National Registration Act 1939

{{short description|Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom in 1939}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}} {{Use British English|date=November 2013}} {{Infobox UK legislation | short_title = National Registration Act 1939 | type = Act | parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom | long_title = An Act to make provision for the establishment of a National Register, for the issue of identity cards, and for purposes connected with the matter aforesaid. | year = 1939 | citation = 2 & 3 Geo. 6. c. 91 | introduced_commons = | introduced_lords = | territorial_extent = | royal_assent = 5 September 1939 | commencement = | expiry_date = 22 May 1952<ref name="expired">{{Cite Hansard|house=House of Commons |title=National Registration Act |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1952/jul/31/national-registration-act |date=31 July 1952 |volume=504 |column=163W |speaker=Iain Macleod |position=Minister of Health}}</ref> | repeal_date = | amends = | replaces = | amendments = | repealing_legislation = Statute Law Revision Act 1953 | related_legislation = | status = Repealed | legislation_history = | theyworkforyou = | millbankhansard = | original_text = | revised_text = | use_new_UK-LEG = no | UK-LEG_title =  }}

The '''National Registration Act 1939''' (2 & 3 Geo. 6. c. 91) was an Act of parliament in the United Kingdom.<ref name="NatReg1939">{{cite web |title=National Registration Act 1939 |url=http://histpop.org/ohpr/servlet/View?path=Browse/Legislation%20(by%20date)&active=yes&mno=4059 |website=HISTPOP Online Historical Population Reports |publisher=University of Essex |access-date=9 November 2022 |location=Colchester |archive-date=10 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110000957/http://histpop.org/ohpr/servlet/View?path=Browse/Legislation%20(by%20date)&active=yes&mno=4059 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The initial National Registration Bill was introduced to Parliament as an emergency measure at the start of the Second World War.

The act provided for the establishment of a constantly-maintained national register of the civilian population of the United Kingdom and the Isle of Man, and for the issuance of identity cards based on data held in the register, and required civilians to present their identity cards on demand to police officers and other authorised persons.<ref name="NatReg1939" /><ref name="Register-1939" /> Following the passing of the act by Parliament on 5 September 1939, registrations and the issuing of identity cards commenced on 29 September.<ref name="Register-1939" />{{notetag|The act's provisions for registering civilians were extended to the Isle of Man by Order in Council,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sargeaunt |first1=B. E. |title=Government Circular No. 2013: National Registration Act, 1939 |date=22 September 1939 |publisher=Government Office, Isle of Man |location=Douglas |url=https://www.tynwald.org.im/links/tls/GC/19301939/1939-GC-2013.PDF |access-date=9 November 2022 |format=PDF}}</ref> and the requirement for persons to produce their identity cards on demand was explicitly restated in the Production of Identity Cards Order, 1940.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sargeaunt |first1=B. E. |title=Government Circular No. 2207: The Defence Regulations (Isle of Man), 1939 - The Production of Identity Cards Order, 1940 |date=29 May 1940 |publisher=Government Office, Isle of Man |location=Douglas |url=https://www.tynwald.org.im/links/tls/GC/19401949/1940-GC-2207.PDF |access-date=9 November 2022 |format=PDF}}</ref>}}

==Registration and identity cards== thumb|right|200px|Front cover of an identity card issued to an adult in 1943 Every man, woman and child had to carry an identity (ID) card at all times and the cards would include the following information:

*Name *Sex *Date of birth (and thus age)<ref name=Christian-71-2 /> *Occupation, profession, trade or employment. The Register had also collected information on the role of persons in institutions, indicated by the initial letter of the terms Officer, Visitor, Servant, Patient, or Inmate.<ref name="Register-1939" /> *Address *Marital status *Membership of Naval, Military, or Air Force Reserves, or Auxiliary Forces, or of Civil Defence Services or Reserves.

The register differed from the decennial census in a number of ways, one of which was the place of birth was not recorded, and the second was that the register was meant to be a living document.<ref name=Christian-71-2/> Hence, perusal of the register shows that maiden surnames have been replaced by married surnames when registered persons later married.

