{{short description|Protests in Turkey}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}} {{Infobox civil conflict | title = Gezi Park protests | partof = | image = Each day protestants return to the square. Events of June 7, 2013.jpg | caption = Protests on 6 June, with the slogan "Do not submit" | place = 90 locations in Turkey including Istanbul, Ankara, İzmir, Hatay, Balıkesir, Bursa, Kahramanmaraş, Adana, Mersin, Kayseri, Konya, Eskişehir, Antalya, Isparta, Denizli, Muğla, Trabzon, Edirne, Erzurum, Malatya, Samsun<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/massive-violent-crowds-protest-turkish-leaders-policies/|title=Massive, violent crowds protest Turkish leader's policies|author=Holly Williams |work=CBS News |date=1 June 2013|access-date=2 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="euroankara"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Turkey: Istanbul clashes rage as violence spreads to Ankara|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/may/31/turkey-istanbul-clashes-violence-ankara-video |newspaper=The Guardian |date=31 May 2013 |location=London |access-date=1 June 2013}}</ref><br />Dozens of cities within the Turkish diaspora | coordinates = | date = 28 May – 20 August 2013<ref name="Amnesty International" /><br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days |2013|05|28|2013|08|21}}) | result = * Occupation of the park and adjoining Taksim square ended by force, smaller scale protests gradually die out, the park remains open to the public and plans for its destruction are cancelled<ref>{{cite web|title=Mahkeme, Gezi Parkı'nda yürütmeyi durdurdu|url=http://www.zaman.com.tr/gundem_mahkeme-gezi-parkinda-yurutmeyi-durdurdu_2096041.html|website=zaman.com.tr|access-date=3 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126052720/http://www.zaman.com.tr/gundem_mahkeme-gezi-parkinda-yurutmeyi-durdurdu_2096041.html|archive-date=26 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/24577170.asp|title=Beyoğlu Belediye Başkanı: Gezi Parkı eylemleri geride kaldı (Turkish)/Mayor of Beyoğlu: Gezi Park Protests in the past|newspaper=Hürriyet|date=23 August 2013|access-date=18 January 2014}}</ref> * EU-Turkey relations deteriorated<ref>{{cite web|title=Turkey-EU relations exponentially decelerated {{sic|especia|ly|nolink=y}} after Gezi Park protests|url=http://www.eurodialogue.eu/Turkey-EU-relations-exponentially-decelerated-especialy-after-Gezi-Park-protests|website=eurodialogue.eu|access-date=3 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208160807/http://www.eurodialogue.eu/Turkey-EU-relations-exponentially-decelerated-especialy-after-Gezi-Park-protests|archive-date=8 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Turkish Foreign Policy after Gezi Park Protests|url=https://www.academia.edu/3853176|website=academia.edu|access-date=3 May 2015}}{{Dead link|date=January 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Government passed several bills to increase the government's ability to control the Internet, to expand the police's abilities and to criminalise the provision of emergency medical care during protests.<ref>{{cite web|title=Turkey: Gezi Park protests on year on - police remain unpunished, demonstrators go on trial|url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/turkey-gezi-park-protests-year-police-remain-unpunished-demonstrators-go-trial|website=amnesty.org.uk|access-date=3 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Last Chance to Stop Turkey's Harsh New Internet Law|url=http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/middle-east-turkey-istanbul-internet-law|website=pulitzercenter.org|access-date=3 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Explained: Turkey's controversial security bill|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/explained-turkeys-controversial-security-bill.aspx?pageID=238&nID=78658&NewsCatID=339|website=Hürriyet Daily News| date=22 February 2015 |access-date=3 May 2015}}</ref> * Court acquits Gezi Park protest leaders<ref>{{cite news|title=bbc.com|work=BBC News|date=29 April 2015|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-32518438|access-date=3 May 2015}}</ref> | goals = * Protecting Gezi Park and the public places * Defending freedom of speech and right to assembly * Banning the usage of chemical gas by state forces against protesters * Resignation of Erdoğan's government * Free media<ref name="dailydot.com"/> * Fair elections<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avrupagazete.com/gundemdekiler/48212-anakara-da-gerginlik-chp-den-ysk-ya-secim-sonucu-hile-protestosu.html|title=Anakara'da Gerginlik, CHP'den YSK'Ya Seçim Sonucu 'Hile Protestosu'|date=1 April 2014|work=avrupagazete.com|access-date=1 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407091610/http://www.avrupagazete.com/gundemdekiler/48212-anakara-da-gerginlik-chp-den-ysk-ya-secim-sonucu-hile-protestosu.html|archive-date=7 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> | causes = * Authoritarianism of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan<ref name="guardian" /><ref name="bilgi">{{cite web |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/protesters-are-young-libertarian-and-furious-at-turkish-pm-says-survey.aspx?pageID=238&nID=48248&NewsCatID=341 |title=Protesters are young, libertarian and furious at Turkish PM, says survey |date=5 June 2013 |access-date=6 June 2013}}</ref> * Lack of public consultation<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org.tr/ai/system/files/GeziParkiEN.pdf|title=Gezi Park Protests: Brutal Denial of the Tight To Peaceful Assembly in Turkey|publisher=Amnesty International|date=12 October 2013|access-date=18 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327185553/http://www.amnesty.org.tr/ai/system/files/GeziParkiEN.pdf|archive-date=27 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Violation of democratic rights<ref name="bilgi"/> * Media censorship and disinformation<ref name="bilgi"/> * Use of excessive force by police<ref name="bilgi"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/id/25463891/|title='Gezi Parkı eylemlerinde orantısız güç kullanıldı' - Genel Bakış- ntvmsnbc.com|work=ntvmsnbc.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malatyagercegi.com/polisin-orantisiz-gucune-bir-tepki-de-karsiyaka-platformundan-geldi-86201735.html|title=Polisin orantısız gücüne bir tepki de Karşıyaka Platformu'ndan geldi|work=Malatya Gerçeği|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312230133/http://malatyagercegi.com/polisin-orantisiz-gucune-bir-tepki-de-karsiyaka-platformundan-geldi-86201735.html|archive-date=12 March 2014}}</ref> * Government policies connected to the Syrian Civil War<ref>Efe Can Gürcan; Efe Peker, " Challenging Neoliberalism at Turkey's Gezi Park" p83. Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.</ref> * Alcohol restrictions<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/charlemagne/2013/06/turkish-politics |title=Turkish politics: Resentment against Erdogan explodes |author= A.Z. |date=2 June 2013 |journal=Economist.com |access-date=28 March 2019 }}</ref> * Center-periphery dissonance<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cliodynamics.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=388&Itemid=1|title=- How to predict a revolution using the center-periphery dissonance factor|access-date=9 January 2016|archive-date=25 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125021255/http://cliodynamics.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=388&Itemid=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> | time = | timezone = | methods = Sit-ins, strike actions, demonstrations, online activism, protest marches, civil disobedience, civil resistance, cacerolazo | side1 = {{tree list}} * '''Anti-government protesters''' ** Some political parties (CHP, BDP, HEPAR, TKP, EMEP, BTP, ÖDP, SDP, LDP) ** Atatürkist Thought Association ** {{Interlanguage link|Taksim Solidarity Movement|tr|3=Taksim Dayanışma Bileşenleri Platformu}} ** Pirate Union of Turkey<ref>{{cite web | url = http://korsanparti.org/2013/06/14/arti-bir-tvde-gezi-parkini-konustuk/ | title = Artı Bir Tv'de Gezi Parkı'nı Konuştuk | access-date = 1 August 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140327083517/http://korsanparti.org/2013/06/14/arti-bir-tvde-gezi-parkini-konustuk/ | archive-date = 27 March 2014 |url-status= dead}}</ref> ** Anti-Capitalist Muslims<ref name=BBC22732139>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-22732139|title=Turkey police clash with Istanbul Gezi Park protesters|work=BBC News|date=1 June 2013|access-date=1 June 2013}}</ref> ** Youth Union of Turkey ** 3H Movement<ref>{{cite news|title=Why the 3H Sides with the Gezi Park Protests?|url=http://en.3hhareketi.org/bildiri/17/ |publisher=3H Movement |date=5 June 2013 |access-date=6 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203074956/http://en.3hhareketi.org/bildiri/17/|archive-date=3 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> ** Confederation of Public Workers' Unions<ref name=bbcnews5>{{cite news|title=Turkey unrest: Unions call strike over crackdown|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-22930703|work=BBC News |date=17 June 2013|access-date=17 June 2013}}</ref> ** Confederation of Revolutionary Trade Unions of Turkey<ref name=bbcnews5/> ** Education and Science Workers' Union<ref name=bbcnews5/> ** Istanbul Bar Association<ref>{{cite news |title=İstanbul Barosu vatandaşlara gönüllü olarak avukatlık yapacak |url=http://gundem.milliyet.com.tr/istanbul-barosu-vatandaslara/gundem/detay/1716922/default.htm |newspaper=Milliyet |date=31 May 2013 |access-date=6 June 2013 |archive-date=14 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114134713/http://gundem.milliyet.com.tr/istanbul-barosu-vatandaslara/gundem/detay/1716922/default.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ** Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects<ref name=bbcnews5/> ** Turkish Medical Association<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnnturk.com/2013/guncel/06/17/disk.kesk.tmmob.ttb.tdb.is.birakti/711853.0/|title=DİSK, KESK, TMMOB, TTB, TDB iş bıraktı|publisher=CNN Türk|date=17 June 2013|access-date=18 June 2013}}</ref> ** Turkish Journalists' Association<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bianet.org/bianet/insan-haklari/147665-gazeteci-orgutlerinden-polis-siddetine-protesto|title=Gazeteci Örgütlerinden Polis Şiddetine Protesto - bianet|work=Bianet - Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi}}</ref> ** Turkish Writers' Union ** WWF<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?208888/WWF-stands-up-for-Taksim-Gezi-Park|title=WWF stands up for Taksim Gezi Park|work=Tugba Ugur}}</ref> {{tree list/end}} | side2 = {{tree list}} *{{flagicon|Turkey}} Turkish Government ** Ministry of the Interior *** Police *** Gendarmerie {{tree list/end}} '''Others''' * Justice and Development Party youth wing * Great Union Party youth wing * Free Cause Party youth wing * Alperen Hearths * HAK Party (Turkey) * Anatolian Youth Association * Pro-government media | leadfigures1 = '''Non-centralised leadership''' | leadfigures2 = {{collapsible list | bullets = no | title = Government leaders: | Recep Tayyip Erdoğan <small>(Prime Minister)</small> | Muammer Güler <small>(Minister of Interior)</small> | Hüseyin Avni Mutlu <small>(Governor of Istanbul Province)</small> | Kadir Topbaş <small>(Mayor of Istanbul)</small> | Hüseyin Çapkın <small>(Police Chief of Istanbul Province)</small> | Mehmet Artar <small>(Gendarmerie Chief Colonel)</small><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/istanbul-governor-tells-families-to-remove-kids-from-gezi-park-at-risk-from-marginal-groups.aspx?pageID=238&nid=48649|title=Intervention in Taksim will carry on until full security is ensured: Istanbul governor|date=11 June 2013|work=hurriyetdailynews|access-date=20 June 2013}}</ref> }} | howmany1 = '''7,548,500''' ''actively'' in person during June in Istanbul alone (unofficial estimate)<ref>{{cite news|title=Gezi'ye rekor katılım: 7.5 milyon yurttaş|url=http://www.aydinlikgazete.com/mansetler/24955-geziye-rekor-katilim-75-milyon-yurttas.html|date=13 September 2013|newspaper=Aydinlik|access-date=2 November 2013|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103084410/http://www.aydinlikgazete.com/mansetler/24955-geziye-rekor-katilim-75-milyon-yurttas.html|archive-date=3 November 2013}}</ref>
at least '''3,545,000''' ''actively'' in person (government estimate)<ref>{{cite news|title=Türkiye İnsan Hakları Vakfı: 'Gezi Parkı gözaltı sayısı 3 bin 773, tutuklu sayısı 125'|url=http://www.dagmedya.net/2013/08/02/turkiye-insan-haklari-vakfi-gezi-parki-gozalti-sayisi-3773-tutuklu-sayisi-125|date=2 August 2013|agency=Dag Medya|access-date=2 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805064949/http://www.dagmedya.net/2013/08/02/turkiye-insan-haklari-vakfi-gezi-parki-gozalti-sayisi-3773-tutuklu-sayisi-125/|archive-date=5 August 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=2.5 million people attended Gezi protests across Turkey: Interior Ministry|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/25-million-people-attended-gezi-protests-across-turkey-interior-ministry-.aspx?pageID=238&nID=49292&NewsCatID=341 |date=23 June 2013 |newspaper=Hürriyet Daily News |access-date=24 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=2.5 milyon insan 79 ilde sokağa indi|url=http://gundem.milliyet.com.tr/2-5-milyon-insan-79-ilde-sokaga/gundem/detay/1726600/default.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130624234706/http://gundem.milliyet.com.tr/2-5-milyon-insan-79-ilde-sokaga/gundem/detay/1726600/default.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 June 2013|date=23 June 2013|newspaper=Milliyet|access-date=23 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A Graphic History of the Gezi Resistance|url=http://www.bianet.org/english/youth/147428-a-graphic-history-of-the-gezi-resistance|date=10 June 2013|agency=Bianet|access-date=10 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Gül understands it while Erdoğan doesn't|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/yazarlar/murat_yetkin/gul_farkinda_ama_erdogan_maalesef-1136176|date=4 June 2013|newspaper=Radikal|access-date=4 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.yurtgazetesi.com.tr/gundem/devrimci-muslumanlar-da-marjinal-oldu-h42055.html|publisher=Yurt|title=Devrimci Müslümanlar'da "marjinal" oldu! - Aktif en az 3,545,000 kişi|date=20 September 2013|access-date=6 October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923193330/http://www.yurtgazetesi.com.tr/gundem/devrimci-muslumanlar-da-marjinal-oldu-h42055.html|archive-date=23 September 2013}}</ref> {{collapsible list | bullets = no | title = Cities | 100,000+ (Istanbul)<ref>{{cite news|last=Batuman|first=Elif|author-link=Elif Batuman|title=Occupy Gezi: Police against Protesters in Istanbul|url=http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2013/06/occupy-taksim-police-against-protesters-in-istanbul.html|date=1 June 2013|newspaper=The New Yorker|access-date=4 June 2013}}</ref> | 93,950 (Adana)<ref>{{cite news|title=Adana polisinden Gezi raporu: 93 bin 950 kişi katıldı|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/turkiye/adana_polisinden_gezi_raporu_93_bin_950_kisi_katildi-1139084|date=25 June 2013|newspaper=Radikal|access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref> | 40,000+ (Ankara)<ref name="Ankara"/> | 30,000+ (İzmir)<ref name="Izmir 1"/> | 30,000+ (Bursa)<ref name="Bursa"/> | 30,000+ (Çorlu)<ref name="corluNumber"/> | 20,000+ (Eskişehir)<ref name="Eskisehir"/> | 20,000+ (Antalya)<ref name="Antakya"/> | 20,000+ (Gaziantep)<ref name="Gaziantep"/> | 20,000+ (Denizli)<ref name="Denizli"/> | 15,000+ (Bodrum)<ref name="Bodrum"/> | 15,000+ (Çorum)<ref name="Çorum"/> }} | howmany2 = Unknown | fatalities = 11<ref name="Springer">{{cite book |last1=Springer |first1=Simon |last2=Souza |first2=Marcelo Lopes de |title=The Practice of Freedom: Anarchism, Geography, and the Spirit of Revolt |date=2016 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-78348-665-6}}</ref> | injuries = at least 8,163 (during the Gezi Park protests)<ref name=TMAreport>{{cite web|url=http://www.ttb.org.tr/index.php/Haberler/veriler-3842.html|publisher=TTB (Turkish Medical Association)|title=Göstericilerin Sağlık Durumları (Demonstrators' Health Conditions) as of 15.07.2013 18:00|date=15 July 2013|access-date=28 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806164558/http://www.ttb.org.tr/index.php/Haberler/veriler-3842.html|archive-date=6 August 2013}}</ref><br /> (at least 63 in serious or critical condition with at least 3 having a risk of death)<ref name="TMAreport"/> | arrests = at least 4,900 with 81 people being held in custody (during the Gezi Park protests)<ref>{{cite news |title=2.5 milyon insan 79 ilde sokağa indi |url=http://gundem.milliyet.com.tr/2-5-milyon-insan-79-ilde-sokaga/gundem/detay/1726600/default.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130624234706/http://gundem.milliyet.com.tr/2-5-milyon-insan-79-ilde-sokaga/gundem/detay/1726600/default.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 June 2013 |date=23 June 2013 |work=Milliyet |access-date=23 June 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Turkish protests: it started with a tree |url=http://globalnews.ca/news/616750/turkish-protests-it-started-with-a-tree-2/ |newspaper=Globalnews.ca |access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="Sözcü">{{cite news |url=http://sozcu.com.tr/2013/genel/siraselvilerde-mudahale-basladi.html |language=tr |title=Avcılar'da Bir Kişi Protestolarda Hayatını Kaybetti |newspaper=Sözcü |date=15 June 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=25 June 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616052813/http://sozcu.com.tr/2013/genel/siraselvilerde-mudahale-basladi.html |archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="Detentions Latest">{{cite news|url=http://birgun.net/haber/5-olu-8-bin-163-yarali-3-bin-699-gozalti-134-tutuklama-1234.html|publisher=BirGün|title=5 ölü, 8,163 yaralı, 3,699 gözaltı, 134 tutuklama|date=29 July 2013|access-date=29 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802110056/http://birgun.net/haber/5-olu-8-bin-163-yarali-3-bin-699-gozalti-134-tutuklama-1234.html|archive-date=2 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="kardaizler"/><ref name="kardaizlerpdf"/> | detentions = at least 134 (during the Gezi Park protests)<ref name="Detentions Latest" /><ref name="kardaizler">{{cite web|url=http://ihd.kardaizler.org/index.php/raporlar-mainmenu-86/el-raporlar-mainmenu-90/2690-gez-parki-dren-ve-sonrasinda-yaananlara-lkn-deerlendrme-raporu-17-07-2013.html|publisher=Human Rights Association Turkey|title=Gezi Parkı Direnişi ve Sonrasında Yaşananlara İlişkin Değerlendirme Raporu 17.07.2013|date=17 July 2013|access-date=18 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801202720/http://ihd.kardaizler.org/index.php/raporlar-mainmenu-86/el-raporlar-mainmenu-90/2690-gez-parki-dren-ve-sonrasinda-yaananlara-lkn-deerlendrme-raporu-17-07-2013.html|archive-date=1 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="kardaizlerpdf">{{cite web|url=http://ihd.kardaizler.org/images/pdf/2013/rapor_gezivesonrasi_17temmuz.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103210918/http://ihd.kardaizler.org/images/pdf/2013/rapor_gezivesonrasi_17temmuz.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 November 2021|title=Gezi Parkı Direnişi ve Sonrasında Yaşananlara İlişkin Değerlendirme Raporu 17.07.2013 – PDF|date=17 July 2013|access-date=18 July 2013}}</ref> }} <!-- Per MOS:BOLDTITLE and WP:SBE, neither the article's title nor related text appears in bold. -->
A wave of demonstrations and civil unrest in Turkey began on 28 May 2013, initially to contest the urban development plan for Istanbul's Gezi Park.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The Gezi Park Protests in Turkey: A Qualitative Field Research |journal=Insight Turkey}}</ref> The protests were sparked by outrage at the violent eviction of a sit-in at the park protesting the plan.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lejournalinternational.fr/Istanbul%C2%A0-les-Indignes-de-Taksim_a817.html " Istanbul : les Indignés de Taksim "], Laurène Perrussel-Morin, ''Le Journal International'', 29 May 2013</ref> Subsequently, supporting protests and strikes took place across Turkey, protesting against a wide range of concerns at the core of which were issues of freedom of the press, of expression and of assembly, as well as the AKP government's erosion of Turkey's secularism. With no centralised leadership beyond the small assembly that organised the original environmental protest, the protests have been compared to the Occupy movement and the May 1968 events. Social media played a key part in the protests, not least because much of the Turkish media downplayed the protests, particularly in the early stages. Three and a half million people (out of Turkey's population of 80 million) are estimated to have taken an active part in almost 5,000 demonstrations across Turkey connected with the original Gezi Park protest.<ref name=surreal/> Twenty-two people were killed and more than 8,000 were injured, many critically.<ref name=surreal>{{cite journal|last=de Bellaigue|first=Christopher|title=Turkey: 'Surreal, Menacing…Pompous'|journal=New York Review of Books|date=19 December 2013|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2013/dec/19/turkey-surreal-menacing-pompous/?pagination=false|access-date=12 December 2013}}</ref>
The sit-in at Gezi Park was restored after police withdrew from Taksim Square on 1 June, and developed into a protest camp, with thousands of protesters in tents, organising a library, medical centre, food distribution and their own media. After the Gezi Park camp was cleared by riot police on 15 June, protesters began to meet in other parks all around Turkey and organised public forums to discuss ways forward for the protests.<ref>''Hürriyet Daily News'', 19 June 2013, [http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/group-stands-against-standing-man-in-istanbul-protest-square.aspx?pageID=238&nID=49111&NewsCatID=341 Group stands against 'standing man' in Istanbul protest square]</ref><ref>bianet, 19 June 2013, [http://www.bianet.org/english/youth/147740-every-park-become-gezi-park-in-turkey Every Park Become Gezi Park in Turkey]</ref> Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan dismissed the protesters as "a few looters" on 2 June.<ref name="guardian" /> Police suppressed the protests with tear gas and water cannons. In addition to the 11 deaths and over 8,000 injuries, more than 3,000 arrests were made. Police brutality and the overall absence of government dialogue with the protesters was criticised by some foreign governments and international organisations.<ref name="Amnesty International">{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/EUR44/022/2013/en|title=Gezi Park Protests: Brutal Denial of the Rıght To Peaceful Assembly in Turkey|publisher=Amnesty International|date=2 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/gezi-puts-its-mark-on-eu-progress-report.aspx?pageID=238&nID=56306&NewsCatID=338|title=Gezi puts its mark on EU Progress Report|newspaper=Hürriyet Daily News|date=16 October 2013}}</ref>
The range of the protesters was described as being broad, encompassing both right- and left-wing individuals.<ref name="guardian" /> Their complaints ranged from the original local environmental concerns to such issues as the authoritarianism of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan,<ref name="Zaman317450">{{cite web |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId=317450&columnistId=0 |title=Orhan Pamuk says Erdoğan's government authoritarian |newspaper=Today's Zaman |date=5 June 2013 |access-date=22 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Patrick Cockburn |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/turkeys-protests-and-erdogans-brutal-crackdown-how-long-can-defiant-prime-minister-last-8650171.html |title=Turkey's protests and Erdogan's brutal crackdown: How long can defiant Prime Minister last? |newspaper=The Independent |date=7 June 2013 |location=London |access-date=22 June 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-06-03/opinions/39715196_1_protesters-akp-protect-journalists |title=Prime Minister Erdogan's strongman tactics in Turkey |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=3 June 2013 |url-status=dead |author=Editorial Board |access-date=22 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608235759/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-06-03/opinions/39715196_1_protesters-akp-protect-journalists |archive-date=8 June 2013}}</ref> curbs on alcohol,<ref name="Hacaolgu" /> a recent row about kissing in public,<ref name="guardian" /> and the war in Syria.<ref name="guardian" /> Protesters called themselves ''çapulcu'' (looters), reappropriating Erdoğan's insult for them (and coined the derivative "chapulling", given the meaning of "fighting for your rights"). Many users on Twitter also changed their screenname and used ''çapulcu'' instead.<ref name="varol2014">{{cite conference | first1 = O. | last1 = Varol | first2 = E. | last2 = Ferrara | first3 = C. | last3 = Ogan | first4 = F. | last4 = Menczer | first5 = A. | last5 = Flammini | title = Evolution of online user behavior during a social upheaval | book-title = Proceedings of the 2014 ACM conference on Web science | place = Bloomington, IN | pages = 81–90 | year = 2014 | arxiv = 1406.7197 }}</ref> According to various analysts, the protests were the most challenging events for Erdoğan's ten-year term and the most significant showing of nationwide disquiet in decades.<ref>{{cite news|title=Clashes rage for second day in Istanbul|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/world/other-world/clashes-rage-for-second-day-in-istanbul-1.1191378|newspaper=The Gulf News|date=1 June 2013|agency=Agence France-Presse|access-date=1 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Turkish protests: view from the ground|url=http://www.euronews.com/2013/06/01/turkish-protests-view-from-the-ground/|newspaper=Euronews|date=1 June 2013|access-date=1 June 2013|archive-date=28 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228130103/https://www.euronews.com/2013/06/01/turkish-protests-view-from-the-ground|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==Background== [[File:Turkey internet ban protest 2011.jpg|thumb|2011 protests against internet censorship]]
The Justice and Development Party (AKP) led by Recep Tayyip Erdoğan has governed since 2002, winning the 2002, 2007 and 2011 elections by large margins. Under its rule the economy of Turkey recovered from the 2001 financial crisis and recession, driven in particular by a construction boom. At the same time, particularly since 2011, it has been accused of driving forward an Islamist agenda,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/europe/turkey-s-alcohol-law-renews-accusations-of-erdogan-s-islamist-agenda-1.253992/ |title=Turkey's alcohol law renews accusations of Erdogan's Islamist agenda |last=Seibert |first=Thomas |date=26 May 2013 |work=The National (Abu Dhabi) |access-date=22 June 2013}}</ref> having undermined the secularist influence of the Turkish Army. During the same period it also increased a range of restrictions on human rights, most notably freedom of speech and freedom of the press, despite improvements resulting from the accession process to the European Union.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/imported/inching-away-from-democracy-/73249.aspx |title=Inching away from democracy? |date=19 January 2012 |access-date=26 January 2012}}</ref>
