linked to the spread of early land plants during the Ordovician.[142]
  • Lu et al. (2026) review evidence of impact of successive phases of plant terrestrialization on global coal accumulation.[143]
  • Evidence of widespread presence of diterpenoid-rich surface resins in cuticles of coal-forming plants from the Devonian (Givetian) strata of the Haikou and Hujiersite formations (China) is presented by Song et al. (2026).[144]
  • Meyer-Berthaud, Young & Decombeix (2026) document a new assemblage of Devonian (Frasnian) plants from the Hervey Group (New South Wales, Australia), similar in composition to Frasnian plant assemblages from south China.[145]
  • A study on the affinities of early gymnospermous seeds and their evolutionary history from the late Devonian to the late Permian is published by Bateman, Spencer & Hilton (2026).[146]
  • Santos et al. (2026) study the composition of the Permian plant assemblage from the Costela Mine locality (Pedra de Fogo Formation, Brazil) dominated by callipterid peltasperms, interpreted as indicative of biogeographic links with early Permian plant assemblages from Euramerica, and report evidence of plant-arthropod interactions and plant disease in fossils from the studied assemblage.[147]
  • Negri & Toledo (2026) review evidence of mutualistic relationships between insects and gymnosperms before the emergence of flowering plants.[148]
  • A diverse assemblage of plant cuticles and spores, providing evidence of presence of conifers, members of Peltaspermales and lycophytes, is reported from the Permian (Kungurian) strata from the Gorl locality in the Athesian Volcanic District (Italy) by Delfosse-Allain et al. (2026).[149]
  • Jalfin et al. (2026) study changes of taxonomic diversity and community structure of the riparian forest known from fossil from the La Golondrina Formation (Argentina) during the Permian, reporting evidence of peak diversity in the Guadalupian and major ecological disruption near the Guadalupian–Lopingian transition.[150]
  • A study on gymnosperm wood preserved as charcoal from the Madygen Formation (Kyrgyzstan), providing evidence of wildfire in the studied area near the LadinianCarnian transition, is published by Spiekermann et al. (2026).[151]
  • Fang et al. (2026) report evidence of acid rains coinciding with the Central Atlantic magmatic province volcanism during the Triassic-Jurassic transition, as well as evidence of critical destruction of plant biomass in terrestrial basins during the Triassic–Jurassic extinction that was likely linked to acid rains.[152]
  • Foster et al. (2026) provide estimates of height and mass of giant trees preserved as fossil logs from the Morrison Formation (western United States), and interpret the presence of these trees in western North America during the Late Jurassic as suggestive of long-term climatic cyclicity including both periods of arid conditions and periods of humid ones.[153]
  • Evidence from the study of fossil plants from the Lower Cretaceous Jinju Formation (South Korea), indicative of presence of a temperate intermontane savanna in the studied area during the Albian, is presented by Lee, Kim & Looy (2026).[154]
  • A study on the composition of the Cenomanian plant assemblage from the strata of the Utrillas Group from the Algora area (Guadalajara, Spain) is published by Sender, Bueno-Cebollada & Pérez-García (2026).[155]
  • Greenwood & Conran (2026) review the fossil record of Cenozoic plants from the Kati Thanda–Lake Eyre, Woomera and northern deserts region of South Australia.[156]
  • A study on the composition of the early Miocene plant assemblages known from leaf material from West Akrocheiras (Lesvos Petrified Forest, Greece) is published by Liapi et al. (2026).[157]
  • Stiles et al. (2026) reconstruct climate changes and vegetation in the Upper Magdalena River Valley region (Colombia) during the middle and late Miocene, reporting evidence of surface cooling that exceeded global estimates, as well as evidence of presence of closed-canopy forests with increasing vegetation density.[158]
  • Wang et al. (2026) reconstruct the plant-insect interactions in the late Miocene Tatsumi-toge biota on the basis of the study of damage of fossil plants from the Ningyo-toge Formation (Japan) and comparisons with modern relatives of insects from the studied biota, reporting evidence of predominance of generalist insects that might have been linked to the late Miocene cooling and related environmental changes, and evidence of ecological stability of the Tatsumi-toge biota.[159]
  • Góis-Marques et al. (2026) describe lava tree moulds from the San Roque locality, representing the oldest plant fossils from Tenerife (Canary Islands) reported to date, and providing evidence of presence of a forest ecosystem on Tenerife during the Pliocene.[160]
  • A new, diverse assemblage of Plio-Pleistocene plants is described from the Kon Tum Formation (Vietnam) by Wang et al. (2026).[161]
  • Allaby et al. (2026) reconstruct the environment of the Southern River system in southern Doggerland on the basis of sedimentological and sedimentary ancient DNA, and report evidence of presence of temperate trees indicative of presence of northern refugia during the early Mesolithic.[162]
  • Evidence from the study of the fossil flora from the Quaternary tufas of the western Potiguar Basin (Brazil), indicative of a shift from a humid tropical environment supporting a mesophytic forest to the modern Caatinga biome, is presented by Aureliano et al. (2026).[163]
  • Evidence from the study of modern leaves from swamp and river margins, indicating that studies that use fossil leaves as paleoclimate proxy and do not take into account the reduction of size of leaves from the surface litter and buried litter might result in underestimation of precipitation, is presented by Brown et al. (2026).[164]

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