1991 SEA Games

{{Short description|Multi-sport event in Manila, Philippines}} {{Use British English|date=February 2015}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}} {{Infobox games | name = 16th Southeast Asian Games | logo = 16th sea games.png | caption = | host_city = Manila, Philippines | motto = "Nine Nations, Under an Asian Sun" | events = 28 sports | nations = 9 | athletes = | opening = 24 November 1991 | closing = 5 December 1991 | opened_by = Corazon Aquino {{small|President of the Philippines}} | athlete_oath = Jasmin Valenton<ref>{{cite news |title=Aquino declares Sea Games open |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/page/straitstimes19911125-1.1.29 |access-date=10 January 2026 |work=The Straits Times |date=25 November 1991 |page=29}}</ref> | judge_oath = | torch_lighter = Carlos Loyzaga Lydia de Vega Gerard Cantada | ceremony_venue = Rizal Memorial Stadium | previous = Kuala Lumpur 1989 | next = Singapore 1993 }}

The '''1991 Southeast Asian Games''', officially known as the '''16th Southeast Asian Games''', were a multi-sport event held in Manila, the Philippines, from 24 November to 5 December 1991, with 28 sports featured in the games. This was the second time that the country hosted the games and its first since 1981. It was officially opened by President Corazon Aquino at the Rizal Memorial Stadium in Manila through a colorful opening ceremony. It was the only SEA Games at that time where the overall championship was heavily contested. The deciding medal came from the last sporting event - women's marathon where Indonesia got the gold medal.<ref>''Philippine Daily Inquirer'' December 1992 University of the Philippines Main Library: Microfilm Section</ref><ref>Percy Seneviratne (1993) ''Golden Moments: the S.E.A Games 1959-1991'' Dominie Press, Singapore {{ISBN|981-00-4597-2}}</ref>

Fourteen years after the 1991 SEA Games, the country hosted the 2005 SEA Games. Another 14 years later, the Philippines hosted the 2019 SEA Games, which is the first that the event took place in the whole country.

== Marketing ==

=== Logo === The logo of 1991 Southeast Asian Games was designed by Ernesto A. Calaguas. The logo features a Vinta, a traditional outrigger boat in the island of Mindanao. It also features the six-ring chain, the logo of the Southeast Asian Games Federations. It represents the six founding countries.

=== Mascot === The mascot for the Games is a colorful fowl called Kiko Labuyo.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Castro |first1=Glenda Marie |title=TIMELINE: Philippines as host country in previous SEA Games |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/245739-timeline-philippines-host-country-previous-sea-games/ |website=Rappler |access-date=31 May 2023 |date=26 November 2019}}</ref>

=== Theme Song === The theme song, "Nine Countries Under An Asian Sun", was composed by Sammy Climaco with the Lyrics written by Alex Arrellano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=- YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VGOUifii9Nc&feature=youtu.be |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref>

==Development and preparation==

===Venues=== <ref>{{cite news |title=Today's Program |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9rxOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZgsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2960%2C170535 |access-date=10 January 2026 |publisher=Manila Standard |date=1 December 1991 |page=22}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Today's Program |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=97xOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZgsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4851%2C483669 |access-date=10 January 2026 |publisher=Manila Standard |date=2 December 1991 |page=26}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Republic's crack pair beaten |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/page/straitstimes19911130-1.1.40 |access-date=10 January 2026 |publisher=The Straits Times |date=30 November 1991 |page=30}}</ref> {| border=1 style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; font-size:100%; border:1px solid;" |- style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" |width=250px| Venue || Sports |- |colspan=2|'''Rizal Memorial Sports Complex''' |- | Rizal Memorial Stadium || Athletics, Football, Ceremonies |- | Ninoy Aquino Stadium || Volleyball, Wushu |- | Rizal Memorial Coliseum || Taekwondo |- | Rizal Memorial Swimming Pool || Aquatics |- | Rizal Memorial Tennis Center || Tennis |- | Sports Medicine Building || Billiards and snooker |- |colspan=2|'''Metro Manila Venues''' |- | Amoranto Velodrome || Cycling (track) |- | Araneta Coliseum || Basketball |- | Ateneo Gymnasium || Sepak takraw |- | Camp Crame Gymnasium || Badminton |- | Philippine Marine Corps Range || Shooting |- | Green Valley Country Club || Bowling |- | Makati Sports Club || Squash |- | Manila Polo Club || Archery |- | Manila Yacht Club || Sailing |- | Philippine Village Hotel || Bodybuilding |- | Rosario Sports Complex || Softball |- | Folk Arts Theater || Boxing |- | ULTRA || Karate, Table Tennis |- | UP Gymnasium || Weightlifting |- | Valle Verde Country Club || Fencing |- |colspan=2|'''Rizal Province''' |- | Antipolo || Cycling (road race) |- | Valley Golf and Country Club || Golf |}

==The Games== ===Participating nations=== {{div col|colwidth=22em}} * {{flagSEAGF|BRU|1991}} * {{flagSEAGF|INA|1991}} * {{flagSEAGF|LAO|1991}} * {{flagSEAGF|MAS|1991}} * {{flagSEAGF|MYA|1991}} * {{flagSEAGF|PHI|1991}} '''(Host)''' * {{flagSEAGF|SIN|1991}} * {{flagSEAGF|THA|1991}} * {{flagSEAGF|VIE|1991}} {{div col end}}