Since 2011, the AKP has increased restrictions on freedom of speech, freedom of the press, Internet use,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/05/world/europe/turkeys-glow-dims-as-government-limits-free-speech.html|title=Charges Against Journalists Dim the Democratic Glow in Turkey|newspaper=The New York Times|date=4 January 2012|first1=Dan|last1=Bilefsky|first2=Sebnem|last2=Arsu}}</ref> television content,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/01/turkey-censorship-steinbeck.html|title=In Erdogan's Turkey, Censorship Finds Fertile Ground|publisher=Al-Monitor|date=13 January 2013|access-date=1 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219044438/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/01/turkey-censorship-steinbeck.html|archive-date=19 February 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the right to free assembly.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/turkish-prime-minister-erdogan-sets-deadline-for-eu-admission-a-864579.html|title=Erdogan Visit to Berlin Betrays Tensions|newspaper=Der Spiegel|year=2013}}</ref> It has also developed links with Turkish media groups, and used administrative and legal measures (including, in one case, a $2.5 billion tax fine) against critical media groups and journalists: "over the last decade the AKP has built an informal, powerful, coalition of party-affiliated businessmen and media outlets whose livelihoods depend on the political order that Erdoğan is constructing. Those who resist do so at their own risk."<ref name="ForeignPolicy" />
The government has been seen by certain constituencies as increasingly Islamist and authoritarian,<ref name="AlJ1">{{cite news| url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/06/20136162539347599.html|title=Fresh anti-government clashes hit Turkey| publisher=Al Jazeera|date=1 June 2013|access-date=1 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/may/31/istanbul-park-protests-turkish-spring|title=Istanbul park protests sow the seeds of a Turkish spring|newspaper=The Guardian|date=31 May 2013|author=Seymour, Richard |location=London |access-date=1 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="HDN">{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/akp-to-leave-liberals-out.aspx?pageID=238&nid=44082|title=Turkish ruling party 'to leave liberals out'|newspaper=Hürriyet Daily News|date=2 April 2013|access-date=1 June 2013}}</ref> An education reform strengthening Islamic elements and courses in public primary and high schools was approved by the parliament in 2012, with Erdoğan saying that he wanted to foster a "pious generation."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2013/Jun-03/219234-turkish-protesters-have-long-list-of-complaints.ashx#axzz2V6LFt1xq|title=Turkish protesters have long list of complaints|newspaper=Daily Star|date=3 June 2013|access-date=3 June 2013|archive-date=30 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230041309/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2013/Jun-03/219234-turkish-protesters-have-long-list-of-complaints.ashx#axzz2V6LFt1xq|url-status=dead}}</ref> The sale and consumption of alcohol in university campuses has been banned.<ref name="Hacaolgu">{{cite news |last=Hacaoglu |first=Selcan |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-05-28/erdogan-denies-turkey-s-new-alcohol-curbs-encroach-on-lifestyle |title=Erdogan Denies Turkey's New Alcohol Curbs Encroach on Lifestyle |newspaper=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |date=28 May 2013 |access-date=2 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608093624/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-05-28/erdogan-denies-turkey-s-new-alcohol-curbs-encroach-on-lifestyle |archive-date=8 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/q-turkeys-proposed-alcohol-restrictions-124015499.html|title=On Turkey's proposed alcohol restrictions|newspaper=Yahoo news|date=24 May 2013|access-date=10 June 2013}}</ref> People have been given jail sentences for blasphemy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/15/turkish-composer-fazil-say-convicted-blasphemhy|title=Turkish composer and pianist convicted of blasphemy on Twitter|newspaper=The Guardian|date=16 April 2013|location=London|first=Constanze|last=Letsch}}</ref><ref name="http">{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/05/23/world/meast/turkey-blasphemy-sentence |title=Turkish-Armenian blogger sentenced to Turkish prison for blasphemy|newspaper=CNN|date=23 May 2013}}</ref>
While construction in Turkey has boomed and has been a major driver for the economy, this has involved little to no local consultation. For example, major construction projects in Istanbul have been "opposed by widespread coalitions of diverse interests. Yet in every case, the government has run roughshod over the projects' opponents in a dismissive manner, asserting that anyone who does not like what is taking place should remember how popular the AKP has been when elections roll around."<ref name="ForeignPolicy">{{cite news|last=Cook|first=Steven A.|title=How Democratic Is Turkey?|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/06/02/how_democratic_is_turkey|newspaper=Foreign Policy|date=3 June 2013|author2=Michael Koplow|access-date=2 July 2013|archive-date=13 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113030919/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/06/02/how_democratic_is_turkey|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Environmental issues, especially since the 2010 decision of the government to build additional nuclear power plants and the third bridge, led to continued demonstrations in Istanbul and Ankara.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/no-nukes-anti-nuclear-activists-condemn-turkeys-plans-build-second-atomic-plant-1239275 |newspaper=International Business Times |date=6 May 2013 |title=No Nukes: Anti-Nuclear Activists Condemn Turkey's Plans To Build Second Atomic Plant |access-date=6 June 2013}}</ref> The Black Sea Region has seen dozens of protests against the construction of waste-dumps, nuclear and coal power plants, mines, factories and hydroelectric dams.<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkey's Tree Revolution – part 2 Everyday I'm chapulling|url=http://www.ejolt.org/2013/06/turkeys-tree-revolution-part-2-everyday-im-chapulling/ |publisher=ejolt |date=12 June 2013 |access-date=26 June 2013}}</ref> 24 local musicians and activists in 2012 created a video entitled "Diren Karadeniz" ("Resist, Black Sea"), which prefigured the ubiquitous Gezi Park slogan "Diren Gezi".<ref>{{cite news|title=Diren Karadeniz|url=http://www.yurtgazetesi.com.tr/kultursanat/diren-karadeniz-h14568.html |newspaper=Yurt |date=2 July 2012 |access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref>
The government's stance on the civil war in Syria is another cause of social tension in the country.<ref name="peker1june">{{cite news |title=Turkey Prepares for More Protests |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324412604578518480404254700 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=1 June 2013 |author=Emre Peker |author2=Joe Parkinson |location=Istanbul |access-date=26 June 2013}}</ref>
Controversy within progressive communities has been sparked by plans to turn Turkey's former Christian Hagia Sophia churches in Trabzon and possibly Istanbul into mosques, a plan which failed to gain the support of prominent Muslim leaders from Trabzon.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Bartholomew-I:-Do-not-transform-Hagia-Sophia-in-Trabzon-into-a-mosque-25568.html|title=Bartholomew I: Do not transform Hagia Sophia in Trabzon into a mosque|newspaper=Asia News|date=17 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b02x9f5y|title=The world tonight|publisher=BBC|date=21 June 2013}}</ref> (Note: In 2020, seven years after the Gezi Park protests, the Hagia Sophia of Istanbul was turned into a mosque.)
In 2012 and 2013, structural weaknesses in Turkey's economy were becoming more apparent. Economic growth slowed considerably in 2012 from 8.8% in 2011 to 2.2% in 2012 and forecasts for 2013 were below trend. Unemployment remained high at at least 9% and the current account deficit was growing to over 6% of GDP.{{Citation needed|date=July 2017}}
A key issue Erdoğan campaigned for prior to the 2011 election was to rewrite the military-written constitution from 1982. Key amongst Erdoğan's demands were for Turkey to transform the role of President from that of a ceremonial role to an executive presidential republic with emboldened powers and for him to be elected president in the 2014 presidential elections. To submit such proposals to a referendum needs 330 out of 550 votes in the Grand National Assembly and to approve without referendum by parliament requires 367 out of 550 votes (a two-thirds majority)—the AKP currently holds only 326 seats. As such the constitutional commission requires agreement from opposition parties, namely the CHP, MHP and BDP who have largely objected to such proposals. Moreover, the constitutional courts have ruled that current president Abdullah Gül is permitted to run for the 2014 elections, who is widely rumoured to have increasingly tense relations and competition with Erdoğan. Furthermore, many members of parliament in the governing AKP have internally also objected by arguing that the current presidential system suffices. Erdoğan himself was barred from running for a fourth term as prime minister in the 2015 general elections due to AKP by-laws, largely sparking accusations from the public that Erdoğan's proposals were stated in light of him only intending to prolong his rule as the most dominant figure in politics. The constitutional proposals have mostly so far been delayed in deliberations or lacked any broad agreement for reforms.
===Events leading up to the protests=== * '''29 October 2012:''' The governor of Ankara bans a planned Republic Day march organised by secularist opposition groups. Despite the ban, thousands of people, including the leader of Turkey's largest opposition party CHP gather at Ulus Square. Riot police forces attack the protesters with tear gas and watercannon, despite the fact that there were many children and elderly people in the crowd.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/10/29/world/europe/turkey-holiday-clash/ |title=Police, protesters clash at Republic Day march in Turkey |work=CNN|date=29 October 2012}}</ref> * '''Early February 2013:''' The government attempts to make abortion virtually unobtainable.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/feb/01/turkish-law-abortion-impossible|title=Turkish law will make legal abortion impossible, say campaigners|newspaper=The Guardian|date=1 February 2013|location=London|first=Constanze|last=Letsch}}</ref> This follows Erdoğan's sparking his campaign against abortion in June 2012, which later saw various protests by feminist groups and individuals. * '''19 February:''' A survey conducted by Kadir Has University (incorporating up to 20 000 interviewees from 26 of 81 provinces and having a low margin of error) shows considerable disapproval of Erdoğan's strongly advocated proposed change from a parliamentary system to an American-style executive presidential system by 2014—65.8% opposed and 21.2% in support.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ansa.it/ansamed/en/news/sections/politics/2013/02/20/Turkey-65-8-oppose-Erdogan-presidential-reform-proposal_8280418.html |title=Turkey: 65.8% oppose Erdogan's presidential reform proposal - Politics - ANSAMed.it |publisher=Ansa.it |date=3 January 2010 |access-date=4 November 2013}}</ref> * '''February–March:''' A large bank in Turkey, Ziraat Bank, changes its name from "T.C. Ziraat Bankası" to simply "Ziraat Bankası", thus omitting the acronym of the Republic of Turkey, T.C., (''Türkiye Cumhuriyeti''). The Turkish Ministry of Health also stops using T.C. in signs. In protest, thousands of people start using TC in front of their names on Facebook and Twitter as a silent protest. Some people believe that the AKP is trying to change the name or the regime of the country while others believe that this omission of the letters TC is a sign of privatization of the Ziraat bank and hospitals.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}} * '''Late March:''' The Nawroz celebrations were missing the Turkish flag. Many view this as a denigration of the republic. Opposition members of parliament protest by bringing personal flags into the chamber whilst seated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.zaman.com.tr/politika_mhpden-bayraksiz-nevruz-protestosu_2068103.html |title=MHP'den 'Bayraksız Nevruz' protestosu |newspaper=Zaman |access-date=4 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103014952/http://www.zaman.com.tr/politika_mhpden-bayraksiz-nevruz-protestosu_2068103.html |archive-date=3 November 2013}}</ref> * '''2 April:''' The AKP's Istanbul branch head, Aziz Babuşçu, broadly hints that he expects his own party to lose liberal support.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/Default.aspx?pageID=549&nID=44082&NewsCatID=338|title=Turkish ruling party 'to leave liberals out'|newspaper=Hürriyet Daily News|date=2 April 2013}}</ref> * '''3 April:''' Excavation for construction begins for the hugely controversial giant Camlica Mosque in Istanbul.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://erkansaka.net/archives/20972 |title=Istanbul drowning in traffic chaos.. Construction work begins for the giant Çamlıca Mosque… Istanbul news… " Erkan's Field Diary |publisher=Erkansaka.net |access-date=4 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208084933/http://erkansaka.net/archives/20972 |archive-date=8 December 2013}}</ref> It is a signature policy ambition of Erdoğan—planned to be 57,511 square metres, have capacity for up to 30,000 simultaneous worshipers and to have minarets as tall as 107.1 metres (representing the year of the Turkish victory in the Battle of Manzikert). Residents of Istanbul have long complained that the project is unnecessary and would disfigure the skyline and environment by the logging involved. Even many highly religious lobbies and figures object to the plan, with one religiously conservative intellectual in late 2012 calling such plans a "cheap replica" of the Blue Mosque and wrote to Erdoğan imploring him not to embarrass coming generations with such "unsightly work".<ref>{{cite news|last=Robinson |first=Matt |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-turkey-mosque-idUSLNE8AS01320121129 |title=In Istanbul, a mosque fit for a sultan |work=Reuters |date= 29 November 2012|access-date=4 November 2013}}</ref> * '''15 April:''' World-renowned Turkish pianist Fazıl Say is handed a suspended 10-month prison sentence for "insulting religious beliefs held by a section of the society," bringing to a close a controversial case while sparking fiery reaction and disapproval in Turkey and abroad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/15/turkish-composer-fazil-say-convicted-blasphemhy|title=Turkish composer and pianist convicted of blasphemy on Twitter|author=Constanze Letsch|work=The Guardian|date=16 April 2013}}</ref> Fazıl Say is an atheist and a self-proclaimed opponent of Erdoğan.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}} * '''1 May:''' Riot police uses water cannon and tear gas to prevent May Day marchers reaching the Taksim square. The government cites renovation work as the reason for closing the square.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-22365915 | work=BBC News | title=Istanbul march clashes mar May Day in Turkey | date=1 May 2013}}</ref> * '''11 May:''' Twin car bombs kill 52 people and wounded 140 in Reyhanlı near the Syrian border.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-22494128 | work=BBC News | title=Blasts kill dozens in Turkish town Reyhanli on Syria border | date=11 May 2013}}</ref> The government claims Syrian government involvement, but many locals blame government policies.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}} * '''16 May:''' Erdoğan pays an official visit to the United States to visit Barack Obama to discuss the crisis in Syria amidst other matters. Both leaders reaffirm their commitment to topple the Assad regime, despite the growing unpopularity of the policy amongst Turkish citizens.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/16/obama-erdogan-white-house_n_3285892.html | work=Huffington Post | title=Obama, Erdogan Discuss Syria in White House Meeting}}</ref> * '''18 May:''' Protesters clash with police in Reyhanlı.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/05/18/world/europe/turkey-protest | work=CNN | title=Turkish protesters clash with police in bomb-hit border town | date=19 May 2013}}</ref> * '''22 May:''' Turkish hacker group RedHack released secret documents which belongs to Turkish Gendarmerie. According to documents, National Intelligence Organization (Turkey), Turkish Gendarmerie and General Directorate of Security knew the attack would be one month in advance.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://redleaks.blogspot.com/2013/05/Hatay-Reyhanli-Askeri-Gizli-Yazismalar.html | work=RedHack | title=Hatay Reyhanlı Askeri İstihbaharat Belgeleri - redleaks.blogspot.com | date=22 May 2013}}</ref> * '''22 May''' An official from the ruling AKP, Mahmut Macit, sparks considerable controversy after calling for the "annihilation of atheists" on his Twitter account.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/ruling-party-member-calls-for-the-annihilation-of-atheists-on-twitter-sparking-controversy.aspx?PageID=238&NID=47441&NewsCatID=341|title=Ruling party member calls for the 'annihilation of atheists' on Twitter, sparking controversy - Local|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=23 May 2013 }}</ref>
:Armenian-Turkish writer, Sevan Nişanyan, is charged with 58 weeks in jail for an alleged insult to the Islamic prophet, Muhammad in a blog post, on charges similar to those faced by Fazıl Say.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/05/23/world/meast/turkey-blasphemy-sentence | work=CNN | title=Turkish-Armenian blogger sentenced to Turkish prison for blasphemy | date=23 May 2013}}</ref>
* '''24 May:''' The government votes to ban the sale of alcohol in shops between 22:00 and 06:00, sponsorship of events by drinks companies and any consumption of alcohol within 100m of mosques. The laws are passed less than two weeks after public announcement with no public consultation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21578657-mildly-islamist-government-brings-tough-alcohol-restrictions-not-so-good-you|title=Alcohol in Turkey: Not so good for you|newspaper=The Economist|date=30 May 2013}}</ref> * '''25 May:''' In response to Erdoğan's warning against couples displaying romantic displays of affection in public, dozens of couples gathered in an Ankara subway station to protest by kissing. The police quickly intervened and violently tried to end it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/05/2013525191210116123.html|title='Kiss protest' held at Turkey subway station|work=aljazeera.com}}</ref> * '''27 May:''' The undebated decision to name the Third Bosphorus Bridge ''Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge'', for Selim I, is criticised by Alevi groups (some 15–30% of Turkey's population), as Alevis consider the Sultan responsible for the deaths of dozens of Alevis after the Battle of Chaldiran.<ref>''Today's Zaman'', 30 May 2013, [http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId=316969 Name of third bridge causes outrage among Alevis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102043730/http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId=316969 |date=2 November 2013 }}</ref> It is also been criticised by some Turkish and foreign sources (e.g., Iran's Nasr TV) as a reflection of Erdoğan's policy of alliance with the US Government against Bashar al-Assad, as Sultan Selim I conquered the lands of Syria for the Ottoman Empire after the Battle of Marj Dabiq.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://ekonomi.milliyet.com.tr/-suriye-mesaji-mi-/ekonomi/detay/1715922/default.htm |language=tr |newspaper=Milliyet |title=Suriye mesajı mı? |date=30 May 2013 |access-date=25 June 2013 |archive-date=10 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110031244/http://ekonomi.milliyet.com.tr/-suriye-mesaji-mi-/ekonomi/detay/1715922/default.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some "democrats and liberals" also would have preferred a more politically neutral name, with Mario Levi suggesting naming the bridge after Rumi or Yunus Emre.<ref name="Safak">{{cite news|author=Elif Şafak|title=The view from Taksim Square: why is Turkey now in turmoil?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/03/taksim-square-istanbul-turkey-protest |newspaper=The Guardian |date=3 June 2013 |location=London |author-link=Elif Şafak |access-date=4 June 2013}}</ref> * '''28 May''' Erdoğan derides controversy regarding alcohol restrictions stating "Given that a law made by two drunkards is respected, why should a law that is commanded by religion be rejected by your side". By many, this is seen as a reference to Atatürk and İnönü, founders of the Turkish Republic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/who-are-the-two-drunks-turkish-politicians-ask-after-pms-remarks.aspx?PageID=238&NID=47817&NewsCatID=338|title='Who are the two drunks,' Turkish politicians ask after PM's remarks - POLITICS|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=29 May 2013 }}</ref> * '''29 May:''' In a parliamentary debate, the government opposes a proposed extension of LGBT rights in Turkey.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/main-opposition-urges-protection-of-lgbts-ruling-party-calls-them-immoral.aspx?pageID=238&nID=47860&NewsCatID=339|title=Main opposition urges protection of LGBT's, ruling party calls them 'immoral'|newspaper=Hürriyet Daily News|date=29 May 2013}}</ref>
===Gezi Park=== {{Main|Gezi Park}} [[File:Topçu Kışlası by Guillaume Berggren.jpg|thumb|Taksim Military Barracks, built 1806, turned into Taksim Stadium in 1921, and demolished in 1940]] [[File:Sky view from Taksim Gezi Park, Istambul, Turkey..jpg|thumb|Gezi Park as seen from the Marmara Hotel on Taksim Square]]
The initial cause of the protests was the plan to remove Gezi Park, one of the few remaining green spaces in the center of the European side of Istanbul. The plan involved pedestrianising Taksim Square and rebuilding the Ottoman-era Taksim Military Barracks, which had been demolished in 1940.<ref name="ah">{{cite news |url=http://www.aktifhaber.com/taksim-gezi-parkinin-tarihcesi-796996h.htm |newspaper=Aktif Haber |title=Taksim Gezi Parkı'nın Tarihçesi |date=1 June 2013 |language=tr |url-status=dead |access-date=26 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130711054410/http://www.aktifhaber.com/taksim-gezi-parkinin-tarihcesi-796996h.htm |archive-date=11 July 2013}}</ref> Development projects in Turkey involve "cultural preservation boards" which are supposed to be independent of the government, and in January such a board rejected the project as not serving the public interest. However a higher board overturned this on 1 May, in a move park activists said was influenced by the government.<ref>Alexander Christie-Miller, ''The Christian Science Monitor'', 10 June 2013, [https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2013/0610/In-Turkey-echoes-of-US-style-clashes-over-glitzy-redevelopment In Turkey, echoes of US-style clashes over glitzy redevelopment]</ref> The ground floor of the rebuilt barracks was expected to house a shopping mall, and the upper floors luxury flats, although in response to the protests the likelihood of a shopping mall was downplayed, and the possibility of a museum raised.<ref name="NYT">''The New York Times'', 31 May 2013, [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/01/world/europe/police-attack-protesters-in-istanbuls-taksim-square.html Police Attack Protesters in Istanbul's Taksim Square]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-pm-erdogan-retires-mall-project-vows-mosque-in-taksim.aspx?pageID=238&nID=48035&NewsCatID=338 |title=Turkish PM Erdoğan retires mall project, vows mosque in Taksim |work=Hürriyet Daily News |date=3 June 2013 |access-date=26 June 2013}}</ref> The main contractor for the project is the Kalyon Group, described in 2013 by BBC News as "a company which has close ties with the governing AKP."<ref name="BBC">BBC News, 5 June 2013, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-22753752 Turkey clashes: Why are Gezi Park and Taksim Square so important?]</ref>
The Gezi Park protests began in April, having started with a petition in December 2012.<ref>''Hürriyet Daily News'', 5 June 2013, [http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/istanbul-gezi-park.aspx?pageID=238&nID=48187&NewsCatID=379 Istanbul Gezi Park]</ref> The protests were renewed on 27 May, culminating in the creation of an encampment occupying the park. A raid on this encampment on 29 May prompted outrage and wider protests.<ref name=gvo/>{{better source needed|date=August 2019}} Although Turkey has a history of police brutality, the attack on a peaceful sit-in by environmentalists was different enough to spur wider outrage than such previous incidents, developing into the largest protests in Turkey in decades.<ref name="GMT31May">{{cite news|url=http://www.goodmorningturkey.com/police-use-tear-gas-early-in-morning-taksim-park-protesters-again-halt-demolition/|title=Police use tear gas early in morning, Taksim park protesters again halt demolition|newspaper=Good Morning Turkey|date=31 May 2013|access-date=3 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607205828/http://www.goodmorningturkey.com/police-use-tear-gas-early-in-morning-taksim-park-protesters-again-halt-demolition/|archive-date=7 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Letsch|first=Constanze|title=Turkey prime minister faces fury as Istanbul erupts into mass protest|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/01/turkey-istanbul-erdogan-demo-protests|newspaper=The Guardian|date=1 June 2013 |location=London |access-date=1 June 2013}}</ref>