In England and Wales, a team of 65,000 enumerators<ref name="indep2015" /> delivered forms ahead of the chosen day. On Friday 29 September 1939, householders were required to record details on the registration forms. On the following Sunday and Monday the enumerators visited every householder, checked the form and then issued a completed identity card for each of the residents. All cards at this time were the same brown/buff colour. Some 45 million identity cards were issued.<ref name=Christian-71-2/>

Three main reasons for the introduction of the identity cards were:

# The major dislocation of the population caused by mobilisation and mass evacuation and also the wartime need for complete manpower control and planning in order to maximise the efficiency of the war economy. # The likelihood of rationing (introduced from January 1940 onwards). # Population statistics. As the last census had been held in 1931, there was little accurate data on which to base vital planning decisions. The National Register was in fact an instant census and the National Registration Act closely resembles the Census Act 1920 in many ways.

The register was also used to support the administration of rationing after this was introduced in January 1940.<ref name="Register-1939" />

===1943 (Blue) Identity Card=== The more commonly found green version of the identity card (not the image shown) was issued in 1943 for adults. Until then, adult identity cards had been a buff (an off yellow) coloured card, not the same colour as children's cards, which was a manila coloured (brown) card. Government officials had green ID cards with endorsements, and a photograph, whilst those in the armed services, or temporary displaced persons were issued with a 'Blue'{{clarify|why is this capitalized and in quotes?|date=December 2024}} version of the identification cards.

Children under 16 were issued with Identity Cards, but they were to be kept by their parents.

Identification was necessary if families were separated from one another or their house was bombed, and if people were injured or killed.

The sections in the card showing the change in address were important, as many people moved several times during the war.

===Class codes=== Class Codes were used for administration and electoral purposes. Cards were marked A, B, C, N or V.

*A: Aged over 21 *B: Aged between 16 and 21 Additionally, all class code 'B' cards were followed by three numbers. The first two indicated the year in which the holder was born whilst the third indicated which quarter of the year the holder was born in. For example, B. 252 would show that the holder was born in the second quarter of 1925 and would also indicate to a polling clerk that the holder would attain adult status in the second quarter of 1946 (i.e. reach the age of 21). *C: Appeared on yellow cards issued to workers from 'Eire' (Ireland) who were conditionally admitted to Great Britain. *N: Cards re-issued under an altered name.{{notetag|There was no requirement to use the registered name in everyday life. In accordance with long-standing English practice, the use of aliases was permitted.}}<ref name=Higgs-154>{{cite book|author=Edward Higgs|title=Identifying the English: A History of Personal Identification 1500 to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XQac7gg9Q0kC&pg=PA249|access-date=25 June 2020|date=6 October 2011|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4411-3801-9|page=154}}</ref> *V: Placed on yellow cards issued to people over 16 arriving in this country who declared that they were usually resident outside the UK.

Temporary buff cards were issued to children under 16 but did not carry a class code.

==Expiry of the Act== On 21 February 1952, it ceased to be necessary to carry an identity card,{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} and the Act itself formally expired on 22 May 1952.<ref name="expired" /> The last person prosecuted under the Act was Harry Willcock, who had refused to produce his identity card for a police officer in December 1950. Even after the National Registration system was abandoned in 1952, the National Registration number persisted, being used within the National Health Service, for voter registration, and for the National Insurance system.<ref name=Higgs-156>{{cite book|author=Edward Higgs|title=Identifying the English: A History of Personal Identification 1500 to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XQac7gg9Q0kC&pg=PA249|access-date=25 June 2020|date=6 October 2011|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4411-3801-9|page=156}}</ref>

==Genealogical significance== The register is particularly important for genealogists because: *The individual records from the 1921 census were protected by the privacy provisions that forbade their release for 100 years, and thus they only became available in January 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Research guides: Census records |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/census-records/ |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=9 November 2022 |location=Richmond |at=Sec. 4.3}}</ref> *The individual records concerning England and Wales from the 1931 census were entirely destroyed by a fire of indeterminate cause in December 1942.<ref>{{cite letter |first=V. P. A. |last=Derrick |recipient=F. T. Stobart (Central National Registration Office) |subject=Destruction of 1931 Census Records |date=22 December 1942 |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C2698084 |location=London |publisher=General Register Office |access-date=9 November 2022 |id=E 66/02 (1A)}}</ref><ref name="Register-1939">{{cite web |title=Research guides: 1939 Register |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/1939-register/ |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=25 June 2020 |location=Richmond}}</ref> *No census was undertaken during 1941.<ref name=Scott-53>{{cite book|author=Jonathan Scott|title=A Dictionary of Family History: The Genealogists' ABC|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pdbKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT53|access-date=25 June 2020|date=28 February 2017|publisher=Pen & Sword Books|isbn=978-1-4738-9254-5|page=53}}</ref> *The register records the precise date of birth of those registered.<ref name=Christian-71-2>{{cite book|author1=Peter Christian|author2=David Annal|title=Census: The Family Historian's Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9WEJBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA71|access-date=25 June 2020|date=14 August 2014|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4729-0294-8|pages=71–72}}</ref> The lack of both the 1931 and 1941 censuses means that "the register provides the most complete survey of the population of England and Wales between 1921 and 1951, making it an invaluable resource for family, social and local historians".<ref name="Register-1939" /> Indeed, between 2010 and the 2022 release of the 1921 census records, the 1939 register was the most complete, detailed, publicly available record of the population of England and Wales after 1911.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