===Sports=== {{div col|colwidth=22em}} * {{GamesSport|Aquatics}} * {{GamesSport|Archery}} * {{GamesSport|Athletics}} * {{GamesSport|Badminton}} * {{GamesSport|Basketball}} * {{GamesSport|Billiards and snooker}} * {{GamesSport|Bodybuilding}} * {{GamesSport|Bowling}} * {{GamesSport|Boxing}} * {{GamesSport|Cycling}} * {{GamesSport|Fencing}} * {{GamesSport|Football}} * {{GamesSport|Golf}} * {{GamesSport|Gymnastics}} * {{GamesSport|Judo}} * {{GamesSport|Karate}} * {{GamesSport|Rowing}} * {{GamesSport|Sailing}} * {{GamesSport|Sepak takraw}} * {{GamesSport|Shooting}} * {{GamesSport|Softball}} * {{GamesSport|Squash}} * {{GamesSport|Table tennis}} * {{GamesSport|Taekwondo}} * {{GamesSport|Tennis}} * {{GamesSport|Volleyball}} * {{GamesSport|Weightlifting}} * {{GamesSport|Wushu}} {{div col end}}

==Medal table== <ref>{{cite web|title=1991 Southeast Asian Games medal table|url=http://www.ocasia.org/game/MWinner.aspx?CntbEpEabMQ13iQyS5RNSfIeXT1sBvVt|publisher=Olympic Council of Asia|access-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028023209/http://www.ocasia.org/game/MWinner.aspx?CntbEpEabMQ13iQyS5RNSfIeXT1sBvVt|archive-date=28 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> ;Key

{{Medals table | caption = | host = PHI | flag_template = flagIOC2team | event = 1991 Southeast Asian Games | team = | gold_INA = 92 | silver_INA = 87 | bronze_INA = 67 | gold_PHI = 91 | silver_PHI = 62 | bronze_PHI = 86 | host_PHI = yes | gold_THA = 72 | silver_THA = 80 | bronze_THA = 69 | gold_MAS = 36 | silver_MAS = 38 | bronze_MAS = 66 | gold_SIN = 18 | silver_SIN = 32 | bronze_SIN = 45 | gold_MYA = 12 | silver_MYA = 16 | bronze_MYA = 29 | gold_VIE = 7 | silver_VIE = 12 | bronze_VIE = 10 | gold_BRU = 0 | silver_BRU = 0 | bronze_BRU = 8 | gold_LAO = 0 | silver_LAO = 0 | bronze_LAO = 0 }}

==Concerns and controversies== thumb|right|1991 Southeast Asian Games ;Reduction of gold medals The Philippines should have tallied a total of 91 gold medals, but one of the gold medals from boxing was proclaimed unofficial. The said gold medal should have been fought by a Filipino boxer against a Thai boxer, but the latter was found positive in the doping tests. The gold medal was, at first, given to the Philippines, but after a few days, the SEAG Organizing Committee declared that there will be no gold and silver medalists for the said event in boxing because there was no battle fought.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2009-08-01 |title=Philippine sports also mourn ex-President Aquino's demise |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/168819/philippine-sports-also-mourn-ex-president-aquino-s-demise/story/ |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=GMA News Online |language=en}}</ref>

== Main official host television broadcasting == {| class="wikitable" !Country !Official broadcasters !Television broadcast |- |{{flagSEAGF|BRU|1991}} |Radio Television Brunei |RTB 5 RTB 8 |- |{{flagSEAGF|INA|1991}} |Televisi Republik Indonesia |TVRI |- |{{flagSEAGF|MAL|1991}} |Radio Televisyen Malaysia |RTM TV1 |- |{{flagSEAGF|PHI|1991}} |ABS-CBN People's Television Network Radio Philippines Network Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation |ABS-CBN 2 PTV 4 New Vision 9 Islands TV 13 |- |{{flagSEAGF|SGP|1991}} |Singapore Broadcasting Corporation |SBC 12 |- |{{flagSEAGF|THA|1991}} |Television Pool of Thailand |- |{{flagSEAGF|VIE|1991}} |Vietnam Television |VTV1 |}

==See also== * 2005 SEA Games * 2019 SEA Games

==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== {{Commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120801031004/http://www.olympic.org.my/web/gamesrecords/sea/sea_history.htm History of the SEA Games] * {{cite web|title=1991 Southeast Asian Games medal table|url=http://www.ocasia.org/game/MWinner.aspx?CntbEpEabMQ13iQyS5RNSfIeXT1sBvVt|publisher=Olympic Council of Asia|access-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028023209/http://www.ocasia.org/game/MWinner.aspx?CntbEpEabMQ13iQyS5RNSfIeXT1sBvVt|archive-date=28 October 2016|url-status=dead}}

{{S-start}} {{Succession box|title=''Southeast Asian Games'' Manila|before=Kuala Lumpur|after=Singapore|years=''XVI Southeast Asian Games'' (1991)}} {{S-end}}

Category:1991 SEA Games Category:SEA Games by year Category:1991 in multi-sport events Southeast Asian Games, 1991 Southeast Asian Games Category:Sports competitions in Manila Category:Multi-sport events in the Philippines Southeast Asian Games Category:20th century in Manila