The large number of trees that were cut in the forests of northern Istanbul for the construction of the Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge (Third Bosphorus Bridge) and the new Istanbul Airport<ref name=newsweek>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/istanbuls-new-erdogan-backed-airport-be-named-after-erdogan-264580|title=Newsweek: "Istanbul's New Erdoğan-Backed Airport to Be Named After... Erdoğan"|website=Newsweek|date=14 August 2014|access-date=31 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/business_istanbuls-new-airport-to-be-named-after-erdogan_355576.html|title=İstanbul's new airport to be named after Erdoğan |work=Today's Zaman |access-date=31 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=IBT>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/erdogan-airport-istanbuls-super-hub-be-named-after-turkeys-president-elect-1461166|title=International Business Times: "Erdogan Airport: Istanbul's Super Hub 'to be Named After Turkey's President-Elect'"|work=International Business Times UK|date=14 August 2014|access-date=31 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkeys-largest-airport-is-worthy-of-recep-tayyip-erdogans-name-minister-says.aspx?pageID=238&nID=70374&NewsCatID=341|title=Turkey's largest airport is worthy of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan's name, minister says |work=Hürriyet Daily News |access-date=31 October 2014}}</ref> (the world's largest airport, with a capacity for 150 million passengers per year)<ref name=newsweek/><ref name=IBT/><ref name="star">{{cite web |newspaper=Star|url=http://haber.stargazete.com/ekonomi/3-havalimaninda-tarih-belli-oldu/haber-721825 |title=Dünyanın en büyük havalimanı İstanbul'a yapılıyor |date=24 January 2013 |access-date=24 January 2013 }}</ref> were also influential in the public sensitivity for protecting Gezi Park. According to official Turkish government data, a total of 2,330,012<ref name=OdaTV/><ref name=T24/> trees have been cut for constructing the Istanbul International Airport and its road connections; and a total of 381,096<ref name=OdaTV/><ref name=T24/> trees have been cut for constructing the highway connections of the Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge;<ref name=OdaTV/><ref name=T24/> reaching an overall total of 2,711,108<ref name=OdaTV/><ref name=T24/> trees which were cut for the two projects.<ref name=OdaTV>{{cite web|url=http://www.odatv.com/n.php?n=istanbulda-2-milyon-700-bin-agac-kesilecek--1609131200|title=Oda TV: "İstanbul'da 2 milyon 700 bin ağaç kesilecek"|work=odatv.com|date=16 September 2013 |access-date=31 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=T24>{{cite web|url=http://t24.com.tr/haber/3-kopru-ve-3-havalimani-icin-2-milyon-330-bin-agac-kesilecek/239712|title=T24: "Veysel Eroğlu, CHP'li Gürkut Acar'ın sorularını yanıtladı"|work=t24.com.tr|access-date=31 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324141647/http://t24.com.tr/haber/3-kopru-ve-3-havalimani-icin-2-milyon-330-bin-agac-kesilecek/239712|archive-date=24 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internethaber.com/yeni-kopru-icin-kac-agac-kesildi-586441h.htm|title=İnternet Haber: "Yeni köprü için kaç ağaç kesildi?"|work=Internethaber|date=20 September 2013|access-date=31 October 2014}}</ref>
==Timeline== {{Main|Timeline of the Gezi Park protests}}
[[File:2013 protests in Turkey , Woman in Red image.jpeg|thumb|right|The iconic ''Woman in Red'' image]] thumb|A damaged NTV broadcast van and a car at Taksim Square [[File:Taksim Square Guy Fawkes mask, 4 June 2013.jpg|right|thumb|Protester wearing a Guy Fawkes mask]] [[File:POMA Bulldozer Hijacked by Carsi at Gezi protests.jpg|thumb|right|A bulldozer later nicknamed POMA was hijacked by Çarşı members and used against police forces' TOMA vehicles.]] [[File:Taksim Square Ataturk Cultural Center Rally.jpg|thumb|right|Front side of Atatürk Cultural Center covered with banners]] thumb|Riot police clearing Gezi Park on 15 June thumb|The Gezi Park protests at Kizilay, Ankara in June 2013. The protesters with flags and torches protesting the Gezi Park at the city center of Ankara, Turkey. [[File:Gay pride Istanbul 2013 - Taksim Square.jpg|thumb|Istanbul LGBT Pride 2013 at Taksim Square]] thumb|right|Taksim park northern end * '''2013 May''' On the morning of 28 May, around 50 environmentalists are camping out in Gezi Park in order to prevent its demolition.<ref name="NTV" /> The protesters initially halt attempts to bulldoze the park by refusing to leave.<ref name="NTV">{{cite news|url=http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/id/25445552|title=Gezi Parkı'ndaki nöbete biber gazı|date=28 May 2013|publisher=NTV|language=tr|access-date=1 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="raid">{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/raid-on-occupy-taksim-park-demonstrators-triggers-outcry.aspx?pageID=238&nID=47870&NewsCatID=341|title=Raid on 'Occupy Taksim Park' demonstrators triggers outcry|newspaper=Hürriyet Daily News|date=30 May 2013}}</ref>
Police use tear gas to disperse the peaceful protesters and burn down their tents in order to allow the bulldozing to continue.<ref name="raid" /> Photos of the scene, such as an image of Ceyda Sungur, a young female protester (later nicknamed the [https://archive.today/20130615230112/http://preview.reuters.com/2013/6/4/gallery-turkeys-lady-in-red?topic=pictures "woman in red"]) holding her ground while being sprayed by a policeman, quickly spread throughout the world media.<ref>{{cite news|last=Fisher |first=Max|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/06/03/the-photo-that-encapsulates-turkeys-protests-and-the-severe-police-crackdown/|title=The photo that encapsulates Turkey's protests and the severe police crackdown |newspaper=The Washington Post|date=3 June 2013|access-date=5 June 2013}}</ref> ''The Washington Post'' reports that the image "encapsulates Turkey's protests and the severe police crackdown", while Reuters calls the image an "iconic leitmotif."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-protests-women/woman-in-red-becomes-leitmotif-for-istanbuls-female-protesters-idUSBRE95217B20130603|title=Woman in red becomes leitmotif for Istanbul's female protesters|work=Reuters|date=5 June 2013|accessdate=24 November 2025|location=Istanbul|first=Alexandra|last=Hudson|url-access=limited}}</ref>
The size of the protests grows.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sabah.com.tr/Gundem/2013/05/29/eylemciler-gezi-parkinda-sabahladi|title=Eylemciler Gezi Parkı'nda sabahladı|newspaper=Sabah|date=29 May 2013|language=tr|access-date=1 June 2013}}</ref>
Police raid the protesters' encampments.<ref name="safakbaskin">{{cite news |title=Raiding the Dawn |url=http://hurarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/goster/haber.aspx?id=23402207&tarih=2013-05-30 |date=31 May 2013 |work=Hürriyet Daily News |access-date=2 June 2013 |archive-date=3 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203211407/http://hurarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/goster/haber.aspx?id=23402207&tarih=2013-05-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Online activists' calls for support against the police crackdown increase the number of sit-in protesters by the evening.<ref name="taksimmayisyay27">{{cite news |language=tr |title=From Taksim to everywhere |url=http://fotogaleri.hurriyet.com.tr/galeridetay.aspx?cid=69648&rid=2&p=3 |date=31 May 2013 |newspaper=Hürriyet Daily News |access-date=25 June 2013 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006085559/http://fotogaleri.hurriyet.com.tr/galeridetay.aspx?cid=69648&rid=2&p=3 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Police carry out another raid on the encampment in the early morning of 31 May, using water cannons and tear gas to disperse the protesters to surrounding areas<ref name="TW">Turkish Weekly, 1 June 2013, [http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/151041/-occupy-taksim-grows-in-spite-of-crackdown.html ‘Occupy Taksim’ grows in spite of crackdown] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915032134/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/151041/-occupy-taksim-grows-in-spite-of-crackdown.html |date=15 September 2013 }}</ref> and setting up barricades around the park to prevent re-occupation.<ref name="TW" /> Throughout the day, the police continue to fire tear gas, pepper spray and water cannons at demonstrators, resulting in reports of more than 100 injuries.<ref name="f24">{{cite news|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20130531-dozens-injured-istanbul-protest-turkey-police-clashes-demonstrators|title=Scores injured as police clash with protesters in Istanbul|website=France 24|date=1 June 2013}}</ref> MP Sırrı Süreyya Önder and journalist Ahmet Şık were hospitalised after being hit by tear gas canisters.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/deputy-onder-injured-after-being-hit-by-canister-in-gezi-park-protests-.aspx?pageID=238&nid=47954|title=Deputy Önder injured after being hit by canister in Gezi Park protests|newspaper=Hürriyet Daily News|date=31 May 2013}}</ref>
The executive order regarding the process decided earlier had been declared as "on-hold".<ref name="karar">{{cite news|title=Topçu Kışlası'nda yürütmeyi durdurma kararı|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/23409849.asp|newspaper=Hürriyet Daily News|date=1 June 2013 |language=tr |access-date=1 June 2013}}</ref>
10,000 gather in Istiklal Avenue.<ref name="number">{{cite news|url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/international/photos_riot_police_protestors_water_sOXSo1ngNQc5rDJ0iLQAdJ|title=Chaos on the streets of Istanbul as police disperse 10,000 peaceful protesters|newspaper=New York Post|date=31 May 2013}}</ref> According to governor Hüseyin Avni Mutlu, 63 people are arrested and detained.<ref name="Telegraph1" /><ref name="cnn31may">{{cite news|last=Tuysuz|first=Gul|title=Report: Court to hear case at center of Istanbul protests|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/05/31/world/meast/istanbul-protests/ |work=CNN|date=31 May 2013 |access-date=1 June 2013}}</ref> Police use of tear gas is criticised for being "indiscriminate."<ref name="Telegraph1">{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/10092490/Tear-gas-fired-at-protesters-in-Istanbul.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/10092490/Tear-gas-fired-at-protesters-in-Istanbul.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Tear gas fired at protesters in Istanbul|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=31 May 2013 |location=London |access-date=1 June 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The interior minister, Muammer Guler, says the claims of the use of disproportionate force would be investigated.<ref name="Telegraph1" />
* '''2013 June''' Heavy clashes between protesters and police continue until early morning around İstiklal Avenue. Meantime, around 5,000 people gather at the Asian side of Istanbul and march through Kadıköy Bağdat Avenue. Around 1,000 people continue to march towards the European side and they cross the Bosphorus Bridge on foot. Protesters reach Beşiktaş in the morning and police disperse them with tear gas.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dha.com.tr/protestors-cross-bosphorus-bridge-on-foot_479294.html|title=Protestors cross Bosphorus Bridge on foot|newspaper=Dogan News Agency|date=1 June 2013|access-date=16 October 2013|archive-date=5 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005134504/http://www.dha.com.tr/protestors-cross-bosphorus-bridge-on-foot_479294.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Clashes continue throughout the day. Republican People's Party leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu announce that they will move their planned rally to Taksim Square instead of Kadıköy. Prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan says he has approved that decision.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://siyaset.milliyet.com.tr/erdogan-taksim-e-yuruceklermis/siyaset/detay/1717280/default.htm |title=Erdoğan: Taksim'e yürüceklermiş dediler Bırakın yürüsünler dedim... - Milliyet Haber |newspaper=Milliyet |access-date=4 November 2013 |archive-date=16 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516194112/http://siyaset.milliyet.com.tr/erdogan-taksim-e-yuruceklermis/siyaset/detay/1717280/default.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Around 15:45 police forces retreat from Taksim Square. Thousands of protesters gather at Gezi Park and Taksim Square.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-317089-.html|title=Police retreat from Gezi Park, thousands flock to Taksim|work=Today's Zaman |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110052343/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-317089-.html|archive-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>
Protester Ethem Sarısülük gets shot in the head by a riot policeman during the protests at Ankara Kizilay Square. He dies 14 days later due to his injuries.<ref name="huffingtonpost">{{cite news | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/05/ethem-sarisuluk-killed-turkey-protests_n_3390502.html | date=5 June 2013 |title=Turkish Protester Ethem Sarısülük Is Dead, Family Says | work=Huffington Post | first=Hunter | last=Stuart}}</ref>
PM Recep Tayyip Erdoğan describes the protesters as "a few looters" in a televised interview. He also criticises social media, calling Twitter a "menace" and an "extreme version of lying".<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-22744728 | work=BBC News | date=3 June 2013 |title=Turkey protests: Clashes rage in Istanbul's Besiktas}}</ref>
At night, police forces try to disperse protesters gathered at Beşiktaş district. Clashes between police and protesters continue until next morning. Beşiktaş football team supporter group Çarşı members hijack a bulldozer and chase police vehicles.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-22749750 | work=BBC News | date=3 June 2013 |title=Turkey protests: Clashes rage in Istanbul's Besiktas}}</ref>
Front side of AKM (Atatürk Cultural Center) building at Taksim Square gets covered with banners.
In Ankara, police tries to disperse thousands of protesters who are attempting to march on the prime minister's office there.<ref name="huffingtonpost" />
PM Recep Tayyip Erdoğan speaks to reporters at the airport before leaving for a three-day trip to North Africa. He threatens the protesters saying "We are barely holding the 50 percent (that voted for us) at home."<ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2013/06/05/erdogan-threatens-vigilante-justice/ | magazine=Commentary | date=5 June 2013 | title=Erdoğan Threatens Vigilante Justice | access-date=2 November 2013 | archive-date=3 November 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103153228/http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2013/06/05/erdogan-threatens-vigilante-justice/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>
Turkey's deputy prime minister Bulent Arinc offers an apology to protesters.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/turkish-govt-offers-apology-protests-continue-132504713.html|title=Turkish gov't offers apology as protests continue|author= Suzan Fraser |newspaper=Yahoo news|date=4 June 2013|access-date=22 June 2013}}</ref>
22-year Abdullah Cömert dies after being hit in the head by tear gas canister during the protests at Hatay.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/04/abdullah-comert-2nd-turkish-protester-killed_n_3383092.html | work=Huffington Post | date=4 June 2013 |title=Abdullah Comert 2nd Turkish Protester Killed During Turkey Demonstrations}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/gezi-protester-died-from-tear-gas-canister-says-forensic-report.aspx?PageID=238&NID=55784&NewsCatID=341 | newspaper=Hürriyet Daily News | date=6 October 2013 |title=Gezi protester died from tear gas canister, says forensic report}}</ref>
PM Recep Tayyip Erdoğan speaks to his supporters outside of Istanbul Atatürk Airport on his return from a four-day trip to North Africa. Erdoğan blames "interest rate lobbies" claiming they are behind Gezi protests. His supporters chant "Give us the way, we will crush Taksim Square".<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-pm-erdogan-calls-for-immediate-end-to-gezi-park-protests-.aspx?PageID=238&NID=48381&NewsCatID=338 | newspaper=The Guardian | date=7 June 2013 |title=urkish PM Erdoğan calls for 'immediate end' to Gezi Park protests}}</ref>
Riot police forces enter Taksim square early in the morning. They make announcements that they will not be entering Gezi Park and their mission is to open Taksim Square to traffic again. Most protesters gather at Gezi Park, but a small group carrying banners of the Socialist Democracy Party retaliate using molotov cocktails and slingshots.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/11/police-clear-taksim-square-istanbul | newspaper=The Guardian | date=11 June 2013 |title=Istanbul riot police move in to clear Taksim Square}}</ref> Some people like Luke Harding from ''The Guardian'' claims that undercover police threw molotov cocktails, "staging a not very plausible 'attack' on their own for the benefit of the cameras."<ref name="Putinparallel">Luke Harding, ''The Guardian'', 11 June 2013, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/11/turkey-recep-tayyip-erdogan-must-compromise Erdoğan's reaction to Turkey protests reveals ominous Putin parallels]</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/molotov-throwing-protesters-in-taksim-not-our-members-says-socialist-party-.aspx?pageID=238&nid=48593|title=Molotov-throwing protesters in Taksim not our members, says socialist party|date=11 June 2013|work=Hürriyet Daily News|access-date=22 June 2013}}</ref> These claims were rejected by the governor of Istanbul, Hüseyin Avni Mutlu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Governor Reveals identity of Molotov Cocktail Thrower|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-317957-governor-reveals-identity-of-molotov-cocktail-thrower-alleged-to-be-police.html|date=11 June 2013 |newspaper=Today's Zaman |access-date=22 June 2013 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613060243/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-317957-governor-reveals-identity-of-molotov-cocktail-thrower-alleged-to-be-police.html|archive-date=13 June 2013}}</ref>
After police tries to enter Gezi park, clashes continue throughout the night and CNN International makes an eight-hour live coverage.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/06/11/world/europe/turkey-protests | publisher=CNN | date=12 June 2013 |title=Tear gas, fire, stun grenades: Chaos in Istanbul as police, protesters clash}}</ref> Pro-government media accuses CNN and Christiane Amanpour of deliberately showing Turkey in a state of civil war.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://gundem.bugun.com.tr/sanki-ic-savas-planlaniyor-haberi/661952 | newspaper=Bugün | date=13 June 2013 | title=Sanki iç savaş planlanıyor | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020140740/http://gundem.bugun.com.tr/sanki-ic-savas-planlaniyor-haberi/661952 | archive-date=20 October 2013}}</ref>
PM Recep Tayyip Erdoğan holds a meeting with the members of Taksim Solidarity in Ankara.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-22898228 | work=BBC News | date=14 June 2013 |title=Turkey protests: Turkey protests: Erdogan meets Gezi Park activists}}</ref> When a member says that those protests have a sociological aspect, he gets angry and leaves the meeting saying "We are not going to learn what sociology is from you!".<ref>{{cite news | url=http://gundem.milliyet.com.tr/erdogan-toplantiyi-terk-etmis/gundem/detay/1723253/default.htm | archive-url=https://archive.today/20131019213229/http://gundem.milliyet.com.tr/erdogan-toplantiyi-terk-etmis/gundem/detay/1723253/default.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=19 October 2013 | newspaper=Milliyet | date=15 June 2013 | title=Erdoğan toplantıyı terk etmiş }}</ref>
Justice and Development Party organises a mass rally called "Respect to National Will" in Ankara. Talking at the rally, PM Recep Tayyip Erdoğan says that "If protesters don't move out of Gezi Park, police forces will intervene".<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/06/2013615155738829952.html | publisher=Al Jazeera | date=15 June 2013 |title=Turkey's Erdogan issues sit-in deadline}}</ref>
At about 17:30, police forces begin making announcements to protesters telling to leave Gezi Park. Police forces make an assault about 20:50 and clear Gezi Park. Protesters move to areas around İstiklal Street and clash with police.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-22924886 | work=Huffington Post | date=15 June 2013 |title=Turkey's Taksim Square Stormed By Riot Police}}</ref>
Meanwhile, about 5,000 protesters gather at the Asian side of Istanbul and begin marching towards the European side. Riot police forces disperse the protesters with tear gas before reaching the Bosphorus Bridge.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-22924886 | work=BBC News | date=16 June 2013 |title=Turkey protests: Istanbul erupts as Gezi Park cleared}}</ref>
Heavy clashes between police and protesters continue until morning at various parts of Istanbul.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-protests-idUSBRE9590QA20130616 | work=Reuters | date=16 June 2013 |title=Sporadic clashes in Turkey as Erdogan asserts authority}}</ref>
Justice and Development Party organises its second rally at Istanbul Kazlıçeşme Square.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://siyaset.milliyet.com.tr/ak-partililer-kazlicesme-ye-akin/siyaset/detay/1723747/default.htm | archive-url=https://archive.today/20131019213240/http://siyaset.milliyet.com.tr/ak-partililer-kazlicesme-ye-akin/siyaset/detay/1723747/default.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=19 October 2013 | newspaper=Milliyet | date=16 June 2013 | title=Erdoğan Kazlıçeşme mitinginde konuştu }}</ref>
A general strike and protests organised by five trade unions take place in almost every part of Turkey. Strikes doesn't have any negative effect on the daily life which led criticism of unions and their power.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/five-turkish-trade-unions-begin-nationwide-demonstrations-with-one-day-strike.aspx?pageID=238&nID=48920&NewsCatID=347 | newspaper=Hürriyet Daily News | date=16 June 2013 |title=Five Turkish trade unions begin nationwide demonstrations with one-day strike}}</ref>
The "Standing Man", Erdem Gündüz starts his silent protest in the evening.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jun/18/turkey-standing-man|title=Turkey's 'standing man' shows how passive resistance can shake a state|author=Richard Seymour|work=The Guardian|date=18 June 2013}}</ref> Similar protests consisting of simply stopping and standing still spread everywhere in Turkey.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/18/turkey-standing-man-protest-erdem-gunduz_n_3458390.html | work=Huffington Post | first=Ryan | last=Craggs | title='Standing Man' Protest Spreads Across Turkey}}</ref><ref>"Standing Man and te Impromptu Performance of Hope: An Interview with Erdem Gunduz" by Erin B. Mee. TDR 58:3, T223, 69-83.</ref>
President Abdullah Gül announces suspension of Gezi Park redevelopment plans.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://gundem.milliyet.com.tr/gezi-parki-projesi-askiya-alindi/gundem/ydetay/1724812/default.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130624234800/http://gundem.milliyet.com.tr/gezi-parki-projesi-askiya-alindi/gundem/ydetay/1724812/default.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 June 2013|title=Gezi Parkı projesi askıya alındı|author=Fikret Bila|newspaper=Milliyet|date=19 June 2013|access-date=22 June 2013}}</ref>
An investigation regarding police brutality is opened and some officers dismissed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-318757-4-municipal-police-officers-suspended-for-burning-tents-in-gezi-park.html|title=4 municipal police officers suspended for burning tents in Gezi Park|newspaper=Today's Zaman|date=20 June 2013|access-date=22 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403115649/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-318757-4-municipal-police-officers-suspended-for-burning-tents-in-gezi-park.html|archive-date=3 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sabah.com.tr/Gundem/2013/06/21/vali-mutludan-gezi-aciklamasi|title=Vali Mutlu'dan Gezi açıklaması|newspaper=Sabah|date=21 June 2013|access-date=22 June 2013}}</ref>
Violence and mass demonstrations spread again in the country, after police attacks on thousands of protesters who threw carnations at them and called for brotherhood.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/police-intervene-with-water-cannons-against-protesters-gathered-at-taksim-square.aspx?PageID=238&NID=49275&NewsCatID=341|title=Police intervene with water cannons against protesters gathered at Taksim Square - Local|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=23 June 2013}}</ref> Mass demonstrations occur again in Taksim Square, Istanbul and also in Güvenpark and Dikmen in Ankara to protest against the release of police officer Ahmet Şahbaz who fatally shot Ethem Sarısuluk in the head, as well as against events in Lice, Diyarbakır and Cizre, Şırnak. Riot police suppress the protesters partially with plastic bullets and some tear gas bombs and some protesters are detained. There is also a major police intervention in Ankara.<ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/thousands-in-turkey-protest-demonstrator-s-death-1.1317950 Thousands in Turkey protest demonstrator's death - World - CBC News]. Cbc.ca (29 June 2013). Retrieved on 12 August 2013.</ref> The Istanbul LGBT Pride 2013 parade at Taksim Square attracts almost 100,000 people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraaf.nl/tv/21696299/__Gay_Pride_in_Istanbul_groot_succes__.html |title=Gay Pride in Istanbul groot succes - TV | Altijd op de hoogte van het laatste nieuws met Telegraaf.nl [tv] |publisher=Telegraaf.nl |access-date=2 November 2013 |archive-date=28 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728210152/http://www.telegraaf.nl/tv/21696299/__Gay_Pride_in_Istanbul_groot_succes__.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Participants were joined by Gezi Park protesters, making the 2013 Istanbul Pride the biggest pride ever held in Turkey and eastern Europe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dunya.milliyet.com.tr/taksim-deki-onur-yuruyusu-ne-bbc/dunya/detay/1730407/default.htm |title=Taksim'deki Onur Yürüyüşü'ne BBC yorumu: Bugüne kadar... - Milliyet Haber |website=Dunya.milliyet.com.tr |access-date=2 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104131320/http://dunya.milliyet.com.tr/taksim-deki-onur-yuruyusu-ne-bbc/dunya/detay/1730407/default.htm |archive-date=4 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The European Union praises Turkey that the parade went ahead without disruption.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2013/package/brochures/turkey_2013.pdf |title=Turkey 2013 Progress Report |publisher=European Commission |access-date=5 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115052535/http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2013/package/brochures/turkey_2013.pdf |archive-date=15 November 2013}}</ref>
* '''2013 July''' A machete-wielding man attacks the Gezi park protesters at Taksim Square. He is detained by the police, but gets released the same day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-court-releases-men-with-machetes-who-attacked-gezi-protesters.aspx?PageID=238&NID=50168&NewsCatID=341|title=Turkish court releases 'men with machetes' who attacked Gezi Protesters - Local|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=8 July 2013 }}</ref> After being released, he flees to Morocco on 10 July.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/-assailant-with-machete-attacking-gezi-protesters-in-istanbul-has-fled-abroad-report.aspx?pageID=238&nID=50557&NewsCatID=341|title=Assailant with machete attacking Gezi protesters in Istanbul flees to Morocco - Local|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=12 July 2013 }}</ref> Thousands of people stage the "1st Gas Man Festival" (1. Gazdanadam Festivali) in Kadıköy to protest against the police crackdown on anti-government and nature-supporting demonstrations across the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/crowds-denounce-police-crackdowns-in-man-made-of-tear-gas-festival-on-istanbuls-asian-shore.aspx?pageID=238&nID=50236&NewsCatID=341|title=Crowds denounce police crackdowns in 'Man Made of Tear Gas' Festival on Istanbul's Asian shore - Local|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=8 July 2013 }}</ref> With the arrival of Ramadan, protesters in Istanbul hold mass ''iftar'' (the ceremonial meal breaking the daily fast) for all comers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/07/turkey-gezi-park-protesters-observe-ramadan-iftars.html|title=Turkey's Gezi Park Protesters Regroup for Ramadan - Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East|work=Al-Monitor|date=14 July 2013 }}</ref> 19-year-old Ali İsmail Korkmaz, who was in a coma since 4 June dies.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/death-toll-in-turkey-protests-increased-to-5/ | work=Fox News | title=Death toll in Turkey protests increased to 5 | date=10 July 2013}}</ref> He was severely battered by a group of casually dressed people on 3 June while running away from police intervention.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bianet.org/english/youth/148383-ali-ismail-korkmaz-gezi-resistance-protestor-dies-at-19|title=Ali Ismail Korkmaz, Gezi Resistance Protestor, Dies at 19 - Beyza Kural - english|work=Bianet - Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi}}</ref>