Unlike the decennial censuses, the 1939 register was designed as a working document for the duration of the war, and it was later used in the foundation of the National Health Service and recorded subsequent changes of name, notably in the case of single women who married after 1939.<ref name=Christian-71-2/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hammond |first1=Linda |title=The hidden secrets of the 1939 National Register of England & Wales |url=https://familysearch.brightspotcdn.com/7a/0e/c8cf0edd4729b4cd56309ada9c29/1939-register-handout.docx |access-date=4 January 2022}}</ref> Those born after 1939 were recorded separately and that register has not been released.

==Access to information== ===England and Wales=== The original register books relating to England and Wales were collated and maintained by the Central National Registration Office at Southport, Merseyside, and are now held by the Health and Social Care Information Centre (NHS Digital).<ref name="Register-1939" /><ref name="indep2015" /> In 2010, the NHS began offering to conduct searches of the registers compiled on 29 September 1939 to members of the public upon payment of a fee, and would provide extracts of the information found so long as it was known that it only concerned people who were no longer living.<ref>{{cite web|title= NHS IC launches the 1939 Register Service|url= http://ic.nhs.uk/news-and-events/news/nhs-ic-launches-the-1939-register-service|archive-url= http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100216092443/ic.nhs.uk/news-and-events/news/nhs-ic-launches-the-1939-register-service|url-status= dead|archive-date= 2010-02-16|access-date=2015-07-25}}</ref>

In 2015, The National Archives entered into an agreement under which the original 29 September 1939 registers—as updated by the NHS until 1991—have been scanned, digitised, and made available subject to privacy restrictions on the subscription-based Findmypast website.<ref name="indep2015">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/world-war-ii-wartime-domesday-book-showing-life-in-1939-to-be-made-publicly-available-online-a6717281.html World War II: 'Wartime Domesday' book showing life in 1939 to be made publicly available online.] ''The Independent'', 1 November 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2017.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The 1939 Register|url=http://www.findmypast.co.uk/1939register}}</ref> The digital images can also be viewed free-of-charge at The National Archives's reading rooms in Kew.<ref name="Register-1939" /> For the first four months, from the 2 November 2015 launch, it was accessible on a pay-per-view basis, then it was unlimited access to annual premium subscribers.<ref name="BLOG Jan 2016">{{cite web|url=https://www.irishgenealogynews.com/2016/01/access-to-1939-register-will-be-free-to.html |title=Access to 1939 Register will be free to FindMyPast's annual Britain & World subscribers from 16 February |date=20 January 2016 |via=www.irishgenealogynews.com |quote=Annual subscribers will receive confirmation by email in the next day or so.}}</ref> From spring 2018 onwards, it was available via MyHeritage, then Ancestry.com.<ref name="BLOG May 2018">{{cite web|url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/c/ancestry-blog/find-your-recent-relatives-in-the-1939-register |title=Find your recent relatives in the 1939 Register |department=Ancestry Team |date=24 May 2018 |via=www.ancestry.co.uk/c/ancestry-blog}}</ref><ref name="BLOG March 2018">{{cite web|url=https://blog.myheritage.com/2018/03/myheritage-releases-new-collections-with-325-million-historical-records/ |title=MyHeritage releases new collections with 325 million historical records |date=2 March 2018 |via=blog.myheritage.com |quote=The collections added today include the 1939 Register of England & Wales}}</ref>

The archive's access project does not, however, include records related to people who were first registered after 29 September 1939, as this information is contained in separate register books that {{as of|2022|November|lc=y}} have not been made available to the public.<ref name="Register-1939" />