* '''2013 August''' The scale and frequency of demonstrations dies down in the summer. Human chains are organised for peace and against intervention in Syria.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/istanbuls-gezi-park-closed-again-on-world-peace-day.aspx?pageID=238&nid=53614|website=Hürriyet English|title=Istanbul's Gezi Park Closed Again on World Peace Day Protests|date=1 September 2013|access-date=10 September 2013}}</ref> Protesters begin painting steps in rainbow colours.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Sebnem |last1=Arsu |first2=Robert |last2=Mackey |url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/03/with-a-burst-of-color-turkeys-public-walkways-become-a-focus-of-quiet-protest/ |newspaper=The New York Times |title=With a Burst of Color, Turkey's Public Walkways Become A Focus of Quiet Protests |date=3 September 2013 |access-date=10 September 2013}}</ref>
==Protesters== The initial protests in Istanbul at the end of May were led by about 50 environmentalists,<ref name="Hurriyet69648">{{cite web |url=http://fotogaleri.hurriyet.com.tr/galeridetay.aspx?cid=69648&rid=2&p=3 |title=Taksim'le baţladý yurdun dört yanýna yayýldý |work=Hürriyet Daily News |access-date=26 June 2013 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006085559/http://fotogaleri.hurriyet.com.tr/galeridetay.aspx?cid=69648&rid=2&p=3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> opposing the replacement of Gezi Park with a shopping mall and possible residence<ref name="GMT31May" /> as well as reconstruction of the historic Taksim Military Barracks (demolished in 1940) over the adjacent Taksim Square.<ref name="Cancellation">{{cite news|last=Yackley|first=Ayla Jean|title=Turkish court blocks disputed park project|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/turkey-court-taksim-idUKL5N0F93C120130703 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518090917/http://uk.reuters.com/article/turkey-court-taksim-idUKL5N0F93C120130703 |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 May 2017 |publisher=Reuters |date=3 July 2013 |access-date=8 July 2013}}</ref> The protests developed into riots when a group occupying the park was attacked with tear gas and water cannons by police. The subjects of the protests then broadened beyond the development of Gezi Park into wider anti-government demonstrations.<ref name="AlJ1" /><ref name="JethroMullen">{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/03/world/europe/turkey-conflict-explainer/|title=Jethro Mullen and Susannah Cullinane. What's driving unrest and protests in Turkey? CNN, 4 June 2013.|date=3 June 2013|work=CNN|access-date=31 October 2014}}</ref> The protests also spread to other cities in Turkey, and protests were seen in other countries with significant Turkish communities, including European countries, the U.S. and elsewhere.<ref name="ajarrests">{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/05/2013531112443894367.html|title=Turkey arrests anti-government protesters|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=31 May 2013|access-date=1 June 2013}}</ref> Protesters took to Taksim Square in Istanbul and to streets in Ankara<ref name="euroankara" /> as well as İzmir, Bursa, Antalya, Eskişehir, Balıkesir, Edirne, Mersin, Adana, İzmit, Konya, Kayseri, Samsun, Antakya,<ref name="across" /> Trabzon, Isparta, Tekirdağ, Bodrum,<ref name="guardian" /> and Mardin.<ref name="Gaziantep" />
The overall number of protesters involved was reported to be at least 2.5 million by the Turkish Interior Ministry over the 3 weeks from the start of the events.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://docs.house.gov/meetings/FA/FA14/20130626/101051/HHRG-113-FA14-20130626-SD001.pdf|title=US House Subcommittee on Europe, Eurasia and Emerging Threats Hearing on "Turkey at a Crossroads: What do the Gezi Park Protests Mean for Democracy in the Region?"|date=26 June 2013|access-date=27 June 2013}}</ref> The hashtag #OccupyGezi trended in social media.<ref name="AlJ-stream">{{cite news|url=http://stream.aljazeera.com/story/201305302148-0022796|title=Protesters #OccupyGezi to save Istanbul park|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=31 May 2013|access-date=1 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601073350/http://stream.aljazeera.com/story/201305302148-0022796|archive-date=1 June 2013}}</ref> On 3 June unions announced strikes for 4 and 5 June.<ref name="GMTstrikes">{{cite news|url=http://www.goodmorningturkey.com/turkeys-trade-unions-gather-to-coordinate-general-strike/|title=Turkey's trade unions gather to coordinate general strike|newspaper=Good Morning Turkey|date=3 June 2013|access-date=3 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617232132/http://www.goodmorningturkey.com/turkeys-trade-unions-gather-to-coordinate-general-strike/|archive-date=17 June 2013}}</ref> Some Turkish-American supporters of the protests took a full-page advertisement in ''The New York Times'' on 7 June co-created and crowd-funded within days by thousands of people on the Internet.<ref name="Forbes" /> The ad and ''The New York Times'' drew criticism from the Turkish Prime Minister, necessitating the newspaper to respond.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/new-york-times-responds-to-turkish-pms-criticism-over-gezi-park-ad.aspx?pageID=238&nID=48451&NewsCatID=338 |title=The New York Times responds to Turkish PM's criticism over Gezi Park ad |newspaper=Hürriyet Daily News |date=8 June 2013 |access-date=22 June 2013}}</ref>
The range of the protesters was noted as being broad, encompassing both right and left-wing individuals.<ref name="guardian">{{cite news|title=Turkey protests spread after violence in Istanbul over park demolition|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/31/istanbul-protesters-violent-clashes-police |newspaper=The Guardian |date=31 May 2013 |location=London |first=Constanze |last=Letsch |access-date=1 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="Whoarethey">{{cite news|title=Who are the protestors?|url=http://blog.milliyet.com.tr/Gezi_Parki_eyleminin_analizi__Kimler_katilmakta__Hukumet_huzur_icin_acil_ne_yapmali_/Blog/?BlogNo=417406&RefNo=22 |date=2 June 2013 |access-date=2 June 2013}}</ref> ''The Atlantic'' described the participants as "the young and the old, the secular and the religious, the football hooligans and the blind, anarchists, communists, nationalists, Kurds, gays, feminists, and students."<ref name="TheAtlantic">{{cite news|title=How the Protests Will Impact Turkey at Home and Abroad|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/06/how-the-protests-will-impact-turkey-at-home-and-abroad/276456/ |magazine=The Atlantic |date=2 June 2013 |last=Kotsev |first=Victor |access-date=2 June 2013}}</ref> ''Der Spiegel'' said that protests were "drawing more than students and intellectuals. Families with children, women in headscarves, men in suits, hipsters in sneakers, pharmacists, tea-house proprietors – all are taking to the streets to register their displeasure."<ref name="Spiegel">''Der Spiegel'', 3 June 2013, [http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/revolt-in-turkey-erdogan-losing-grip-on-power-a-903553.html Revolt in Turkey: Erdogan's Grip on Power Is Rapidly Weakening]</ref> It added that there was a notable absence of political party leadership: "There have been no party flags, no party slogans and no prominent party functionaries to be seen. Kemalists and communists have demonstrated side-by-side with liberals and secularists."<ref name="Spiegel" /> Opposition parties told members not to participate, leaving those who joined in doing so as private individuals.<ref>haberler.com, 6 June 2013, [http://en.haberler.com/erdogan-faces-growing-criticism-279059/ Erdogan Faces Growing Criticism]</ref>
<gallery> File:Kadıköy_Ferry_Terminal,_Taksim_Square_-_Gezi_Park_Protests,_İstanbul_-_Flickr_-_Alan_Hilditch_(3).jpg|Gezi Park protesters File:Whirling Sufi Protester wearing gas mask in Gezi Park.jpg|Protesters applaud a whirling Sufi wearing a gas mask. File:Taksim square peaceful protests. Events of June 16, 2013-2.jpg|Many women in headscarves attended the protests, despite the fact that pro-AKP media spread disinformation that they were being attacked by the protesters. File:Justice for Hrant, Gezi Park.jpg|A banner in Kurdish in Gezi Park during protests remembering the Assassination of Hrant Dink, a prominent Turkish-Armenian journalist: "For Hrant, For Justice (Ji Bo Hrant, Ji Bo Dade ê)" </gallery>
In a country like Turkey, where people state they occasionally feel divided due to their socio-economic status, race, and religion, the major unifying power has always been sports, more specifically, football.<ref name="Wood">{{Cite web|url=https://thesefootballtimes.co/2017/03/28/how-gezi-park-brought-together-the-ultras-of-galatasaray-fenerbahce-and-besiktas/|title=How Gezi Park brought together the ultras of Galatasaray, Fenerbahçe and Beşiktaş|last=Wood|first=Stephen|date=28 March 2017|website=These Football Times|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> The three most prominent and historic football clubs of Turkey are Galatasaray, Fenerbahçe and Beşiktaş.<ref name="Wood"/> Between these three Istanbul clubs, the rivalry is so fierce that Turkish Armed Forces get involved in securing the fields during derby days.<ref name="Reuters">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-protests-soccer-idUSBRE9530ZE20130604|title=Istanbul United: protests bring rival fans together, for now|date=4 June 2013|work=Reuters|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> For the most passionate fans, accepting a handshake from the opposing team would seem to be an unthinkable feat.<ref name="Reuters"/> However, this was all set aside during the Gezi Parkı protests.<ref name="bbc.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-44304326|title=Gezi Parkı olaylarının 6. yıldönümü: Protestolarda gün gün neler yaşandı?|date=31 May 2019|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> Many were outraged after the invasion of the park in Taksim Square, so the ultras of Galatasaray, Fenerbahçe, and Beşiktaş came together to protest the incident.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/film-on-istanbul-united-alliance-of-rival-fans-during-gezi-protests-to-be-shown-at-festival-63336|title=Film on 'Istanbul United,' alliance of rival fans during Gezi protests, to be shown at festival - Turkish News|website=Hürriyet Daily News|date=9 March 2014|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> The fans held hands and shouted as they would in a stadium with their usual fanatic chants; but, this time against President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and the police forces.<ref name="Wood"/> Millions of Turkish football fans poured the streets of Istanbul and generated a march of unity.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kahire'den İstanbul'a: Futbol, Siyaset ve Toplumsal Hareketler1|last=Özçetin|first=Burak|publisher=Akdeniz Üniversitesi İle şim Fakültesi}}</ref> The surprising harmony of these fans was so powerful that it contributed majorly for President Erdogan to shift some of his views on the subject matter.<ref name="bbc.com"/> It was a testament to both the power of protest and the coming together of people with differing views.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b5q8DgAAQBAJ|title=Football Fans, Rivalry and Cooperation|last1=Brandt|first1=Christian|last2=Hertel|first2=Fabian|last3=Huddleston|first3=Sean|date=21 April 2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781315455198}}</ref>
''The Guardian'' observed that "Flags of the environmentalist movement, rainbow banners, flags of Atatürk, of Che Guevara, of different trade unions, all adorn the Gezi park."<ref>{{cite news|last=Letsch|first=Constanze|title=Turkey protests unite a colourful coalition of anger against Erdogan|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/03/turkey-protests-coalition-anger-erdogan |newspaper=The Guardian |date=3 June 2013 |location=London |access-date=2 July 2013}}</ref> Flag of PKK and its leader Abdullah Öcalan's posters and were also seen.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sabah.com.tr/Gundem/2013/06/02/taksim-meydaninda-abdullah-ocalan-krizi |language=tr |title=Taksim Meydanı'nda 'Abdullah Öcalan' resimleri |website=Sabah.com.tr |date=6 February 2013 |access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref> ''The Economist'' noted that there were as many women as men, and said that "Scenes of tattooed youths helping women in headscarves stricken by tear gas have bust tired stereotypes about secularism versus Islam."<ref>''The Economist'', 7 June 2013, [https://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21579005-protests-against-recep-tayyip-erdogan-and-his-ham-fisted-response-have-shaken-his-rule-and The new young Turks]</ref> Across political divides, protesters supported each other against the police.<ref>Radikal, 11 June 2013, [http://www.radikal.com.tr/turkiye/taksimden_olagandisi_bir_direnis_karesi-1137168 Taksim'den 'olağandışı' bir direniş karesi]</ref>
According to Erdoğan's 4 June speech from Morocco, the demonstrators are mostly looters, political losers and extremist fringe groups. He went on to say they went hand-in-hand with 'terrorists' and 'extremists'.<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkish PM accuses protesters of walking 'arm-in-arm with terrorism'|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-06-04/turkish-protesters-walking-arm-in-arm-with-terrorism/4730952 |website=abc.net.au |date=4 June 2013 |access-date=6 June 2013}}</ref> He indicated that these protests were organised by the Republican Peoples Party (even though the CHP had initially supported construction on the Gezi-park). Turkey analysts however suggested the demonstrations arose from bottom-up processes, lacking leadership.<ref>{{cite news |title=Wij zijn de soldaten van Atatürk|url=http://nos.nl/artikel/514315-wij-zijn-de-soldaten-van-ataturk.html |website=NOS.nl |date=4 June 2013 |access-date=4 June 2013}}</ref>
A Bilgi University survey asked protesters about events that influenced them to join in the protests. Most cited were the prime minister's "authoritarian attitude" (92%), the police's "disproportionate use of force" (91%), the "violation of democratic rights" (91%), and the "silence of the media" (84%).<ref name="bilgi">{{cite web |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/protesters-are-young-libertarian-and-furious-at-turkish-pm-says-survey.aspx?pageID=238&nID=48248&NewsCatID=341 |title=Protesters are young, libertarian and furious at Turkish PM, says survey |date=5 June 2013 |access-date=6 June 2013}}</ref> Half the protesters were under 30, and 70% had no political affiliation;<ref name="Turgut" /> another poll found 79% had no affiliation with any organisation.<ref>bianet, 13 June 2013, [http://www.bianet.org/english/youth/147543-94-percent-of-gezi-resisters-participate-individually-poll-says 94 Percent of Gezi Resisters Participate Individually, Poll Says]</ref>
===Demands=== On 4 June a solidarity group associated with the Occupy Gezi movement, ''Taksim Dayanışması'' ("Taksim Solidarity"), issued several demands:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whatishappeninginistanbul.com/?p=342 |title=Taksim Solidarity's immediate demands – What is happening in Istanbul? |website=Whatishappeninginistanbul.com |date=6 June 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=26 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610145957/http://www.whatishappeninginistanbul.com/?p=342 |archive-date=10 June 2013}}</ref> * the preservation of Gezi Park; * an end to police violence, the right to freedom of assembly and the prosecution of those responsible for the violence against demonstrators; * an end to the sale of "public spaces, beaches, waters, forests, streams, parks and urban symbols to private companies, large holdings and investors"; * the right of people to express their "needs and complaints without experiencing fear, arrest or torture." * for the media "whose professional duty is to protect the public good and relay correct information ... to act in an ethical and professional way."<ref name="dailydot.com">The Daily Dot, 4 June 2013, [http://www.dailydot.com/news/occupy-gezi-turkish-protest-taksim-demands/ Refusing oppression, Turkish protesters release a list of demands]</ref> * ruling authorities to realise that the reaction of the citizens is also about the third airport in Istanbul, the third bridge over The Bosporus, the construction on Atatürk Forest Farm, and the hydro-electric power plants (HEPP)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cryptome.org/2013/06/taksim-solidarity.htm |publisher=Cryptome |date=5 June 2013 |title=Taksim Solidarity Press Release}}</ref> Deputy Prime Minister Bülent Arınç met the group on 5 June but later rejected these demands.<ref name="AlJazeeradespite">Al Jazeera, 5 June 2013, [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/06/20136551212442132.html Turkey protests continue despite apology]</ref>
==Types of protest==
===Gezi Park camp=== left|thumb|A free veterinarian clinic at Gezi Park, 7 June With the police abandoning attempts to clear the Gezi Park encampment on 1 June, the area began to take on some of the characteristics associated with the Occupy movement.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kimmelman|first=Michael|title=In Istanbul's Heart, Leader's Obsession, Perhaps Achilles' Heel|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/08/world/europe/in-istanbuls-taksim-square-an-achilles-heel.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=7 June 2013 |access-date=2 July 2013}}</ref> The number of tents swelled, to the point where a hand-drawn map was set up at the entrance.<ref name="Huff">Huffington Post, 6 June 2013, [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/06/turkey-protests-snapshots_n_3396017.html Turkey Protests Snapshots: Yoga, Trash Crews And Barricades]</ref> Access roads to the park and to Taksim Square have been blocked by protesters against the police with barricades of paving stones and corrugated iron.<ref>Reuters, 8 June 2013, [https://web.archive.org/web/20170729004512/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-turkey-protests-idUKBRE94U0JA20130607 Stop now, Prime Minister Erdogan tells Turkish protesters]</ref>
By evening on 4 June there were again tens of thousands in Taksim Square; Al Jazeera reported that "there are many families with their children enjoying the demonstration that has developed the feeling of a festival."<ref name="AlJazeera4June9.30pm">Al Jazeera 4 June 2013, c 9.30pm, [http://blogs.aljazeera.com/liveblog/topic/turkey-protests-20176 Turkey Protests Live Blog] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214161841/http://blogs.aljazeera.com/liveblog/topic/turkey-protests-20176 |date=14 February 2015 }}</ref> There were also signs of a developing infrastructure reminding some observers of Occupy Wall Street, with "a fully operational kitchen and first-aid clinic... carved out of an abandoned concession stand in the back of the park," complete with rotas and fundraising for people's travel expenses.<ref name="Pomeroy">Ben Pomeroy, ''The Week'', 4 June 2013, [http://theweek.com/article/index/245072/dispatch-from-istanbul-occupy-gezi-park-digs-in Dispatch from Istanbul: Occupy Gezi Park digs in]</ref> Protesters brought food to donate, and dozens of volunteers organised themselves into four shifts.<ref name="Turgut">Pelin Turgut, Time, 5 June 2013, [https://world.time.com/2013/06/05/live-from-occupied-gezi-park-in-istanbul-a-new-turkish-protest-movement-is-born/ Live from ‘Occupied’ Gezi Park: In Istanbul, a New Turkish Protest Movement Is Born]</ref>
A makeshift "protester library" was also created (soon reaching 5000 books<ref>Ayla Jean Yackley, Reuters, 6 June 2013, [https://news.yahoo.com/istanbul-protesters-hunker-down-yoga-books-131715857.html Istanbul protesters hunker down with yoga and books] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610013956/https://news.yahoo.com/istanbul-protesters-hunker-down-yoga-books-131715857.html |date=10 June 2013 }}</ref>),<ref name="Hurriyetlibrary">''Hürriyet Daily News'', 4 June 2013, [http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/publishing-houses-to-unite-in-gezi-park-to-distribute-major-resistance-material-books.aspx?pageID=238&nID=48234&NewsCatID=341 Publishing houses to unite in Gezi Park to distribute major resistance material: Books]</ref><ref name="gezikutuphanesi">{{cite web |url=http://gezikutuphanesi.blogspot.de/2013/06/gezi-kutuphanesi.html |title=Gezi Kütüphanesi |publisher=Gezikutuphanesi.blogspot.de |access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref> and Şebnem Ferah gave a concert.<ref name="Ferahconcert">''Hürriyet Daily News'', 5 June 2013, [http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tensions-decrease-despite-some-clashes-in-gezi-park-protests.aspx?pageID=238&nID=48238&NewsCatID=341 Tensions decrease despite some clashes in Gezi Park protests]</ref> A "makeshift outdoor movie screen" was set up,<ref name="Turgut" /> together with a stage with microphones and speakers, and a generator.<ref name="Huff" /> A symbolic "street" was named after Hrant Dink, the journalist murdered in 2007; the street connects the Peace Square with the children's playground.<ref>''Hürriyet Daily News'', 5 June 2013, [http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/protesters-dedicate-a-street-to-slain-journalist-hrant-dink-in-gezi-park.aspx?pageID=238&nID=48310&NewsCatID=341 Protesters dedicate a street to slain journalist Hrant Dink in Gezi Park]</ref> Sellers of watermelons mingled with sellers of swimming goggles and surgical masks (to protect against tear gas) and a yoga teacher provided classes. The crowds swelled in the evening as office workers joined.<ref>Associated Press, 5 June 2013, [https://www.foxnews.com/world/a-snapshot-of-protesters-who-have-gathered-in-istanbuls-taksim-square/ A snapshot of protesters who have gathered in Istanbul's Taksim Square]</ref>
With 5 June being the Lailat al Miraj religious holiday, protesters distributed "kandil simidi" (a pastry specific to the holiday), and temporarily declared the park a no-alcohol zone. Celebration of the holiday included a Quran reading.<ref>''Hürriyet Daily News'', 5 June 2013, [http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/atypical-day-of-protest-at-gezi-park-with-religious-ceremony-quran-reading-.aspx?pageID=238&nID=48301&NewsCatID=341 Atypical day of protest at Gezi Park with religious ceremony, Quran reading]</ref>
Peter Gelderloos argued that the camp was a small, anarchist community that heavily emphasized mutual aid. He also argued that large cultural change occurred within the camp. He argued that the Gezi Park was one of the most successful examples of social activism in recent history, mainly due to its refusal to be represented by political parties, trade unions and the media.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Failure of Nonviolence|last=Gelderloos|first=Peter|year=2015}}</ref>
===Symbols and humour=== thumb|Graffiti showing the words "At least 3 beers", which parodies the government's regulation of sale of alcohol between 22:00 to 06:00 and Erdoğan's advice of 3 children
One photograph taken by Reuters photographer Osman Orsal of a woman in a red dress being pepper-sprayed became one of the iconic images of the protests: "In her red cotton summer dress, necklace and white bag slung over her shoulder she might have been floating across the lawn at a garden party; but before her crouches a masked policeman firing teargas spray that sends her long hair billowing upwards."<ref>Reuters, 3 June 2013, [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-protests-women-idUSBRE95217B20130603 Woman in red becomes leitmotif for Istanbul's female protesters]</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Lady in Red became a Capulcu|url=http://www.inenart.eu/?p=10157|work=InEnArt| date=19 June 2013 |access-date=19 June 2013}}</ref> Orsal himself was later injured by a tear gas canister.<ref name="gvo">globalvoices.org, 4 June 2013, [http://globalvoices.org/2013/06/04/turkey-a-social-media-chronology-of-occupy-gezi/ Turkey: A Social Media Chronology of Occupy Gezi ]</ref>{{better source needed|date=August 2019}} In June 2015 the police officer who sprayed pepper gas in the face of "the woman in red" was sentenced to 20 months in jail and to plant 600 trees by a criminal court in Istanbul.<ref>{{cite web|title= Lady in Red became a Capulcu|url=http://www.inenart.eu/?p=10157|work=InEnArt| date=19 June 2013 |access-date=11 June 2015}}</ref>
Guy Fawkes masks have also been widely used, for example by striking Turkish Airlines cabin crew performing a parody of airline safety announcements referring to the protests.<ref>New Statesman, 6 June 2013, [http://www.newstatesman.com/austerity-and-its-discontents/2013/06/how-occupygezi-could-transform-turkish-society How #OccupyGezi could transform Turkish society]</ref>
The protesters have also made significant use of humour, both in graffiti and online, in what BBC News called "an explosion of expression... in the form of satire, irony and outright mockery of the popular leader on Istanbul's streets and social media." It gave as an example a parody of the Turkish auction site sahibinden.com as "tayyibinden.com", listing Gezi Park for sale.<ref>Jody Sabral and Zeynep Erdim, BBC News, 8 June 2013, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-22823730 Will Istanbul's protesters have the last laugh?]</ref> Examples of slogans include "Enough! I'm calling the police", as well as pop culture references: "Tayyip – Winter is Coming" (a reference to ''Game of Thrones'') and "You're messing with the generation that beats cops in GTA" (a reference to ''Grand Theft Auto'').<ref>lemoustache, buzzfeed.com, [https://www.buzzfeed.com/lemoustache/25-examples-of-the-best-street-humour-from-istanbu-b7x9 25 Examples Of The Best Street Humour From Istanbul, Gezi Park (#occupygezi) Protests]</ref><ref>Yaman Kayabali, Victoria and Albert Museum blog, 16 June 2013, [http://www.vam.ac.uk/b/blog/posters-stories-va-collection/occupygezi-gezi-protests-turkey #occupygezi: Gezi Protests in Turkey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140614211149/http://www.vam.ac.uk/b/blog/posters-stories-va-collection/occupygezi-gezi-protests-turkey |date=14 June 2014 }}</ref><ref>Belgin Akaltan, ''Hürriyet Daily News'', 22 June 2013, [http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/thats-it-ill-call-the-police.aspx?PageID=238&NID=49214&NewsCatID=469 That's it, I'll call the police]</ref>
Protesters had previously mocked Erdoğan's recommendation to have at least three children and policy of restricting alcohol with the slogan "at least 3 beers" even though this is criticised on social media for Erdoğan's recommendation of having three children is his personal view and not a government policy.
Penguins were also adopted as a symbol, referring to CNN Turk's showing a penguin documentary while CNN International provided live coverage of the protests; examples include "We are all penguins" T-shirts.<ref>AFP, ''The Express Tribune'', 8 June 2013, [http://tribune.com.pk/story/560640/chapulling-turkish-protesters-spread-the-edgy-word/ 'Chapulling': Turkish protesters spread the edgy word]</ref><ref>Radio Free Europe, 5 June 2013, [https://www.rferl.org/a/turkey-protests-penguins-symbol/25008120.html In Turkey, Penguins Become Symbol Of How Media Missed The Story ]</ref>
In response to Erdoğan's description of the protesters as looters (''{{lang|tr|üç beş çapulcu}}'', "a few [literally: three to five] looters"), demonstrators took up the name as a symbol of pride, describing their peaceful and humorous civil disobedience actions as chapulling.<ref>{{cite news |title=What Is Capuling? 'Everyday I'm Çapuling' Turkish Protest Video Goes Viral |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/what-capuling-everyday-im-capuling-turkish-protest-video-goes-viral-1291541 |website=International Business Times |date=4 June 2013 |access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Tear Gas and Graffiti|url=http://www.inenart.eu/?p=12401|work=InEnArt| date=30 October 2013 |access-date=30 October 2013}}</ref> A majority of social-media users participating in the protests also changed their Twitter screen names after Erdogan calling them looters, adding ''çapulcu'' as if a professional title.<ref name="varol2014" />
===Other parks and public forums=== [[File:Public Park Forums in Istanbul, 2013 protests in Turkey.png|right|thumb|Public park forums' map by the districts in Istanbul, during the 2013 protests in Turkey]] [[File:Public Park Forum Provinces in Turkey, 2013 protests in Turkey.png|right|thumb|Public park forums' map by the provinces in Turkey, during the 2013 protests in Turkey]]
Encampments were made in other parks in support of the Gezi protests, including in Ankara's Kuğulu Park<ref>''Hürriyet Daily News'', 15 June 2013, [http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/ankara-stands-solid-kugulu-becomes-symbol-of-resistance.aspx?pageID=238&nID=48844&NewsCatID=341 Ankara stands solid, Kuğulu becomes symbol of resistance]</ref> and in İzmir's Gündoğdu Square.<ref>''Hürriyet Daily News'', 20 June 2013, [http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/police-raid-protesters-tents-in-izmir-supporters-released.aspx?pageID=238&nID=49182&NewsCatID=341 Police raid protesters’ tents in Izmir, supporters released]</ref>
After the violent clearing of Gezi Park on 15–16 June by riot police and Turkish Gendarmerie, Beşiktaş JK's supporter group Çarşı, declared the Abbasağa Park, in Beşiktaş district as the second Gezi Park and called for people to occupy it on 17 June.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://t24.com.tr/haber/carsi-2-taksim-ve-2-gezi-parki-abbasagadir-orada-bekleyecegiz/232248 |publisher=T24 |language=tr |title=Çarşı: 2.Taksim ve 2.Gezi Parkı Abbasağa'dır, Orada Bekleyeceğiz |date=18 June 2013 |access-date=25 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622020754/http://t24.com.tr/haber/carsi-2-taksim-ve-2-gezi-parki-abbasagadir-orada-bekleyecegiz/232248 |archive-date=22 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> After this call, thousands started to gather at Abbasağa Park, holding public forums to discuss and vote on the situation of the resistance and actions to be taken. Shortly after this, democracy forums and meetings spread to many parks in Istanbul and then to the other cities, like Ankara, İzmir, Mersin, etc.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/08/world/europe/after-protests-forums-sprout-in-turkeys-parks.html?_r=0 | newspaper=The New York Times | first=Sebnem | last=Arsu | title=After Protests, Forums Sprout in Turkey's Parks | date=7 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bianet.org/english/youth/147740-every-park-become-gezi-park-in-turkey|title=Every Park Become Gezi Park in Turkey - Çiçek Tahaoğlu, Yüce Yöney - english|work=Bianet - Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi}}</ref><!--
List of parks, not sourced well but should be improved {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%" ! colspan=4 | Public Park Forum Locations |- !City !District !Location !Source |- | rowspan="29" |Istanbul |Adalar | * Heybeliada in İsmet İnönü Park. * Kınalıada in Hrant Dink Park. * Burgazada in front of the port. * Büyükada in Atatürk Square. |{{cn|date=July 2013}} |- |Ataşehir|| *Ataşehir Park *Deniz Gezmiş Park *Fetih in Tahralı Park | |- |Avcılar||Marmara Avenue|| |- |Bahçelievler|| *Milli Egemenlik Park *Levent Kırca-Oya Başar Park | |- |Bakırköy|| *Çamlık Park *Ataköy in front of Atrium | |- |Başakşehir|| *In front of the Atatürk statue *Bahçeşehir in Gölet | |- |Beşiktaş | *Abbasağa Park *Bebek, Istanbul in Bebek Park. *Etiler in Sanatçılar Park. *Levent in Sporcular Park. | |- |Beykoz||Paşabahçe Park|| |- |Beylikdüzü||Beylikdüzü Çamlık Park|| |- |Beyoğlu||Cihangir Park|| |- |Gaziosmanpaşa||Gazi in Büyük Gazi Park|| |- |Güngören||Merter 29 Ekim Park||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://parklarbizim.blogspot.com/2013/06/gungoren-merter-29-ekim-park-27-haziran.html|publisher=ParklarBizim Act on Blogspot|title=Güngören Forumu|date=28 June 2013|access-date=28 June 2013}}</ref> |- |Esenyurt||Esenkent Havana Park||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://parklarbizim.blogspot.com/2013/06/esenyurt-esenkent-havana-park-forum.html|publisher=ParklarBizim Act on Blogspot|title=Esenyurt Forumu|date=24 June 2013|access-date=28 June 2013}}</ref> |- |Eyüp|| *Hz. Halit Park *Alibeyköy in Karadolap Park *Güzeltepe Park (Kağıthane) | |- |Fatih | *Saraçhane Park *Kocamustafapaşa, Çapa in K.M. Paşa Square | |- |Küçükçekmece | *Şenol Ergün Park and the Amphitheater *Halkalı in Arenapark *İkitelli in Atakent | |- |Kadıköy | *Yoğurtçu Park *Koşuyolu Park *Göztepe Park *Özgürlük Park *Kriton Curi Park *Caddebostan coastal park | |- |Kağıthane | *Güzeltepe Park. *Nurtepe, the park in front of the Vartolular Association, citizens named the park "Nurtepe Gezi Park" on 20 June. |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://parklarbizim.blogspot.com/2013/06/nurtepe-mahalle-forumu-20-haziran.html|publisher=ParklarBizim Act on Blogspot|title=Nurtepe Mahalle Forumu (20 Haziran)|date=20 June 2013|access-date=28 June 2013}}</ref> |- |Kartal||Kartal Square|| |- |Maltepe | *Maltepe Square * Küçükyalı in Adnan Kahveci Park | |- |Pendik||Kuşluk Park|| |- |Sancaktepe||Solidarity Tent|| |- |Sarıyer | *Çelik Gülersoy Park * Yeniköy, Maslak, Emirgan in Yeniköy Park. * Kireçburnu, Ömürtepe in Çamlık Picnic Area. * Rumeli Hisarüstü in Doğatepe Park. | |- |Silivri||Kale Park|| |- |Şişli | * Elmadağ, Harbiye, Nişantaşı in Maçka Park. * Feriköy, Kurtuluş in Ortanca Park. * Okmeydanı in Sibel Yalçın Park. | |- |Tuzla||in front of the Atatürk bust|| |- |Ümraniye||in Elmalıkent Park|| |- |Üsküdar||in Doğancılar Park|| |- |Zeytinburnu||in Büyük Park|| |- | rowspan="1" |Ankara | | * 100. Yıl Park * Anıtpark * Batıkent (Yenimahalle) * Kuğulu Park * Seymenler Park | |- | rowspan="7" |İzmir |Bornova | *Büyükpark *İzyuva, Saraykent in Uğur Mumcu Park. |{{cn|date=July 2013}}
|- |Gaziemir||in Halil Tan Park.|| |- |Konak | *Gündoğdu Square and Kordon, Alsancak. * Güzelyalı, Göztepe in Göztepe Park and Göztepe Bridge. | |- |Ciğli||Gültepe|| |- |Buca | *Çevikbir Square *Buca Koop in Aşıklar Park | |- |Karşıyaka |Osman Bey Park | |- |Narlıdere |Democracy Square | |- | rowspan="2" |Kocaeli | |Cumhuriyet Park | |- |Gebze |Mudurnutepe | |- | rowspan="1" |Adana|| ||Atatürk Park||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://parklarbizim.blogspot.com/search/label/Adana|publisher=ParklarBizim Act on Blogspot|title=Adana Atatürk Parkı Forumu|date=27 June 2013|access-date=28 June 2013}}</ref> |- | rowspan="1" |Antalya|| ||Yavuz Özcan Park|| |- | rowspan="1" |Antakya (Hatay)|| ||Sevgi Park. (People named it "Resistance Park".)||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://parklarbizim.blogspot.com/search/label/Antakya|publisher=ParklarBizim Act on Blogspot|title=Antakya Forumu|date=25 June 2013|access-date=28 June 2013}}</ref> |- | rowspan="1" |Bartın|| || || |- | rowspan="1" |Bursa||Nilüfer, Ataevler||4 Mevsim Park|| |- | rowspan="1" |Çanakkale|| ||Çanakkale Halk Bahçesi|| |- | rowspan="1" |Muğla||Bodrum||Belediye (Municipality) Square|| |- | rowspan="1" |Eskişehir|| ||Eti Park|| |- | rowspan="1" |Edirne|| ||Zübeyde Hanım Park||{{cn|date=July 2013}} |- | rowspan="1" |Mersin | | * Barış Square and Park * Mersin Forum Mall |<ref name="Wide Gezi Park Protests Summary" /> |- |Sakarya|| ||Kent Park|| |- | rowspan="1" |Samsun|| ||In front of the İğne Deliği Youth Center||{{cn|date=July 2013}} |- | rowspan="3" |Universities that gather as a public forum|| ||Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University inside the campus|| |- | ||Istanbul Technical University||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://itu24.com/etkinlik/itude-gezi-forumu-294|title=İTÜ'de Gezi Forumu|publisher=İTÜ24|date=27 June 2013|access-date=27 June 2013}}</ref> |- | ||Galatasaray University||{{cn|date=July 2013}}
|- | rowspan="1" |International||New York, USA {{flagicon|USA}}||Washington Square||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://parklarbizim.blogspot.com/search/label/New%20York|publisher=ParklarBizim Act on Blogspot|title=New York Washington Square Park Forum|date=23 June 2013|access-date=28 June 2013}}</ref> |} -->
=== Graduations === As the protests mostly took place on the beginning of summer, on the time all schools makes their students graduate, the protests and humour have hit hundreds of universities' and high schools' graduations too.
=== Stadiums === As many fan associations from various parts of Turkey supported and participated in protests actively on the ground and also supported the resistance against the AKP government and its various policies, in the stadiums with their chants, clothes, slogans, banners and posters, the stadiums became practical places of Gezi protests and where fans can do even more political expressions than before, mostly opposing to the government and its ideologies. As this continued to happen during the off-season friendly and continental trophy matches, the government took many precautions with an organising law for stadiums that passed from the assembly with AKP votes, banning to bring politics into stadiums, but soon after the start of the Turkish sports leagues, as most of the fans continued to their protests, this time even more organised and loud, first punishments on the opposing fans and clubs were given, but there was much criticism both from Turkish and foreigner experts about the law banning bringing "opposition" into stadiums, not "politics", as some fan groups opened banners that openly support AKP in Konya and supported Morsi of Egypt in Bursa.
===Demonstrations and strikes=== {{See also|List of solidarity rallies with the Gezi Park protests}} [[File:İstiklâl Caddesi, Taksim Square - Gezi Park Protests, İstanbul - Flickr - Alan Hilditch.jpg|thumb|Protesters on İstiklal Avenue in Beyoğlu, Istanbul]] Demonstrations were held in many cities in Turkey. According to the Human Rights Foundation of Turkey around 640,000 people had participated in the demonstrations as of 5 June.<ref name="TIHV">{{cite news|title=TİHV: 'Gezi Parkı'na 640 bin kişi katıldı; 4 bin gözaltı, 3 bin yaralı var|url=http://t24.com.tr/haber/tihv-gezi-parkina-640-bin-kisi-katildi-4-bin-gozalti-3-bin-yarali-var/231359 |publisher=t24.com.tr |date=5 June 2013 |access-date=5 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609004624/http://t24.com.tr/haber/tihv-gezi-parkina-640-bin-kisi-katildi-4-bin-gozalti-3-bin-yarali-var/231359|archive-date=9 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Protests took place in 78 of Turkey's 81 provinces.<ref name="HND48009">{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/police-withdraw-from-taksim-after-violent-crackdown-as-protesters-remain-defiant-on-5th-day.aspx?pageID=238&nID=48009&NewsCatID=341|title=Police withdraw from Taksim after violent crackdown as protesters remain defiant on 5th day|newspaper=Hürriyet Daily News|date=2 June 2013 |access-date=2 June 2013}}</ref> The biggest protests have been in Istanbul, with reports of more than 100,000 protesters.<ref name="across">{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/solidarity-protests-with-gezi-park-held-across-turkey.aspx?pageID=238&nID=48010&NewsCatID=341|title=Solidarity protests with Gezi Park held across Turkey|newspaper=Hürriyet Daily News|date=31 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="AlJAzeeraPMcalls">Al Jazeera, 7 June 2013, [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/06/20136705734678575.html Turkey PM calls for end to protests]</ref> Inside of the city, protests have been concentrated in the central neighbourhoods of Beyoğlu (around Taksim square and İstiklal Avenue), Beşiktaş (from Dolmabahçe to Ortaköy) and Üsküdar (from Maltepe to Kadıköy, Beylerbeyi to Çengelköy). Also in Zeytinburnu, traditionally seen as a conservative working-class neighbourhood to the west of the old city, tens of thousands marched in protest. Among the suburbs that saw demonstrations were Beylikdüzü and Küçükçekmece on the far-western side of the city, Pendik and Kartal at the far east and Ümraniye, Beykoz and Esenler to the north.
Gazi (not to be confused with Gezi Park), a small neighborhood in Istanbul and part of the Sultangazi district, was one of the major points of counter-protests.
The biggest protests outside Istanbul have been in Hatay and then in Ankara and İzmir.<ref name="Antakya">{{cite news|url=http://www.sendika.org/2013/06/turkiye-direnise-kent-meydanlarina-cadirlar-kurarak-devam-ediyor-il-il-dakika-dakika-eylemler/|title=5 Haziran il Eylemleri/23.03/Antakya|publisher=Sendika.org|date=5 June 2013|access-date=29 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="5 Haziran - Antakya">{{cite news|url=http://gezipark.nadir.org/archive_tur.html|publisher=Nadir|title=5 Haziran – Antakya|date=5 June 2013|access-date=29 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190622/http://gezipark.nadir.org/archive_tur.html|archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref> Other cities in Turkey with protests include (between 31 May – 25 June): {{Div col|colwidth=15em}} * Istanbul<ref name="Dunya48">{{cite news|url=http://dunya48.com/guncel/17170-kadkoyde-yaklasik-1-milyon-kisi-gazdanadam-festivalinde-bulustu.html|title=Kadıköy'de Yaklaşık 1 Milyon Kişi gazdanadam Festivali'nde Buluştu|publisher=Dunya48|date=7 July 2013|access-date=10 July 2013|archive-date=7 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207045906/http://dunya48.com/guncel/17170-kadkoyde-yaklasik-1-milyon-kisi-gazdanadam-festivalinde-bulustu.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Oda TV">{{cite news|url=http://www.odatv.com/n.php?n=gazdan-adam-festivalinden-canli-yayin-0707131200|publisher=Oda TV|title=Gazdan Adam Festivali'nden Canlı Yayın|date=7 July 2013|access-date=10 July 2013}}</ref> * Hatay<ref name="Antakya" /><ref name="5 Haziran - Antakya"/><ref name="Samandağ">{{cite news|url=http://www.sendika.org/2013/06/turkiye-direnise-kent-meydanlarina-cadirlar-kurarak-devam-ediyor-il-il-dakika-dakika-eylemler/|title=16 Haziran il Eylemleri/21.36/Samandağ|publisher=Sendika.org|date=16 June 2013|access-date=29 June 2013}}</ref> * Ankara<ref name="Ankara">{{cite news|title=Burası da Ankara|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/23416264.asp |date=1 June 2013 |newspaper=Hürriyet Daily News |access-date=1 June 2013}}</ref> * İzmir<ref name="Izmir 1">{{cite news|title=İzmir'deki gösterilerde korkulan olmadı|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/23417157.asp |date=1 June 2013 |newspaper=Hürriyet Daily News |access-date=1 June 2013}}</ref> * Bursa<ref name="Bursa">{{cite news|url=http://yurthaber.mynet.com/detay/istanbul-haberleri/tum-yurtta-gezi-protestosu/901427|title=Tüm yurtta Gezi protestosu|newspaper=mynet yurt haber|date=2 June 2013|access-date=2 June 2013}}</ref> * Tekirdağ<ref name=corluNumber>{{cite web|title=Direniş büyüdü Çorlulular gece gündüz eylemde|url=http://www.ulusalkanal.com.tr/gundem/direnis-buyudu-corlulular-gece-gunduz-eylemde-h11752.html|publisher=Ulusal Kanal |language=tr |date=5 June 2013 |access-date=8 June 2013}}</ref> * Eskişehir<ref name="Eskisehir">{{cite news |title=Eskişehir'de 30bin|url=http://www.ensonhaber.com/eskisehirde-gezi-protestosu-2013-06-16.html|publisher=ensonhaber|date=16 June 2013|access-date=27 June 2013}}</ref> * Mersin<ref name="Salihli">''SoL'', 26 June 2013, p. 9</ref> * Gaziantep<ref name="Gaziantep">{{cite news|url=http://www.gaziantephaberler.com/gaziantep-boyle-gece-gormedi-tam-20-bin-kisi-yurudu-haberi-27081.html|title=Gaziantep Böyle Gece Görmedi. Tam 20 Bin Kişi Yürüdü|website=GaziantepHaberler.com|date=4 June 2013|access-date=5 June 2013|archive-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106192927/http://www.gaziantephaberler.com/gaziantep-boyle-gece-gormedi-tam-20-bin-kisi-yurudu-haberi-27081.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Denizli<ref name="Denizli">{{cite news|url=http://www.denizlihaber.com/denizli/denizli-merkez/denizlide-insan-seli-20-bin-kisi-sokaga-dokuldu/|title= 20 bin kişi sokağa döküldü|newspaper=denizli haber|date=1 June 2013|access-date=7 June 2013}}</ref> * Adana<ref name="Adana">{{cite news|url=http://www.bugun.com.tr/son-dakika/adanada-taksim-protestocularina--haberi/649050|title=Adana'da Taksim protestocularına polis müdahalesi|newspaper=Bugün|date=1 June 2013|access-date=1 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517152603/http://www.bugun.com.tr/son-dakika/adanada-taksim-protestocularina--haberi/649050|archive-date=17 May 2014}}</ref> * Muğla<ref name="Bodrum">{{cite news|url=http://www.haberler.com/bodrum-da-gezi-parki-eylemine-15-bin-kisi-katildi-4690484-haberi/|title=Bodrum"Da Gezi Parkı Eylemine 15 Bin Kişi Katıldı|newspaper=Haberler|date=2 June 2013|access-date=2 June 2013}}</ref> * Antalya<ref name="Antalya">{{cite news|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/turkiye/polisin_taksimden_cekilmesi_antalyada_da_kutlandi-1135895|title=Polisin Taksim'den çekilmesi Antalya'da da kutlandı|work=radikal|date=1 June 2013|access-date=2 June 2013}}</ref> * Çorum<ref name="Çorum">{{cite news|url=http://evrensel.net/news.php?id=58594|title=Çorum'da 3. günde 15 bin kişi|website=evrensel.net|date=4 June 2013|access-date=5 June 2013}}</ref> {{div col end}} {{2013 protests in Turkey map}} Other cities outside Turkey with protests include: {{Div col|colwidth=15em}} * San Francisco<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chrona |first1=Stavroula |last2=Bee |first2=Cristiano |title=Right to public space and right to democracy: The role of social media in Gezi Park |journal=Research and Policy on Turkey |date=2 January 2017 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=49–61 |doi=10.1080/23760818.2016.1272267 |s2cid=158044225 |doi-access=free }}</ref> * Chicago<ref name="chicagotribune.com">{{cite news|title=Local demonstration supports Turkey protests|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/chi-local-demonstration-supports-turkey-protests-20130601,0,5732219.story |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=2 June 2013 |access-date=2 June 2013}}</ref> * New York City<ref>{{cite news |title=NY protesters march against Turkey's government |url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/130601/ny-protesters-march-against-turkeys-government |date=1 June 2013 |work=GlobalPost |access-date=2 June 2013 |archive-date=18 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318233417/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/130601/ny-protesters-march-against-turkeys-government |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Washington D.C.<ref name="cbsnews.com">{{cite news|title=Rally outside White House in support of protesters in Turkey|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=50148095n|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref> * Sofia<ref name="From Bulgaria 1">{{cite news|title=Турски студенти в България протестираха по повод стълкновенията в Истанбул|url=http://www.focus-news.net/?id=n1789697 |newspaper=Focus news |date=1 June 2013 |access-date=1 June 2013}}</ref> * Amsterdam<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nos.nl/video/513347-ruim-duizend-turken-betogen-in-amsterdam.html|title=Ruim duizend Turken betogen in Amsterdam|publisher=NOS|date=1 June 2013|access-date=2 June 2013}}</ref> * Brussels<ref>{{cite news |author=Jos De Greef |url=http://www.deredactie.be/cm/vrtnieuws/buitenland/130601_Turkije_protest |title=Turkse betogers eisen dat regering-Erdogan opstapt, 1 June 2013 |publisher=De Redactie |access-date=2 June 2013 }}</ref> * Milan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2013/06/01/foto/milano_la_protesta_dei_turchi_per_salvare_il_parco_gezi-60145499/1/#1|title=Milano, la protesta dei turchi per salvare il parco Gezi|date=1 June 2013|access-date=21 June 2013}}</ref> * Zurich<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avegkon.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2738:svicre-de-taksim-protesto-eylemleri-&catid=1:son-haberler&Itemid=46|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615050428/http://www.avegkon.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2738:svicre-de-taksim-protesto-eylemleri-&catid=1:son-haberler&Itemid=46|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2013|title=İsviçre de taksim protesto eylemleri|date=3 June 2013|access-date=4 June 2013}}</ref> * Berlin<ref>{{cite news |title=Solidarität mit Istanbuler Demonstranten |url=http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/berlin/demonstration-in-berlin-kreuzberg-solidaritaet-mit-istanbuler-demonstranten,10809148,23093028.html |newspaper=Berliner Zeitung |date=2 June 2013 |language=de |access-date=2 June 2013 |archive-date=8 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408032014/http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/berlin/demonstration-in-berlin-kreuzberg-solidaritaet-mit-istanbuler-demonstranten,10809148,23093028.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Stuttgart<ref>{{cite news|title=Hunderte zeigen Solidarität mit Gezi-Demonstranten|newspaper=Stuttgarter Zeitung|date=1 June 2013|language=de}}</ref> * Paris<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itele.fr/monde/video/manifestations-les-turcs-de-france-sassocie-au-mouvement|title=Manifestations: les turcs de France s'associent au mouvement|publisher=Itele|access-date=3 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627012727/http://www.itele.fr/monde/video/manifestations-les-turcs-de-france-sassocie-au-mouvement|archive-date=27 June 2013}}</ref> * London<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.habermonitor.com/en/haber/detay/hyde-park-taksim-protest/123268/|title=Hyde Park Taksim protest|access-date=1 June 2013}}</ref> * Ottawa<ref>{{cite news|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/Ottawa+demonstrators+rally+support+protestors+Turkey/8467735/story.html|title=Ottawa demonstrators rally in support of protestors in Turkey|date=2 June 2013|access-date=3 June 2013|archive-date=10 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610164459/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/news/Ottawa+demonstrators+rally+support+protestors+Turkey/8467735/story.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Athens<ref>[http://www.b92.net//eng/news/region.php?yyyy=2013&mm=06&dd=04&nav_id=86492 Greeks rally in support of Turkish protesters] B92, 4 June 2013</ref> {{div col end}}
Geo-spatial analysis of protest shows support from all over the world and mainly concentrated in Turkey, Europe and East coast of US.<ref name="varol2014" />
===Advertising and petition=== thumb|100px|right|The ad published in ''The New York Times'' by protesters
Within 24 hours on 3 June, a ''New York Times'' advertisement led by Murat Aktihanoglu surpassed its $54,000 crowd-funding target on Indiegogo. The ad featured demands for "an end to police brutality"; "a free and unbiased media"; and "an open dialogue, not the dictate of an autocrat."<ref name="Forbes">{{cite magazine |first=Alex |last=Konrad |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexkonrad/2013/06/04/full-page-ad-inspired-by-turkish-protests-is-one-of-indiegogos-fastest-campaigns-ever/ |title=Full-Page Ad Inspired By Turkish Protests Is One of Indiegogo's Fastest Campaigns Ever |magazine=Forbes |date=4 May 2013 |access-date=10 June 2013}}</ref><ref>indiegogo, [http://www.indiegogo.com/projects/full-page-ad-for-turkish-democracy-in-action-occupygezi-for-the-world--53 Full Page Ad for Turkish Democracy in Action: OccupyGezi for the World]; [https://sites.google.com/a/unsal.com/nyt-ad-survey/ survey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604182808/http://www.indiegogo.com/projects/full-page-ad-for-turkish-democracy-in-action-occupygezi-for-the-world--53 |date=4 June 2013 }}</ref><ref>The Guardian, 5 June 2013, [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jun/05/whats-happening-in-turkey-occupy-gezi What's happening in Turkey?]</ref> An early draft sparked debate among Gezi protesters for its references to Atatürk, which was not a common value of the protesters.<ref>{{cite news |title=NYT ilanı Taksim eylemcilerini böldü |url=http://www.timeturk.com/tr/2013/06/05/nyt-ilani-taksim-eylemcilerini-boldu.html |publisher=Timetürk |date=6 June 2013 |access-date=5 June 2013 |archive-date=12 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512215701/https://www.timeturk.com/tr/2013/06/05/nyt-ilani-taksim-eylemcilerini-boldu.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The editing of the final advertisement involved thousands of people, and the ad was published on 7 June. Despite its financing by 2,654 online funders, Erdoğan and his administration blamed a domestic and foreign "bond interest lobby" and ''The New York Times'' for the ad. [http://www.indiegogo.com/projects/full-page-ad-for-turkish-democracy-in-action-occupygezi-for-the-world--53 Full Page Ad for Turkish Democracy in Action: OccupyGezi for the World]
An Avaaz petition similarly asked for an end to violence against protesters, the preservation of Gezi Park, and of "the remaining green areas in Istanbul."