===Scotland=== The registration process in Scotland was conducted by the General Register Office for Scotland. The register was used as the basis for the NHS Central Register from 1948 onwards but, unlike in England and Wales, the original register books remained with the General Register Office and are now held by the National Records of Scotland (NRS).<ref name="nrs">{{cite web |title=Research Guides: National Registration |url=https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/research/guides/national-register |publisher=National Records of Scotland |date=31 May 2013 |access-date=9 November 2022 |location=Edinburgh}}</ref> Following a successful application under the Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002 in December 2009, members of the public have been able to apply to the NRS for an official extract from the 1939 register of information concerning people who are no longer living. However, on the grounds that a Scottish census record is invariably sealed for 100 years, the information in the extract is limited to the person's address, age, occupation, and marital status at the time of registration.<ref name="nrs-ext">{{cite web |title=National Health Service Central Register – How to Order an Official Extract |url=https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/statistics-and-data/nhs-central-register/about-the-register/1939-national-identity-register-and-how-to-order-an-official-extract |publisher=National Records of Scotland |date=31 May 2013 |access-date=9 November 2022 |location=Edinburgh}}</ref>

===Northern Ireland=== Registration records for Northern Ireland are held by the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland (PRONI).<ref name="Register-1939" /> Following two successful applications under the Freedom of Information Act 2000 in 2010, PRONI in principle allows members of the public to submit a request in the form of a general research enquiry to obtain an extract from the 1939 register for a specified address, including information about inhabitants born over 100 years ago and/or residents whose proof of death is submitted with the request.<ref>{{cite news |title=NORTHERN IRELAND'S CENSUS RECORDS |url=https://www.nifhs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Newsletter_No_21.pdf |access-date=25 December 2023 |issue=21 |publisher=The North of Ireland Family History Society |date=August 2018}}</ref>

However, due to the collapse of the Northern Ireland Assembly between 2017 and 2020, PRONI, as a division within the Assembly's Department for Communities, was unable to fulfil requests.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Collins |first1=Rosemary |title=What is the 1939 Register? |url=https://www.whodoyouthinkyouaremagazine.com/tutorials/10-things-you-should-know-about-the-1939-register |website=Who Do You Think You Are Magazine |publisher=Our Media Ltd |access-date=25 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Further delays were added by restrictions put in place during the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{cite web |title=The 1939 National Register of Northern Ireland |url=https://www.irish-genealogy-toolkit.com/1939-national-register.html |website=irish-genealogy-toolkit.com |access-date=25 December 2023}}</ref>

As of 2010 the collection was unindexed and staff had to retrieve data manually by carrying out a page-by-page search.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Paton |first1=Chris |title=1939 National Registration - Northern Ireland request |url=http://scottishancestry.blogspot.com/2010/02/1939-national-registration-northern.html |website=Scottish GENES (GEnealogy News and EventS) |access-date=25 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906194450/http://scottishancestry.blogspot.com/2010/02/1939-national-registration-northern.html |archive-date=6 September 2015 |date=7 February 2010}}</ref>

===Isle of Man=== Registration records for the Isle of Man are not known to have survived.<ref name="rg101">{{cite web |title=Catalogue description RG 101 - General Register Office: National Registration: 1939 Register |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C14663902 |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=9 November 2022 |location=Richmond}}</ref>

==Notes== {{notefoot}}

==References== {{reflist}}

==External links== * [https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmselect/cmhaff/130/13004.htm Select Committee on Home Affairs Fourth Report], 20 July 2004 * Michael Caines, [https://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/the_tls/tls_selections/commentary/article2305693.ece Identity crisis]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Times Online, 11 April 2006 * Nick Cohen, [https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/jun/30/ukcrime.immigrationandpublicservices1 Blunkett's identity crisis], The Observer, 30 June 2002 * Jon Agar, [http://www.historyandpolicy.org/papers/policy-paper-33.html Identity cards in Britain: past experience and policy implications] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517225108/http://www.historyandpolicy.org/papers/policy-paper-33.html |date=17 May 2008 }} * Privacy International, [https://web.archive.org/web/20071011060405/http://www.privacyinternational.org/article.shtml?cmd%5B347%5D=x-347-61886 History of ID Cards in the United Kingdom], 1 Jan 1997 * Statewatch, [http://www.statewatch.org/news/2003/jul/26ukid.htm Identity cards in the UK - a lesson from history] * [http://www.1911census.org.uk/1939.htm The 1939 National Identity Card]

Category:Emergency laws in the United Kingdom Category:1939 in British law Category:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1939 Category:United Kingdom in World War II