On 24 July, drafted and spearheaded by a British film producer Fuad Kavur, an open letter to Turkish PM Recep Tayyip Erdoğan was published in the London Times, as a full-page advertisement. It condemned the Turkish authorities for the heavy-handed crackdown, leaving eight dead and many permanently blinded by indiscriminate use of tear gas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsworks.org.uk/News-and-Opinion/letter-to-pm-of-turkey-published-in-the-times|title=Letter to PM of Turkey published in The Times|work=newsworks.org.uk|access-date=11 November 2013|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414113347/https://www.newsworks.org.uk/News-and-Opinion/letter-to-pm-of-turkey-published-in-the-times|url-status=dead}}</ref> The co-signatories included Sean Penn, Susan Sarandon, Ben Kingsley, David Lynch, and Atatürk's biographer, Andrew Mango.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/penn-sarandon-and-intellectuals-condemn-gezi-crackdown-in-letter-addressed-to-turkish-pm-.aspx?PageID=238&NID=51364&NewsCatID=338|title=Penn, Sarandon and intellectuals condemn Gezi crackdown in letter to Turkish PM - POLITICS|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=25 July 2013 }}</ref> PM Recep Tayyip Erdoğan accused The Times of "renting out its pages for money", and threatened to sue the newspaper.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-23474404 | work=BBC News | title=Turkish PM Erdogan threatens to sue Times over open letter | date=26 July 2013}}</ref>
===Standing Man/Woman protest=== [[File:68l3c Duran adam (stehender Mann), Dutzende junge Menschen vor dem Türkischen Generalkonsulat in Hannover fordern stillschweigend eine laizistische Türkei.jpg|thumb|left|The "Standing Man" protest, initiated by Erdem Gündüz]] After the clearing of Gezi Park camp on 15 June a new type of protest developed, dubbed the "Standing Man" or "Standing Woman". A protester, Erdem Gündüz, initiated it on 17 June 2013 by standing in Taksim Square for hours, staring at the Turkish flags on the Atatürk Cultural Center. The Internet distributed images of such protest widely; other persons imitated the protest style and artists took up the theme.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theatlanticwire.com/global/2013/06/turkish-protest-has-meme-standing-man/66333/|title=Ohlheiser, Abby, "The Turkish Protests Have a Meme: The Standing Man", The Atlantic, 17 June 2013|author=AbOhlheiser|work=The Wire|access-date=31 October 2014|archive-date=22 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622002400/http://www.theatlanticwire.com/global/2013/06/turkish-protest-has-meme-standing-man/66333/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A type of dilemma action, the initial Standing Man protest soon inspired others to do the same.<ref>{{cite web|title= Media Award for Standing Man|url=http://www.inenart.eu/?p=10101|work=InEnArt| date=27 August 2013 |access-date=27 August 2013}}</ref> The Human Rights Foundation announces 2 May the recipients of the 2014 Václav Havel Prize for Creative Dissent. The 2014 laureates are Turkish performance artist Erdem Gündüz together with Russian punk protest group Pussy Riot.<ref>{{cite web|title= Creative Dissent|url=http://www.inenart.eu/?p=14651|work=InEnArt| date=20 May 2014 |access-date=20 May 2014}}</ref>
===Boycott=== An additional form of protest developed under the name "Boykot Listesi", as a boycott of businesses which had failed to open their doors to protesters seeking refuge from tear gas and water cannon, and of companies such as Doğuş Holding (owner of NTV) which owned media that had not given sufficient coverage of the protests.<ref>sueddeutsche.de, 20 June 2013, [http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/boykotte-von-jugendlichen-in-der-tuerkei-freiheit-statt-fastfood-1.1701198 Freiheit statt Fastfood ]</ref> The hashtag ''#boykotediyoruz'' was used.<ref>boykotlistesi.com, [http://boykotlistesi.com/ #boykotediyoruz] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619144703/http://boykotlistesi.com/ |date=19 June 2013 }}</ref>
===Violence and vandalism=== [[File:Güvenlik Anıtı - 6 Jun 13.JPG|thumb|Güvenpark monument in Ankara after the protests, in which the graffiti is overpainted with a curse directed at Erdoğan]]
Even though protests were definitely peaceful in the first days and were generally so but in some occasions, there were accusations of violence and vandalism as the protests continued. According to the journalist Gülay Göktürk, "the Gezi Park protesters damaged 103 police cruisers, 207 automobiles, 15 ambulances and 280 buildings and buses in demonstrations across the country."<ref>{{cite news|last=Aydin|first=Tugba|title=Gezi Park, damage and profanity|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist-317645-gezi-park-damage-and-profanity.html|newspaper=Today's Zaman|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801120703/http://todayszaman.com/columnist-317645-gezi-park-damage-and-profanity.html|archive-date=1 August 2013}}</ref> though no other sources confirm these figures.
==Responses==
===Government response=== On 29 May, after the initial protests, Erdoğan gave a speech at the groundbreaking ceremony for the Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge reiterating his commitment to the redevelopment plan, saying "Whatever you do, we've made our decision and we will implement it."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/23390554.asp|title=Başbakan'dan süre pazarlığı|date=29 May 2013|newspaper=Hürriyet |language=tr |access-date=1 June 2013}}</ref> On 31 May Istanbul mayor Kadir Topbaş stated that the environmental campaign had been manipulated by "political agendas."<ref name="Telegraph1" />
On 1 June Erdoğan gave a televised speech condemning the protesters and vowing that "where they gather 20, I will get up and gather 200,000 people. Where they gather 100,000, I will bring together one million from my party."<ref name="Haarezt100k">{{cite news|title=Erdogan: For every 100,000 protesters, I will bring out a million from my party|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/erdogan-for-every-100-000-protesters-i-will-bring-out-a-million-from-my-party-1.527188 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602043528/http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/erdogan-for-every-100-000-protesters-i-will-bring-out-a-million-from-my-party-1.527188 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 June 2013 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=1 June 2013 |access-date=2 June 2013}}</ref> On 2 June he described the protesters as "çapulcular" ("looters").<ref>''The New York Times'', 2 June 2013, [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/03/world/middleeast/turkey-premier-says-protests-will-not-stop-plans-to-demolish-park.html Turkish Leader Says Protests Will Not Stop Plans for Park]</ref>
On 1 June Deputy Prime Minister Bülent Arınç criticised the use of tear gas against demonstrators and stated, "It would have been more helpful to try and persuade the people who said they didn't want a shopping mall, instead of spraying them with tear gas."<ref name="zvi1june">{{cite news|last=Bar'el|first=Zvi|title=At height of political career, Edrogan's powers put to test|url=https://www.haaretz.com/2013-06-01/ty-article/.premium/an-all-powerful-erdogan-put-to-test/0000017f-f071-da6f-a77f-f87f35030000 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=1 June 2013 |access-date=1 June 2013}}</ref> On 4 June an official tweet summarising new comments by Arınç said "We have been monitoring the non-violent demonstrations with respect."<ref>Financial Times, 4 June 2013, [https://www.ft.com/content/2401af76-cc31-11e2-9cf7-00144feab7de Turkish union to join anti-government protests]</ref> Arınç later apologised for use of "excessive force."<ref name="AlJazeeradespite" />
On 2 June it was reported that Turkey's President Abdullah Gül contacted other senior leaders urging "moderation." After the call, Interior Minister Muammer Güler ordered police to withdraw from Taksim, allowing protesters to re-occupy the square.<ref name="GulcallsPM">{{cite news|title=President Gül calls PM, minister as police withdraw from Taksim|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/president-gul-calls-pm-minister-as-police-withdraw-from-taksim.aspx?pageID=238&nID=48023&NewsCatID=338 |newspaper=Hürriyet Daily News |date=1 June 2013 |access-date=2 June 2013}}</ref> On 3 June Gül defended the right to protest, saying that "Democracy does not mean elections alone."<ref>The Guardian, 3 June 2013, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/03/turkish-protests-akp-offices-set-alight Turkish president defends people's right to protest]</ref>
On 4 June Deputy Prime Minister for the Economy Ali Babacan "said the government respects the right to non-violent protest and free speech, but that it must also protect its citizens against violence."<ref name="AlJazeeradespite" />
On 8 June "We are definitely not thinking of building a shopping mall there, no hotel or residence either. It can be... a city museum or an exhibition center," Istanbul mayor Kadir Topbas told reporters.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4389736,00.html |title=Mayor: Istanbul protest park 'won't become shopping mall' |newspaper=Ynetnews |date=20 June 1995 |access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref>
In a press release on 17 June, Egemen Bağış, Minister For EU Affairs, criticised "the use of the platform of the European Parliament to express the eclipse of reason through disproportionate, unbalanced and illogical statements..." and said that "Rather than allowing this, it would be wiser for the EU officials to put an end to it."<ref>abgs.gov.tr, 17 June 2013, [http://www.abgs.gov.tr/index.php?p=49004&l=2 Message by Egemen Bağış, Minister For EU Affairs And Chief Negotiator on the Recent Developments] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617223241/http://www.abgs.gov.tr/index.php?p=49004&l=2 |date=17 June 2013 }}</ref>
3 July, cancellation of the planned construction, in Taksim area, that sparked the protests was finally made public. The court order was made in mid-June at the height of the protest but inexplicably not released for weeks.<ref name="Cancellation" />
Erdoğan gave a number of speeches dismissing the protesters,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-erdogan-protesters-vandals-20130609,0,1751080.story|title=Turkish premier lashes out at protesters, calls them vandals|work=Los Angeles Times|date=9 June 2013|access-date=17 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/09/recep-tayyip-erdogan-turkey-protesters-looters-vandals|title=Recep Tayyip Erdoğan dismisses Turkey protesters as vandals|newspaper=The Guardian|agency=Associated Press|date=9 June 2013 |location=London |access-date=17 June 2013}}</ref> and on 3 June left the country on a planned three-day diplomatic tour of North African countries, a move that was criticised as irresponsible by opposing political leaders. On 4 June, Deputy Prime Minister Bülent Arınç apologised to protesters for "excessive violence" used by the police in the beginning of the riots, but said he would not apologise for the police violence that came after.<ref name="NYTOfficialApologises">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/05/world/europe/turkey-riots.html|title=Turkish Official Apologises for Force Used at Start of Riots|newspaper=The New York Times |last=Arsu |first=Sebnem |date=4 June 2013 |access-date=4 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="GMTApol">{{cite news|url=http://www.goodmorningturkey.com/turkish-deputy-pm-apologises-to-injured-protesters/|title=Turkish Deputy PM Apologises to Injured Protesters|newspaper=Good Morning Turkey|access-date=4 June 2013|archive-date=11 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511083620/http://goodmorningturkey.com/turkish-deputy-pm-apologises-to-injured-protesters/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 6 June, PM Erdoğan said the redevelopment plans would go ahead despite the protests.<ref name="bbc.co.uk">BBC, 6 June 2013, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-22801548 Istanbul Gezi Park plan to proceed – Turkish PM Erdogan]</ref>
On Jun 6th and June 23, Fethullah Gülen, a Turkish Islamic scholar in self-exile in US criticized Erdogan for his way of handling the protests: "We are committing so many wrongdoings just to eliminate one wrongdoing. We cause various kinds of wrongdoings and injustice to happen. We only add fire to the flames of grudge and hatred. We cause things to grow out of control. And today you see the examples in the streets", "Don't call them marauders".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Don't use the term 'marauders' for 'protesters', says Islamic scholar Gülen - Türkiye News|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/dont-use-the-term-marauders-for-protesters-says-islamic-scholar-gulen-49416|website=Hürriyet Daily News|date=2013-06-25|access-date=2025-11-27|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Understanding the July 2016 Military Coup: The Contemporary Security Dilemma in Turkey|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dome.12174|journal=Digest of Middle East Studies|date=2019|issn=1949-3606|pages=144–163|volume=28|issue=1|doi=10.1111/dome.12174|language=en|first=Tuncay|last=Kardas|first2=Ali|last2=Balci|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
===Conspiracy claims=== The government has claimed that a wide variety of shadowy forces were behind the protests. In a speech on 18 June, Erdoğan accused "internal traitors and external collaborators", saying that "It was prepared very professionally... Social media was prepared for this, made equipped. The strongest advertising companies of our country, certain capital groups, the interest rate lobby, organisations on the inside and outside, hubs, they were ready, equipped for this."<ref name="HDN49006">''Hürriyet Daily News'', 18 June 2013, [http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-prime-minister-vows-to-increase-police-force.aspx?pageID=238&nID=49006&NewsCatID=338 Turkish prime minister vows to increase police force]</ref> Erdoğan implicitly included the main opposition CHP in the category of "internal traitors", claiming that three-quarters of protest participants had voted for the CHP,<ref group="n">According to a survey by GENAR, 74.6% of Gezi Park protesters who voted for a party in the previous elections voted for CHP. {{cite web|url=http://t24.com.tr/haber/geziciler-ile-ilgili-en-kapsamli-anket/231899|title=Geziciler ile ilgili en kapsamlı anket|publisher=T24|language=tr|date=13 June 2013|access-date=16 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616053640/http://t24.com.tr/haber/geziciler-ile-ilgili-en-kapsamli-anket/231899|archive-date=16 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> and accusing CHP leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu "of acting like the head of a terrorist organisation by calling on the police not to obey orders."<ref name="HDN49006" /> Erdoğan also claimed that Taksim protests were linked to the Reyhanlı bombings,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/23505720.asp |title=Başbakan Erdoğan: Gezi Parkı mesajı alınmıştır |newspaper=Hurriyet |language=tr |date=15 June 2013 |access-date=16 July 2013}}</ref> and accused the CHP of complicity in the bombings, calling on Kılıçdaroğlu to resign.<ref>''Sabah'', 29 May 2013, [http://english.sabah.com.tr/National/2013/05/29/pm-erdogan-calls-on-opposition-leader-kilicdaroglu-to-resign PM ERDOĞAN CALLS ON OPPOSITION LEADER KıLıÇDAROĞLU TO RESIGN].</ref>
In late June it was announced that the National Intelligence Organisation was investigating foreign elements in the protests. The Foreign Ministry also demanded "a report detailing which efforts these countries took to create a perception against Turkey, which instruments were used in this process, what our embassies did and what were our citizens' reactions".<ref>''Hürriyet Daily News'', 22 June 2013, [http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkeys-intelligence-service-begins-probe-into-foreign-links-of-gezi-park-protests.aspx?pageID=238&nID=49246&NewsCatID=338 Turkey's intelligence service begins probe into 'foreign links' of Gezi Park protests]</ref>
Pro-AKP newspapers reported that the protests were planned by the Serbian civil society organisation Otpor!.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sabah.com.tr/Gundem/2013/06/06/gezi-parki-olaylarinin-perde-arkasi|title=Gezi Parkı olaylarının perde arkası|date=6 June 2013|work=Sabah}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/09/gezi-protests-turkey-democratization.html|title=Is Turkey, After Gezi Protests, On Path to Democratization? - Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East|work=Al-Monitor|date=19 September 2013 }}</ref>
Yeni Şafak newspaper claimed that a theatre play called "Mi Minor," allegedly supported by an agency in Britain, had held rehearsals of "revolution" in Turkey for months.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-actor-threatened-over-his-gezi-park-support-.aspx?PageID=238&NID=48568&NewsCatID=341|title=Turkish actor threatened over his Gezi Park support - Local|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=10 June 2013 }}</ref>
Ankara mayor Melih Gökçek accused Selin Girit, a BBC Turkey correspondent of being a spy.<ref>''Today's Zaman'', 23 June 2013, [http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId=319069 Ankara mayor launches campaign against BBC Turkish correspondent] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623193150/http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId=319069 |date=23 June 2013 }}</ref>
On 1 July, Deputy Prime Minister Besir Atalay accused foreign agents and the Jewish diaspora of orchestrating the protests. "There are some circles that are jealous of Turkey's growth," Atalay said. "They are all uniting, on one side the Jewish Diaspora. You saw the foreign media's attitude during the Gezi Park incidents; they bought it and started broadcasting immediately, without doing an evaluation of the [case]." A number of Turkish commentators and lower-level officials have accused Jewish groups and others of conspiring to engineer the protests and bring about Erdoğan's downfall.<ref>Issacharoff, Avi. (2 July 2013) [http://www.timesofisrael.com/turkish-deputy-pm-blames-jews-for-gezi-protests/ Turkish deputy PM blames Jews for Gezi protests]. The Times of Israel. Retrieved on 12 August 2013.</ref> On 2 July, the Turkish Jewish Community made a statement that this was an unfounded anti-Semitic generalization.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-protests-jews-idUSBRE9610L520130702 | work=Reuters | title=Turkish Jews worried after politician links diaspora to protests | date=2 July 2013}}</ref>
AKP lawmaker and PM Burhan Kuzu accused Germany of being behind the Gezi protests to stop construction of Istanbul's third airport. He stated that "When it is completed, Frankfurt Airport in Germany will lose its importance. Hence, in the recent Gezi incidents, Germany, along with agents, has a major role."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/germany-behind-gezi-protests-to-stop-istanbuls-third-airport-ruling-akp-lawmaker.aspx?pageID=517&nID=52032&NewsCatID=338|title=Germany behind Gezi protests to stop Istanbul's third airport: Ruling AKP lawmaker - POLITICS|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=5 August 2013 }}</ref>
Mehmet Eymür, a retired officer from Turkish National Intelligence Organisation claimed that Mossad was behind Gezi protests. During a televised interview at one of the pro-government television channels, he stated that some Turkish Jews who did their military service in Israel were Mossad agents and active during Gezi protests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haber7.com/medya/haber/1095720-eymur-gezide-mossad-ajanlari-vardi|title=Eymür: Gezi'de Mossad ajanları vardı|date=30 September 2014|work=Haber7}}</ref>
On 18 October 2017 Turkish philanthropist Osman Kavala was arrested without charge at Istanbul Atatürk Airport when returning from a meeting in Gaziantep.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2018/11/turkey-mysterious-one-year-imprisonment-of-osman-kavala.html|title=Still no charges for Turkey's top philanthropist after year behind bars|last=Gursel|first=Kadri|date=5 November 2018|work=Al-Monitor|access-date=8 November 2018}}</ref> On 4 March 2019, more than 500 days later, during which Kavala remained imprisoned, a criminal indictment seeking life imprisonment for Kavala and 15 other people, including journalist Can Dündar and actor Memet Ali Alabora, was accepted by the Istanbul 30th Heavy Penal Court.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gezi Indictment Against 16 People Including Osman Kavala Accepted |url=https://bianet.org/english/human-rights/206067-gezi-indictment-against-16-people-including-osman-kavala-accepted |publisher=Bianet |date=4 March 2019 |access-date=28 April 2019}}</ref> The indictment accuses the defendants of forming the mastermind behind the scenes of the Gezi Park protests, which the indictment describes as an "attempt to overthrow the government through violence".<ref>{{cite news |title=Osman Kavala, 15 Rights Defenders Facing Life Sentence Over Gezi Park Protests |url=https://bianet.org/english/law/205683-osman-kavala-and-15-rights-defenders-facing-aggravated-life-imprisonment-for-organizing-gezi-park-protests |publisher=Bianet |date=20 February 2019 |access-date=28 April 2019}}</ref> The indictment also alleges that philanthropist George Soros was behind the conspiracy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Turkey: Baseless Charges Over Landmark 2013 Protests |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/03/25/turkey-baseless-charges-over-landmark-2013-protests |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=25 March 2019 |access-date=28 April 2019}}</ref> The trial is scheduled to begin on 24 June 2019 with a five-day hearing in the Silivri courthouse of Istanbul.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gezi davası 24 Haziran'da Silivri'de |author=Ayşegül Usta |trans-title=Gezi court case on 24 June in Silivri |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/gezi-davasi-24-haziranda-silivride-41139118 |newspaper=Hürriyet |date=6 March 2019 |access-date=28 April 2019}}</ref>
===Police response=== {{see also|Police brutality#Turkey}} thumb|right|Police officer firing tear gas. Istanbul, 15/16 June Protests intensified after (on the morning of 30 May) undercover police burnt the tents of protesters who had organised a sit-in at Gezi Park.<ref>bianet, 30 May 2013, [http://www.bianet.org/english/youth/147048-taksim-gezi-park-protestors-speak-up-on-police-raid Taksim Gezi Park Protestors Speak Up on Police Raid]</ref> Çevik Kuvvet riot police internal messages compared the events to the 1916 Gallipoli Campaign.<ref>''soL'', 14 June 2013, [http://haber.sol.org.tr/devlet-ve-siyaset/cevik-kuvvete-skandal-mesaj-canakkaleden-sonra-2-destani-sizler-yaziyorsunuz-haber Çevik kuvvete skandal mesaj: 'Çanakkale'den sonra 2. destanı sizler yazıyorsunuz']</ref> Amnesty International said on 1 June that "It is clear that the use of force by police is being driven not by the need to respond to violence – of which there has been very little on the part of protesters – but by a desire to prevent and discourage protest of any kind."<ref name="Amnestydisgraceful">{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/turkey-disgraceful-use-excessive-police-force-istanbul-2013-06-01 |title=Turkey: Disgraceful use of excessive police force in Istanbul |publisher=Amnesty International |date=1 June 2013 |access-date=2 June 2013 |archive-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601185615/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/turkey-disgraceful-use-excessive-police-force-istanbul-2013-06-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref> By 14 June 150,000 tear gas cartridges and 3000 tons of water had been used.<ref>Bursadabugun.com, 14 June 2013, [http://www.bursadabugun.com/haber/iste-eylemlerin-bilancosu-239098.html İşte eylemlerin bilançosu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020010310/http://www.bursadabugun.com/haber/iste-eylemlerin-bilancosu-239098.html |date=20 October 2017 }}</ref> In mid-June Amnesty International said that it had "received consistent and credible reports of demonstrators being beaten by police during arrest and transfer to custody and being denied access to food, water, and toilet facilities for up to 12 hours during the current protests in Istanbul which have taken place for almost three weeks."<ref>Amnesty International, 16 June 2013, [https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/turkey-end-incommunicado-detention-istanbul-protesters-2013-06-16 Turkey: End the incommunicado detention of Istanbul protesters] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207160237/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/turkey-end-incommunicado-detention-istanbul-protesters-2013-06-16 |date=7 December 2014 }}</ref> Hundreds of protesters were detained.
As protests continued in early June, tear gas was used so extensively that many residents of central Istanbul had to keep windows closed even in the heat of summer, or use respirators and then struggle to decontaminate homes of tear gas residue.<ref>Victor Kostev, [http://www.fastcoexist.com/1682321/what-it-feels-like-to-be-hit-with-turkish-tear-gas#comment-929164694 What It Feels Like To Be Hit With Turkish Tear Gas]</ref> Police even water cannoned a man in a wheelchair.<ref>Claire Berlinski, ''The Spectator'', 14 June 2013, [http://www.spectator.co.uk/features/8934351/turkeys-agony-the-view-from-taksim-square/ Turkey's agony – how Erdogan turned a peaceful protest into a violent nightmare]</ref> The Turkish Doctors' Association said that by 15 June, over 11,000 people had been treated for tear gas exposure, and nearly 800 for injuries caused by tear gas cartridges.<ref>Turkish Doctors' Association, 16 June 2013, [http://www.ttb.org.tr/index.php/Haberler/cagri-3870.html TÜRK TABİPLERİ BİRLİĞİ’NDEN ACİL ÇAĞRI ! ]</ref> On the weekend of 15 June, police action escalated significantly. Police were seen adding Jenix Pepper Spray to their water cannons,<ref>''Corriere della Sera'', 16 June 2013, [http://www.corriere.it/esteri/13_giugno_16/urticante-idranti-istanbul_272ebe8c-d677-11e2-ad4f-3b376a6920bc.shtml "Negli idranti c'è urticante, ecco le prove"]</ref><ref>''Hürriyet Daily News'', 18 June 2013, [http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/substance-in-water-cannons-in-gezi-park-protests-harmful-and-criminal-experts-say.aspx?pageID=238&nID=49009&NewsCatID=341 Substance in water cannons in Gezi Park protests harmful and criminal, experts say]</ref> and the Istanbul Doctors Association later said that there was "a high but an unknown number of first and second-degree burn injuries because of some substance mixed in pressurised water cannons".<ref>''The New York Times'', 17 June 2013, [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/17/world/europe/turkey.html Turkish Leader Said He Had a ‘Duty’ to Clear Istanbul Park]</ref> On the night of 15/16 June police repeatedly tear-gassed the lobby of the Divan Istanbul hotel, where protesters had taken refuge,<ref>''The New York Times'', 16 June 2013, [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/16/world/europe/protesters-in-turkey.html Police Storm Turkish Park Occupied by Protesters]</ref> causing a pregnant woman to miscarry.<ref>Firat News Agency, 16 June 2013, [http://en.firatnews.com/news/news/police-brutality-increasing-against-gezi-park-protestors.htm Police brutality increasing against Gezi Park protestors] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113235844/http://en.firatnews.com/news/news/police-brutality-increasing-against-gezi-park-protestors.htm |date=13 November 2013 }}</ref> They also water-cannoned and tear gassed the Taksim German Hospital.<ref>''soL'', 16 June 2013, [http://haber.sol.org.tr/kent-gundemleri/polisin-insanlik-suclari-alman-hastanesine-de-saldirdilar-haberi-74800 water cannon attack on German Hospital during 2013 Gezi Park protests]</ref><ref>[http://www.zeit.de/politik/ausland/2013-06/gezi-park-istanbul-raeumung/seite-2 Taksim-Platz: "Das ist erst der Anfang, unser Widerstand wird weitergehen!" | ZEIT ONLINE]. Zeit.de (16 June 2013). Retrieved on 12 August 2013.</ref><ref>Human Rights Watch, 17 June 2013, [https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/06/17/turkey-weekend-police-abuse Turkey: A Weekend of Police Abuse] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618072945/http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/06/17/turkey-weekend-police-abuse |date=18 June 2013 }}</ref>
[[File:Tear Gas used on İstiklâl Caddesi near Taksim Square - Gezi Park, İstanbul - Flickr - Alan Hilditch.jpg|thumb|left|TOMA vehicles with water cannons were widely used by police.]] Doctors and medical students organised first aid stations. In some cases the stations and medical personnel were targeted by police with tear gas, and one medical student volunteer was left in intensive care after being beaten by police, despite telling them that he was a doctor trying to help. Medical volunteers were also arrested. "[Police] are now patrolling the streets at night and selectively breaking ground-floor windows of apartments and throwing tear gas into people's homes. They have been joined by groups of AKP sympathisers with baseball bats."<ref>{{cite journal|title=Name and address supplied, During Turkish protests, medical personnel targeted |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61223-4|volume=381|issue=9883 |journal=The Lancet|page=2067|year=2013 |last1=Name And Address Supplied |pmid=23769220 |s2cid=205969705}}</ref> One volunteer medic working at a tent in Taksim Square said that "They promised us that they would not attack our field hospital, but they did anyway, firing six rounds of teargas directly into our tent."<ref>The Guardian, 16 June 2013, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/16/turkey-unrest-clashes-istanbul-erdogan Turkey unrest: violent clashes in Istanbul as Erdoğan holds rally]</ref>
Lawyers were also targeted by police. On 11 June at least 20 lawyers gathering at the Istanbul Çağlayan Justice Palace to make a press statement about Gezi Park were detained by police, including riot police.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lawyers detained for joining Gezi Park protests released|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/at-least-20-lawyers-detained-in-istanbul-for-supporting-gezi-park-protests.aspx?pageID=238&nID=48598&NewsCatID=341#.UbcLt73HR1k.twitter |newspaper=Hürriyet Daily News |date=11 June 2013 |access-date=12 June 2013}}</ref> The arrests of total 73–74 lawyers were described as "very brutal and anti-democratic" by one lawyer present, with many injured: "They even kicked their heads, the lawyers were on the ground. They were hitting us they were pushing. They built a circle around us and then they attacked."<ref>{{cite news |title=Lawyer describes violent arrests|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/11/turkey-police-move-into-taksim-square#block-51b7258ce4b0f749db72ad93 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=11 June 2013 |location=London |first1=Matthew |last1=Weaver |access-date=12 June 2013}}</ref>
There were also reports of journalists being targeted by police.<ref name="RSFscapegoated">Reporters without Borders, 11 June 2013, [http://en.rsf.org/turkey-journalists-scapegoated-in-occupy-12-06-2013,44776.html Journalists scapegoated in "Occupy Gezi" crisis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321175200/http://en.rsf.org/turkey-journalists-scapegoated-in-occupy-12-06-2013,44776.html |date=21 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-06-17|title=Journalists detained, beaten, obstructed in Istanbul|url=https://cpj.org/2013/06/journalists-detained-beaten-obstructed-in-istanbul/|access-date=2020-12-29|website=Committee to Protect Journalists}}</ref> ''The New York Times'' reported on 16 June that "One foreign photographer documenting the clashes Saturday night said a police officer had torn his gas mask off him while in a cloud of tear gas, and forced him to clear his memory card of photographs."<ref>''The New York Times'', 16 June 2013, [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/17/world/europe/turkey.html Turkey Expands Violent Reaction to Street Unrest]</ref><ref>''Vice'', June 2013, [https://www.vice.com/en_uk/read/i-was-arrested-and-slapped-about-by-turkish-riot-police I Was Slapped About Then Arrested by Turkish Riot Police] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331220648/http://www.vice.com/en_uk/read/i-was-arrested-and-slapped-about-by-turkish-riot-police |date=31 March 2016 }}</ref> Reporters without Borders reported eight journalists arrested, some violently, and several forced to delete photographs from their digital cameras.<ref>Reporters without Borders, 17 June 2013, [http://en.rsf.org/turquie-mounting-police-violence-against-17-06-2013,44808.html Mounting police violence against journalists covering "Occupy Gezi"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321173903/http://en.rsf.org/turquie-mounting-police-violence-against-17-06-2013,44808.html |date=21 March 2016 }}</ref>
thumb|right|Police action during Gezi park protests in Istanbul. 15 June 2013 A spokesman for the police union Emniyet-Sen said poor treatment of officers by the police was partly to blame for the violence: "Fatigue and constant pressure lead to inattentiveness, aggression and a lack of empathy. It's irresponsible to keep riot police on duty for such long hours without any rest."<ref>Constanze Letsch, ''The Guardian'', 14 June 2013, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/14/turkish-police-inhuman-work-conditions Turkish police: we're fighting inhuman work conditions, not protesters]</ref>
On 2 October, the Amnesty International released a full report about police brutality at Gezi Park protests with the title of "Gezi Park Protests: Brutal Denıal of the Rıght To Peaceful Assembly in Turkey".<ref name="Amnesty International"/>
On 16 October, the European Union released its progress report on Turkey, with Gezi protests putting a mark on crucial parts of the document. Report stated that "The excessive use of force by police and the overall absence of dialogue during the protests in May/June have raised serious concerns".<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
On 26 November, commissioner for human rights of the Council of Europe released a full report about Turkey and Gezi protests.[https://wcd.coe.int/com.instranet.InstraServlet?command=com.instranet.CmdBlobGet&InstranetImage=2395759&SecMode=1&DocId=2079692&Usage=2] The report said that "The Commissioner considers that impunity of law-enforcement officials committing human rights violations is an entrenched problem in Turkey".<ref>{{cite news|title=Council on Europe Cites Rights Abuses in Turkey|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/council-europe-cites-rights-abuses-turkey-21014057 |work=ABC News |date=26 November 2013 |access-date=28 November 2013}}</ref>
===Counter-movements=== Although in most cities there were no counter-protests during the first week, some cities (e.g. Konya) saw minor disagreements and scuffles between nationalists and left-wing groups.<ref>Reuters, 21 June 2013, [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-protests-heartland-idUSBRE95K0AF20130621 In Turkey's pious heartland, protests seem world away]</ref> When a small group of people wanted to read a statement in front of Atatürk's statue in Trabzon's central Meydan/Atatürk square another small group of far-right nationalists chased them off, the police separated the groups to prevent violence.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.focushaber.com/trabzon-da-ulkuculer-eylemcilere-saldirdi-1-yarali-h-319308.html |title=Trabzon'da ülkücüler eylemcilere saldırdı: 1 yaralı |work=FocusHaber |url-status=dead |access-date=6 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611102756/http://www.focushaber.com/trabzon-da-ulkuculer-eylemcilere-saldirdi-1-yarali-h-319308.html |archive-date=11 June 2013}}</ref> Nonetheless, during day and night time there were marches and other kinds of protests in the city, but mostly without political banners.
Lists of prominent individuals who had supported the protests (e.g. actor Memet Ali Alabora) were circulated,<ref>Ersu Ablak, ''Hürriyet Daily News'', 20 June 2013, [http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/difficult-times-for-all-of-us-in-the-digital-realm.aspx?pageID=449&nID=49123&NewsCatID=407 Difficult times for all of us in the digital realm]</ref> and images of protest damage circulated under the heading #SenOde ("You pay for it"). The daily ''Yeni Şafak'' criticised prominent government critics such as Ece Temelkuran, with a piece on 18 June headlined "Losers' Club".<ref>''New Statesman'', 21 June 2013, [http://www.newstatesman.com/austerity-and-its-discontents/2013/06/new-statesman-contributor-turkey-threatened-pro-government-med New Statesman contributor from Turkey threatened by pro-government media]</ref>
Hasan Karakaya, an author of the pro-AKP newspaper ''Akit'', wrote about the events going on in Turkey, finding them similar to the latest situation in Egypt, and used the terms "dog" (''köpek''), "pimp" (''pezevenk''), and "whore" (''kaltak'') to describe the protesters.<ref name="Karakaya">{{cite news|url=http://www.muhalifgazete.com/haber/69852/akitci-hasan-karakayadan-sok-gezi-yazisi.html|title=Akit'çi Hasan Karakaya'dan Şok Gezi Yazısı|newspaper=Muhalif Gazete|date=2 July 2013|access-date=2 July 2013|archive-date=3 July 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130703025741/http://www.muhalifgazete.com/haber/69852/akitci-hasan-karakayadan-sok-gezi-yazisi.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
thumb|A volunteer assists in medical help at Taksim Square.
==Casualties== [[File:Ethem Sarısülük'ün öldürüldüğü yer - 8.7.13.JPG|thumb|left|Death place of Ethem Sarısülük in Kızılay, Ankara. Had set as the memorial place in post-40 days.]]
{{Main|Casualties of the Gezi Park protests}}
As protests continued across Turkey, police use of tear gas and water cannons led to injuries running into thousands, including critical injuries, loss of sight, and a number of deaths. Over three thousand arrests were made.<ref name="Amnesty International" /> Amnesty International claimed that police forces repeatedly used "unnecessary and abusive force to prevent and disperse peaceful demonstrations".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/EUR44/022/2013/en|publisher=Amnesty International|title=Turkey: Gezi Park protests: Brutal denial of the right to peaceful assembly in Turkey|date=2 October 2013}}</ref> As a result, there were 11 fatalities.<ref name="Springer" />
==Media censorship and disinformation== {{Main|Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests}}
Foreign media noted that, particularly in the early days (31 May – 2 June), the protests attracted relatively little mainstream media coverage in Turkey, due to either government pressure on media groups' business interests or simply ideological sympathy by media outlets.<ref name="guardian" /><ref name="BBCTurksdeprived">BBC, 4 June 2013, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-22756884 Turks deprived of TV turn to Twitter for protest news]</ref> The BBC noted that while some outlets are aligned with the AKP or are personally close to Erdoğan, "most mainstream media outlets – such as TV news channels HaberTurk and NTV, and the major centrist daily ''Milliyet'' – are loath to irritate the government because their owners' business interests at times rely on government support. All of these have tended to steer clear of covering the demonstrations."<ref name="BBCTurksdeprived" /> Ulusal Kanal and Halk TV provided extensive live coverage from Gezi park.<ref>Deutsche Welle, 1 June 2013, [http://www.dw.de/solidarity-with-istanbul-protesters-grows-in-turkey-and-abroad/a-16853318 Solidarity with Istanbul protesters grows in Turkey and abroad]</ref>
On 14 February 2014, released video footage revealed that there had in fact been no attack on a woman wearing a headscarf by protesters on 1 June.<ref name="headscarf2014-1">{{cite news | title = Released footage shows no physical attack on headscarf-wearing woman during Gezi protests | url = http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/163179/released-footage-shows-no-physical-attack-on-headscarf-wearing-woman-during-gezi-protests.html | date = 14 February 2014 | newspaper = Turkish Weekly }}</ref> The woman and Prime Minister Erdoğan had claimed in press conferences and political rallies that protesters had attacked her and her baby.<ref name="headscarf2014-2">{{cite news | title = Video casts doubt over alleged attack on headscarved woman | url = http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Feb-14/247358-video-casts-doubt-over-alleged-attack-on-headscarved-woman.ashx | date = 14 February 2014 | newspaper = The Daily Star }}</ref>
==International reaction== {{Main|Reactions to the Gezi Park protests}}
The AKP government's handling of the protests has been roundly criticised by other nations and international organisations, including the European Union,<ref name="todayszaman">{{cite news|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId=317075|title=EU voices concern over violent clashes in İstanbul's Taksim|newspaper=Today's Zaman|date=1 June 2013|access-date=1 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815233517/http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId=317075|archive-date=15 August 2016}}</ref> the United Nations,<ref name="unmultimedia">{{cite news|title=Human rights office expresses concern over use of excessive force against peaceful protestors in Turkey|url=http://www.unmultimedia.org/radio/english/2013/06/human-rights-office-expresses-concern-over-use-of-excessive-force-against-peaceful-protestors-in-turkey/index.html|access-date=18 June 2013|archive-date=20 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020005654/http://www.unmultimedia.org/radio/english/2013/06/human-rights-office-expresses-concern-over-use-of-excessive-force-against-peaceful-protestors-in-turkey/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> the United States,<ref name="BBC22732139" /> the UK,<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|last=Sonumut|first=Guldenay|url=http://news.sky.com/story/1098110/turkey-protesters-and-police-clash-over-park|title=Turkey: Protesters and Police Clash over Park |newspaper=SKY News|access-date=1 June 2013}}</ref> and Germany.<ref name="dw">{{cite news |title=Germany's Westerwelle urges Turkish change of tack |url=http://www.dw.de/germanys-westerwelle-urges-turkish-change-of-tack/a-16876491 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=12 June 2013 |access-date=12 June 2013}}</ref>
==Impact==
===Politics=== According to Koray Çalışkan, a political scientist at Istanbul's Boğaziçi University, the protests are "a turning point for the AKP. Erdoğan is a very confident and a very authoritarian politician, and he doesn't listen to anyone anymore. But he needs to understand that Turkey is no kingdom, and that he cannot rule Istanbul from Ankara all by himself."<ref name="euroankara">{{cite news |title=Turkey protests spread from Istanbul to Ankara |url=http://www.euronews.com/2013/05/31/turkey-protests-spread-from-istanbul-to-ankara/ |date=31 May 2013 |publisher=Euronews |access-date=1 June 2013 |archive-date=30 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430040912/https://www.euronews.com/2013/05/31/turkey-protests-spread-from-istanbul-to-ankara |url-status=dead }}</ref> Çalışkan also suggested that the prospects for Erdoğan's plan to enact a new constitution based on a presidential system, with Erdoğan becoming the first President under this system, might have been damaged.<ref>The Guardian, 2 June 2013 [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/02/turkish-protesters-control-istanbul-square Turkish protesters control Istanbul square after two days of clashes]</ref>
Despite the AKP's support lying with religious conservatives, some conservative and Islamist organisations stood against Erdoğan. Groups such as the Anticapitalist Muslims and Revolutionist Muslims performed Friday prayers (salat) in front of the ''mescid çadırı'' (mosque tent) in Gezi Park on 7 and 14 June, one day before the police eviction.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://gundem.milliyet.com.tr/gezi-parki-nda-ikinci-cuma-namazi/gundem/detay/1722966/default.htm |language=tr |title=Gezi Parkı'nda İkinci Cuma Namazı (2nd Friday Salat in Gezi Park) |newspaper=Milliyet |date=14 June 2013 |access-date=25 June 2013 |archive-date=5 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205212934/http://gundem.milliyet.com.tr/gezi-parki-nda-ikinci-cuma-namazi/gundem/detay/1722966/default.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sabah.com.tr/Gundem/2013/06/07/gezi-parkinda-cuma-namazi |language=tr |title=Friday Salat in Gezi Park |publisher=Sabah |date=7 June 2013 |access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gezihaberleri/23454220.asp |language=tr |title=Gezi Parkı'nda ilk Cuma Namazı (First Friday Salat in Gezi Park) |newspaper=Hürriyet |date=8 June 2013 |access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref> Mustafa Akyol, a liberal Islamist journalist, described the events as the cumulative reaction of the people to Erdoğan.<ref name="cnnwat1june">{{cite news|title=Police crackdown triggers anti-government riots|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/06/01/world/europe/turkey-protests/index.html |work=CNN|date=1 June 2013 |author=Ivan Watson |author2=Gul Tuysuz |access-date=1 June 2013}}</ref> Significant conservative opponents of the government include the religious writer İhsan Eliaçık, who accused Erdoğan of being a dictator,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bianet.org/bianet/din/147090-bu-basbayagi-firavunluktur?bia_source=rss |language=tr |title="Bu Basbayağı Firavunluktur" – Bianet / |publisher=Bianet |access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref> Fatma Bostan Ünsal, one of the co-founders of the AKP, who expressed support to protests.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/turkiye/ak_parti_kurucusu_unsal_milletin_uzerinden_olu_topragi_kalkti-1135857 |language=tr |title=AK Parti kurucusu Ünsal: Milletin üzerinden ölü toprağı kalktı – Radikal Türkiye |publisher=Radikal.com.tr |access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref> and Abdüllatif Şener, the former AKP Deputy Prime Minister, who strongly criticised the government in an interview with the left-wing Halk TV.<ref>{{Cite AV media |type=TV broadcast |title=Abdüllatif Şener gezi parkı |url=http://halktv.web.tv/video/e37yhd7s5pe |publisher=Halk TV |date=6 September 2013 |language=tr |access-date=7 September 2013 |archive-date=10 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710092457/http://halktv.web.tv/video/e37yhd7s5pe |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Faruk Birtek, a sociology professor at Boğaziçi University, criticised the actions of Turkish police against protesters and likened them to the SS of Nazi Germany.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://haber.gazetevatan.com/kemale-ermis-bir-sivil-toplum-hareketidir-bu/543138/4/yazarlar|language=tr|title=Kemale ermiş bir sivil toplum hareketidir bu!|work=Gazete Vatan|access-date=25 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609051321/http://haber.gazetevatan.com/kemale-ermis-bir-sivil-toplum-hareketidir-bu/543138/4/yazarlar|archive-date=9 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Daron Acemoglu, a professor of economics at M.I.T., wrote an op-ed for ''The New York Times'' about the protests, saying: "if the ballot box doesn't offer the right choices, democracy advances by direct action."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/06/opinion/development-wont-ensure-democracy-in-turkey.html |title=Development Won't Ensure Democracy in Turkey |newspaper=The New York Times|last=Acemoglu|first=Daron|date=5 June 2013 |access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref>
The main cities where the protest took place answered "No" in 2017 Turkish constitutional referendum. In 2019 local elections candidates of the Nation Alliance, an opposition led coalition won most of these cities with Istanbul and Ankara switching to the main-opposition party CHP after 25 years.
A corruption case began against members of the PM cabinet and large construction company owners, including Ali Agaoglu, as his political affiliations may have enabled him to build in places otherwise not available for construction, like Gezi Park.<ref name="seattleglobalistt/19872">{{cite news |title=Stormy skies over Turkey as corruption scandal spreads |url=https://seattleglobalist.com/2014/01/30/turkey-corruption-scandal-spreads-forecast/19872 |access-date=17 May 2023 |work=The Seattle Globalist |date=30 January 2014}}</ref>
===Popular culture=== {{see also|Chapulling}}
The music group Duman composed and sang a song called "Eyvallah" referring to Erdoğan's words over admitting use of excessive force.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://turkey.setimes.com/en_GB/articles/ses/articles/features/departments/society/2013/09/12/feature-01|title=turkey.setimes.com|date=12 September 2013|work=SES Türkiye|access-date=31 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109165101/http://turkey.setimes.com/en_GB/articles/ses/articles/features/departments/society/2013/09/12/feature-01|archive-date=9 November 2013}}</ref>
The band Kardeş Türküler composed and sang a song called "Tencere Tava Havası" (Sound of Pots and Pans) referring to banging pots and pans in balconies in protest against Erdoğan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://omidsafi.religionnews.com/2013/06/18/sounds-of-protest/|title=omidsafi - sounds of protest|work=What Would Muhammad Do?|access-date=31 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031114830/http://omidsafi.religionnews.com/2013/06/18/sounds-of-protest/|archive-date=31 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The Taiwanese Next Media Animation satirised Erdoğan over Gezi Protests with three humorous CGI-animated coverage series that included many symbols from the ongoing protests.<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7wwSPRpVJZE|title=Turkey's Tayyip Erdoğan gets brutal on protests in Istanbul's Gezi Park and Taksim Square|date=5 June 2013|work=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PeYR4C2dYMM|title=Tayyip Erdoğan escalates violence against Çapuling Turkish protesters|date=18 June 2013|work=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nHn0aa443XI|title=Başbakan Tayyip provokasyon eylemciler Çapuling: NMA Turkish protest video|date=7 June 2013|work=YouTube}}</ref> They also made an animation about Melih Gokcek, the mayor of Ankara, who accused Next Media Animation of controlling the protesters.<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PobkrIkVH0c|title=Turkish mayor accuses NMA of controlling protesters: Melih Gökçek is right?|date=8 October 2013|work=YouTube}}</ref> Those animations got reaction in the Turkish media as well.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://video.sozcu.com.tr/2013/video/haber/tayvandan-ilginc-gezi-parki-animasyonu.html|newspaper=Sözcü|title=Tayvan'dan İlginç Gezi Parkı Animasyonu|date=7 June 2013|access-date=25 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010135846/http://video.sozcu.com.tr/2013/video/haber/tayvandan-ilginc-gezi-parki-animasyonu.html|archive-date=10 October 2013}}</ref>
Boğaziçi Jazz Choir composed a song named "Çapulcu Musun Vay Vay", satirizing the word Chapulling and played it first in Istanbul subway and then in Gezi Park.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://magazin.milliyet.com.tr/bogazici-caz-korosu-ndan-capulcu/magazin/detay/1723328/default.htm|newspaper=Milliyet|title=Boğaziçi Caz Korosu'ndan Çapulcu|date=15 June 2013|access-date=25 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109164533/http://magazin.milliyet.com.tr/bogazici-caz-korosu-ndan-capulcu/magazin/detay/1723328/default.htm|archive-date=9 November 2013}}</ref>
Pop music singer Nazan Öncel produced a song "Güya" (''Supposedly'' in Turkish) criticizing the government and Emek dispute, as "Nazan Öncel and Çapulcu Orchestra".<ref>{{cite web|title=Nazan Öncel Gezi Parkı için 'Güya' dedi|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/hayat/nazan_oncel_gezi_parki_icin_guya_dedi-1137149|publisher=Radikal|access-date=11 June 2013}}</ref>
Former Pink Floyd member Roger Waters, during his "''The Wall Live''" concert in Istanbul on 4 August 2013, expressed his support and offered condolences to the protesters in Turkish, projecting the pictures of the people killed during the protests in the background.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nmp8bheUXO0|title=''Roger Waters's commemoration in Turkish (video)''|website=YouTube|date=4 August 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/roger-waters-shows-solidarity-with-gezi-park-victims-in-istanbul-concert-.aspx?pageID=238&nid=52030&NewsCatID=383|newspaper=Hürriyet Daily News|title=Roger Waters shows solidarity with Gezi Park victims in Istanbul concert|date=5 August 2013|access-date=5 March 2014}}</ref>
''The Colbert Report'' host Stephen Colbert had a segment on the protests creating the "autocratic anagram" ''Pro Gay Centipede Ray'' for Erdoğan and continued referring to him as "Prime Minister Centipede" multiple times which was criticised by some of the Turkish Media.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.colbertnation.com/the-colbert-report-videos/426989/june-10-2013/the-imploding-muslim-country-of-the-week---turkey|title=The Imploding Muslim Country of the Week – Turkey|last=Colbert|first=Stephan|date=10 June 2013|publisher=The Colbert Report|access-date=20 June 2013}}</ref>
Internationally known Turkish electropop musician Bedük composed, recorded and released a song named "It's A Riot" describing the protests and the fight for freedom in Turkey and released an official music video on 28 June, which has been created with all anonymous footages from different parts of Turkey, during the ongoing protests.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://video.sozcu.com.tr/2013/video/magazin/bedukten-gezi-klibi.html|newspaper=Sözcü|title=Bedük'ten Gezi Klibi|date=13 July 2013|access-date=18 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010151934/http://video.sozcu.com.tr/2013/video/magazin/bedukten-gezi-klibi.html|archive-date=10 October 2013}}</ref>
Ozbi, a Turkish rapper (and member of the band Kaos), gained national fame by composing and recording a song named "Asi" (Rebel).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sendika.org/2013/06/rapci-ozbiden-gezi-direnisinin-asi-kanlari-icin-sarki/|publisher=Sendika.org|title=Rapçi Ozbi'den Gezi direnişinin "Asi" kanları için şarkı|date=27 June 2013|access-date=23 July 2013}}</ref>
World-famous alternative rock band Placebo included images representing Gezi protests in the music video for their latest song, "Rob the Bank".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aydinlikdaily.com/Gezi-Resistance-in-Placebo-Music-Video-565|publisher=Aydınlık Daily|title=Gezi Resistance in Placebo Music Video|date=10 September 2013|access-date=16 October 2013|archive-date=17 October 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131017100400/http://www.aydinlikdaily.com/Gezi-Resistance-in-Placebo-Music-Video-565|url-status=dead}}</ref>
A Turkish rock band, [http://www.theringojets.com/ The Ringo Jets], released a song called "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1LXNQQ9V8pE Spring of War]" about the protests.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/hayat/the_ringo_jetsten_gezi_parki_gondermeli_klip-1176183|publisher=Radikal|title='''''In Turkish''''' The Ringo Jets'ten Gezi Parkı göndermeli klip|date=11 February 2014}}</ref>
During their concert at Istanbul, Massive Attack named those who died in protests on the outdoor screen at their back with following sentences, "Their killers are still out there" and "We won't forget Soma".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/hayat/massive_attack_soma_ve_geziyi_unutmadi-1196119|title=Massive Attack Soma ve Gezi'yi unutmadı|date=6 August 2014|work=Radikal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gercekgundem.com/kultur-sanat/49167/massive-attackten-soma-ve-gezi-mesaji|title=Massive Attack'ten Soma ve Gezi mesajı|work=Gerçek Gündem|date=10 November 2018 }}</ref>
The Italian documentary ''Capulcu-Voices from Gezi'' focused on the protests.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-10-13|title=Çapulcu: voci da Gezi, di Claudio Casazza, Benedetta Argentieri, Carlo Prevosti, Duccio Servi, Stefano Zoja|url=https://www.sentieriselvaggi.it/capulcu-voci-da-gezi-di-claudio-casazza-benedetta-argentieri-carlo-prevosti-duccio-servi-stefano-zoja/|access-date=2020-12-26|website=SentieriSelvaggi|language=it-IT}}</ref>
===Tourism=== In 2011, Turkey attracted more than 31.5 million foreign tourists,<ref>{{cite web|title=Number of Arriving-Departing Foreigners and Citizens |url=http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN/dosya/2-5788/h/december2010bulletin.xls |work=Tourism Statistics |publisher=Ministry of Culture and Tourism (Turkey) |year=2010 |access-date=28 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809055930/http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN/dosya/2-5788/h/december2010bulletin.xls |archive-date=9 August 2011 }}</ref> ranking as the 6th most popular tourist destination in the world. Tourism has been described as "one of the most vital sources of income for Turkey",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dw.de/opinion-erdogans-miscalculation/a-16853462 |title=Opinion: Erdogan's miscalculation |publisher=Deutsche Welle |access-date=26 June 2013}}</ref> raising concerns that "unrest would have a dire effect on Istanbul [...] and the larger tourism economy."<ref>{{cite web|last=Seymour |first=Richard |url=http://skift.com/2013/06/01/istanbul-clashes-could-lead-to-a-turkish-spring-but-tourism-would-be-big-loser/ |title=Istanbul clashes could lead to a Turkish Spring, but tourism would be big loser, by Skift |date=June 2013 |publisher=Skift.com |access-date=26 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/vk/nl/2686/Binnenland/article/detail/3451669/2013/06/03/ANVR-ziet-geen-gevaar-in-reis-naar-Turkije.dhtml |language=nl |title=ANVR ziet geen gevaar in reis naar Turkije |newspaper=Trouw |access-date=26 June 2013}}</ref> On 4 June, Hotel and Tourism investors from Istanbul reported that "more than 40 percent of hotel reservations" had been cancelled.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/protests-hit-tourism-but-create-new-tourists.aspx?pageID=238&nID=48223&NewsCatID=349 |title=Protests hit tourism, but create new tourists |date=5 June 2013 |access-date=6 June 2013}}</ref> * A spokesperson for the US State Department was reported to have noted that "the crackdown of the police forces armed with tear gas and water cannons happened in one of the most touristic places where many of the biggest hotels are located, indirectly warning that a travel advisory for U.S. citizens could be issued."<ref>{{cite news|title=US and EU concerned by violent police raid against Taksim Gezi Park protesters|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/us-and-eu-concerned-by-violent-police-raid-against-taksim-gezi-park-protesters-.aspx?pageID=238&nID=48008&NewsCatID=338 |newspaper=Hürriyet Daily News |date=31 May 2013 |access-date=2 June 2013}}</ref> On 1 June 2013, the US Embassy in Turkey did indeed issue such a warning that "U.S. citizens traveling or residing in Turkey should be alert to the potential for violence."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://turkey.usembassy.gov/sm_053113.html |title=Security Message | Embassy of the United States Ankara, Turkey |publisher=Turkey.usembassy.gov |url-status=dead |access-date=26 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708063233/http://turkey.usembassy.gov/sm_053113.html |archive-date=8 July 2013}}</ref> * The German Foreign Office issued a warning urging its citizens to avoid affected areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/us-germany-warn-their-citizens-about-potential-violence-in-turkey.aspx?pageID=238&nID=48155&NewsCatID=341 |title=US, Germany warn their citizens about potential violence in Turkey |newspaper=Hürriyet Daily News |date=4 June 2013 |access-date=26 June 2013}}</ref>
Many world renowned and award-winning film-makers were in Istanbul for the 2013 Documentarist Film Festival, which had been postponed indefinitely due to the violent reaction of the Turkish authorities to peaceful protests there. The first two days of the festival, 1 and 2 June, did not occur due to the social upheaval and one of the main sites, Akbank Sanat, was unable to show films for an extended period of time due to its proximity to the protests. Petra Costa, the Brazilian director of the documentary film Elena, and Egyptian director of photography Muhammed Hamdy began filming the protests and reporting from the field.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}}
===2013 Mediterranean Games scandals=== Since the beginning of the protests, demonstrations had taken place in Mersin, the city which was to host the 2013 Mediterranean Games. Since Erdoğan was due to speak at the opening ceremony of the games, there was speculation that protesters would take the opportunity to embarrass the government. Just 15 minutes after the tickets went on sale online they were all sold to an anonymous buyer and apparently distributed to various AKP organisations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.odatv.com/n.php?n=basbakandan-protestoyu-engellemek-icin-imam-formulu-2006131200 |publisher=Oda TV |language=tr |title=Başbakandan protestoyu engellemek için imam formülü |date=20 June 2013 |access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/23549027.asp |language=tr |title=Akdeniz Oyunları'nda Bilet Krizi |date=20 June 2013 |newspaper=Hürriyet |access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref> Combined with a boycott by local people of the games, this meant that the stadium was frequently nearly empty. Protesters were prevented from approaching the stadium by riot police, and were evicted from Mersin's Peace Park (''Barış Parkı'') the night before the games.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sendika.org/2013/06/mersin-baris-meydanindaki-direnis-cadirlari-tayyip-erdogan-gelecek-diye-sokuluyor/ |publisher=sendika.org |title=Mersin Barış Meydanı'ndaki Direniş Çadırları Tayyip Erdoğan Gelecek Diye Sökülüyor! |language=tr |date=20 June 2013 |access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref> Tear gas, water cannons and rubber bullets were used against protesters.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://haber.sol.org.tr/kent-gundemleri/mersinde-erdogan-protestosuna-polis-saldirisi-haberi-75048 |title=Mersin'de Erdoğan ve Bilet protestosuna polis saldırısı |publisher=SoL |date=20 June 2013 |language=tr |access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref>
Other scandals which surrounded the games included: eight Turkish weight-lifters found to have performance-enhancing drugs in their blood and subsequently being disqualified<ref>{{cite news|url=http://spor.haberturk.com/olimpiyat/haber/854228-halterde-doping-soku|publisher=Habertürk (Spor)|title=Halter'de Doping Şoku|date=21 June 2013|access-date=3 July 2013|archive-date=6 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206071316/http://spor.haberturk.com/olimpiyat/haber/854228-halterde-doping-soku|url-status=dead}}</ref> And a van belonging to the Games organisation transporting staff and athletes being seen in front of a brothel in Mersin.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sozcu.com.tr/2013/gundem/akdeniz-oyunlari-bitti-ama-genelev-kavgasi-buyuyor.html|title=Akdeniz Oyunları Bitti ama Skandallar Sürüyor ve Genelev Kavgası Büyüyor|newspaper=Sözcü|date=3 July 2013|access-date=3 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727030106/http://sozcu.com.tr/2013/gundem/akdeniz-oyunlari-bitti-ama-genelev-kavgasi-buyuyor.html|archive-date=27 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.xn--sportrkiye-eeb.com/haber-23766-akdeniz-oyunlarinda-genelev-skandali.html#.UdSGszvwlQg|title=Akdeniz Oyunları'nda Şimdi de Genelev Skandalı|publisher=SporTürkiye|date=28{{ndash}}29 June 2013|access-date=3 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704062243/http://xn--sportrkiye-eeb.com/haber-23766-akdeniz-oyunlarinda-genelev-skandali.html#.UdSGszvwlQg|archive-date=4 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> thumb|248x248px|Banner about Gezi Park protest, 2022: "We are traveller ("Gezi"ci), you are goner"
===2020 Summer Olympics bid=== Istanbul mayor Kadir Topbaş gave an interview expressing concern that the police's actions would jeopardise Istanbul's bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympics, saying "As Istanbul's mayor going through such an event, the fact that the whole world watched saddens me. How will we explain it? With what claims will we host the 2020 Olympic Games?"<ref>{{cite news|title=Mayor asks after clashes how Istanbul can claim to host the 2020 Olympics|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/mayor-asks-after-clashes-how-istanbul-can-claim-to-host-the-2020-olympics.aspx?pageID=238&nID=48027&NewsCatID=341 |newspaper=Hürriyet Daily News |date=1 June 2013 |access-date=2 June 2013}}</ref> As it turned out, "political unrest" was cited as one of the reasons for the failure of Istanbul's bid to host the Olympics, along with worries about the economy, the Syrian crisis and scandals surrounding the Mediterranean Games.<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkey Olympic bid blighted by currency woes and political unrest|first=Daniel |last= Dombey |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/2b6707ae-1577-11e3-b519-00144feabdc0.html |newspaper=Financial Times |date=4 September 2013 |access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref>
===Economy=== On 3 June, Istanbul's stock exchange experienced a loss of 10.5% in a single day—the drop was "the biggest one-day loss in a decade."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-22750491 |title=Turkish stock market falls as demonstrations escalate |work=BBC News |date=3 June 2013 |access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Holly Ellyatt |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2013/06/03/turkish-stocks-drop-105-on-fourth-day-of-protests.html |title=Turkish Stocks Drop 10.5% on Fourth Day of Protests |date=3 June 2013 |publisher=CNBC |access-date=26 June 2013}}</ref> The fall of BIST 100 index was the sharpest since August 2011,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ekonomi.milliyet.com.tr/borsa-sert-dususle-basladi/ekonomi/detay/1717894/default.htm|title=Stock markets in shock|newspaper=Milliyet|date=3 June 2013|access-date=3 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131118212929/http://ekonomi.milliyet.com.tr/borsa-sert-dususle-basladi/ekonomi/detay/1717894/default.htm|archive-date=18 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the yield on two-year lira bonds rose 71 basis points to 6.78 percent, the biggest jump since 2005. Turkish central bank had to auction out and buy Turkish Lira's in order to keep the exchange rate going. Next 11 funds have also dropped due to the Turkish prime minister's opposing views on freedom and democracy<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkish Yields Surge Most on Record as Protests Hit Lira, Stocks|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-06-03/turkish-bonds-lose-most-since-2008-as-protests-hit-lira-stocks |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614040034/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-06-03/turkish-bonds-lose-most-since-2008-as-protests-hit-lira-stocks |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 June 2013 |date=3 June 2013 |work=Businessweek |access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref>
On 6 June, PM Erdoğan said the redevelopment plans would go ahead despite the protests.<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/> Shortly after the comments were broadcast, the Turkish stock markets fell 5%.<ref name="bloomberg.com">Bloomberg, 6 June 2013, [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-06-06/turkish-bonds-slump-while-lira-climbs-as-central-bank-tightens.html Turkish Bonds, Stocks Slump as Erdogan Fails to Calm Investors]</ref>
On 11 June, Rating's agency Moody's warned Turkey that ongoing protests would result in significant credit risks, leading "Istanbul's main share index" to fall an additional 1.7%.<ref>Daily Star Lebanon, 11 June 2013, [http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Business/Lebanon/2013/Jun-11/219967-moodys-warns-of-risk-from-turkey-protests.ashx Moody's warns of risk from Turkey protests]</ref>
===Temporary block of EU accession talks=== {{See also|Accession of Turkey to the European Union}} On 25 June 2013 EU foreign ministers backed Germany's proposal to postpone further EU membership talks with Turkey for about four months due to the government's handling of the protests.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-protests-eu-idUSBRE95N19F20130624|title=Germany proposes delaying EU-Turkey talks over protests|work=Reuters|date=24 June 2013|access-date=31 October 2014}}</ref> This delay raised new doubts about whether Turkey should ever be admitted to the European Union.<ref>[http://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/eu-delays-latest-round-of-turkish-entry-talks-1.1442056 "EU delays latest round of Turkish entry talks"]. ''The Irish Times''. 25 June 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2013.</ref> In early June, in comments on Turkey's possible membership, German Chancellor Angela Merkel did not address the compromise proposal but said Turkey must make progress on its relations with EU member Cyprus to give impetus to its membership ambitions.<ref>Fontanella, James. (25 June 2013) [http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/6fff1f90-dd15-11e2-9700-00144feab7de.html Germany aims for compromise over Turkey EU membership talks]. FT.com. Retrieved on 12 August 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-turkey-merkel-idUSBRE95N11420130624|title=Germany's Merkel calls on Turkey to remove hurdles to EU accession|work=Reuters|date=24 June 2013 |access-date=31 October 2014}}</ref>
==Anniversaries of Gezi Park protests== Police used tear gas and water cannons against demonstrators, and people were detained and/or injured, on 31 May 2014 in Istanbul, Ankara, and other cities.<ref>{{cite web |title=People Protest In Turkey |url=https://www.countercurrents.org/cc020614B.htm |website=countercurrents.org |access-date=17 May 2023 |date=2 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Erdogan warns against anniversary protests |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2014/5/31/erdogan-warns-against-anniversary-protests |access-date=17 May 2023 |work=aljazeera.com |date=31 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gezi Park protests anniversary confirms Turkish resistance to Erdogan oppression |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/gezi-park-protests-anniversary-confirms-turkish-resistance-to-erdogan-oppression-1.1822227 |access-date=17 May 2023 |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=June 6, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Taksim Square to get a facelift |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/2014/02/05/taksim-square-to-get-a-facelift |access-date=17 May 2023 |work=Daily Sabah |date=5 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=monument at taksim square |url=https://www.freepik.com/premium-photo/istanbul-turkey-september-09-2014-monument-taksim-square-september-09-2014-istanbul-turkey_17727187.htm |website=Freepik |access-date=17 May 2023 |location=Istanbul|date=September 9, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Thousands to defy May Day ban on Istanbul's Taksim Square |url=https://www.gulf-times.com/story/390358/thousands-to-defy-may-day-ban-on-istanbuls-taksim-square |access-date=17 May 2023 |work=Gulf Times |date=30 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Turkish police crack down on anniversary of anti-government protests |url=https://www.denverpost.com/2014/05/31/turkish-police-crack-down-on-anniversary-of-anti-government-protests/ |access-date=17 May 2023 |work=The Denver Post |agency=The Associated Press |date=31 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Photos: Crackdown in Turkey on first anniversary of protests |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/photos-crackdown-in-turkey-on-first-anniversary-of-protests/article18939366/ |access-date=17 May 2023 |work=The Globe and Mail |date=31 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Elections 2015: Trial For Democracy in Turkey |url=https://www.iir.cz/elections-2015-trial-for-democracy-in-turkey |website=Institute of International Relations Prague |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref>
There have been demonstrations in Taksim in later anniversaries.
{{Incomplete list|The list of anniversaries is incomplete.|date=April 2024}}
In the demonstrations in 2023, the press announcement included references to the 2023 earthquakes in Turkey, saying that the people having protected the Gezi Park 10 years ago is important because the Gezi Park is a place of gathering in cases of natural disaster.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-06 |title=İstanbul'da 'Gezi' anması: 'Her yer Taksim, her yer direniş' |url=https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/siyaset/istanbulda-gezi-anmasi-her-yer-taksim-her-yer-direnis-2086610 |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=www.cumhuriyet.com.tr |language=tr}}</ref>
==See also== {{Portal bar|Turkey|Politics}} [[File:Ankara Taksim eylemi2.jpg|thumb|A public bus damaged and vandalized with graffiti text calling Erdoğan a "son of a bitch"]] * Taksim Square massacre (1977) * Environmental issues in Turkey * Human rights in Turkey * 2014 Turkish local elections * 2014 Turkish presidential election * Sendika.org * DİSK * TMMOB * 2013 protests in Brazil * Euromaidan * 2025 Turkish protests * Anti-Erdoğanism
==Notes== {{reflist|group=n}}
==References== {{reflist}}
==External links== {{Commons category|2013 Taksim Gezi Park protests}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150403094503/http://www.goodmorningturkey.com/?s=gezi+park Gezi Park News Updates and Archive], Good Morning Turkey * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130605083453/http://gezipark.nadir.org/ Timeline in multiple languages], socialist blog Sendika * [http://delilimvar.tumblr.com/archive Blog collecting police abuse] * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-22795193 Photo tour of Taksim/Gezi Park camp], BBC News * [http://postvirtual.wordpress.com/2013/06/27/historical-atlas-of-gezi-park/ Historical Atlas of Gezi Park] * [http://everywheretaksim.net everywheretaksim.net], Turkey 2013 protests: archive of articles, testimonials, and data * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130702072952/http://www.politicalcomics.info/occupygezi/ Drawings Occupy Gezi by Gianluca Costantini] *{{cite journal |editor1-last=Gokay |editor1-first=Bulent |editor2-last=Xypolia |editor2-first=Ilia |title=Reflections on Taksim Gezi Park Protests in Turkey |journal=Journal of Global Faultlines |date=2013 |url=http://www.keele.ac.uk/journal-globalfaultlines/publications/geziReflections.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053344/http://www.keele.ac.uk/journal-globalfaultlines/publications/geziReflections.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2013 |publisher=Keele University |location=Keele, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire, UK}}
;Video * {{cite web |author1=Deutsche Welle History and Culture |title=The 2013 Gezi Park protests, led by artists, sparked an uprising across Turkey #shorts #geziparkı |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9wi6vGjk_c |website=youtube|date=May 13, 2023}} * {{cite web |last1=Jourdan |first1=Brandon |title=Taksim Commune: Gezi Park And The Uprising In Turkey |url=https://vimeo.com/71704435 |website=vimeo |date=4 August 2013}} * {{cite web |last1=Jourdan |first1=Brandon |title=After Gezi: Erdoğan And Political Struggle In Turkey |url=https://vimeo.com/109212806 |website=vimeo|date=17 October 2014}} * [http://geziparktribune.tumblr.com/ Views and Analysis on Gezi Park Protests], Acik Radio * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130604161418/http://www.livestream.com/revoltistanbul Livestream hot points camera], Haber medya * [http://revoltinturkey.tumblr.com/ Related pictures and videos from all over Turkey] * [http://showdiscontent.com/ ShowDiscontent: A photo archive of the events with explanations and references] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416201727/http://showdiscontent.com/ |date=16 April 2021 }} * [http://www.inenart.eu/?cat=1074 çapuling] archive of the visual culture, humor, and irony of the peaceful protestors (the Çapulcu) in Turkey 2013
{{Gezi Park protests}} {{Protests in Turkey}} {{Beyoğlu}} {{Authority control}}
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