{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see WP:SDNONE --> {{Year nav topic5|1865|science}} {{Science year nav|1865}}

The year '''1865 in science''' and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

==Archaeology== * John Lubbock publishes ''Pre-historic Times, as Illustrated by Ancient Remains, and the Manners and Customs of Modern Savages'', including his coinage of the term ''Palæolithic''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Palaeolithic, ''adj. and n.'' |edition=3rd |work=Oxford English Dictionary online version |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/136182 |access-date=2012-02-24 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65kLYSVHL?url=http://www.oed.com/;jsessionid=6590B9B41357E72B72FD9A83C4130F30?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F136182 |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=live |date=December 2011 }} {{OEDsub}}</ref>

==Astronomy== * Vassar College Observatory opens at Poughkeepsie, New York, with Maria Mitchell as its first director.

== Chemistry == * Friedrich Kekulé proposes a ring structure for benzene.<ref>{{cite journal|first=F. A.|last=Kekulé|title=Sur la constitution des substances aromatiques|journal=Bulletin de la Société Chimique de Paris|volume=3|year=1865|pages=98–110}}</ref> * Adolf von Baeyer begins work on indigo dye, a milestone in modern industrial organic chemistry which revolutionizes the dye industry.<ref>{{cite web | title = Adolf von Baeyer: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1905 | work = Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1901–1921 |publisher = Elsevier Publishing Company | year = 1966 | url =http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1905/baeyer-bio.html | access-date = 2007-02-28}}</ref> * Johann Josef Loschmidt indirectly determines the number of molecules in a mole, later named the Avogadro constant.<ref>{{cite episode|network=NPR|station=KUHF-FM Houston|title=Johann Josef Loschmidt|number=1858|series=The Engines of Our Ingenuity|series-link=The Engines of Our Ingenuity|credits=Lienhard, John H.|airdate=2003|transcript-url=http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1858.htm|transcript=Johann Josef Loschmidt <!--accessdate=2007-03-24-->}}</ref>

== Economics == * William Stanley Jevons publishes his book ''The Coal Question'', which will form the scientific basis for the Jevons paradox.

==Life sciences== * Louis Pasteur shows that the air is full of bacteria. * Joseph Lister begins to experiment with antiseptic surgery in Glasgow using carbolic acid.<ref name="People's Chronology">{{cite book|chapter=1865|title=The People's Chronology|editor=Everett, Jason M.|publisher=Thomson Gale|year=2006}}</ref> * Max Schultze gives the first known description of the platelet.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Schultze|first=M.|title=Ein heizbarer Objecttisch und seine Verwendung bei Untersuchungen des Blutes|journal=Archiv für Mikroskopische Anatomie|year=1865|volume=1|pages=1–42|doi=10.1007/bf02961404|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1428432/files/article.pdf}}</ref> * Claude Bernard publishes ''Principes de Médecine experimentale''. * February 8 & March 8 – Gregor Mendel reads his paper, ''Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden'' (''Experiments on Plant Hybridization''), at two meetings of the Natural History Society of Brünn in Moravia.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The "Rediscovery" of Mendel's Work|first=Randy|last=Moore|journal=Bioscene|volume=27|url=http://papa.indstate.edu/amcbt/volume_27/v27-2.pdf|access-date=2016-12-06|date=May 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202002119/http://papa.indstate.edu/amcbt/volume_27/v27-2.pdf|archive-date=2017-02-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> * May 17 – Father Armand David first observes Père David's Deer in China.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Elaphurus_davidianus.html|work=Ultimate Ungulate|title=''Elaphurus davidianus''|year=2004|access-date=2011-05-05| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110605153301/http://www.ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Elaphurus_davidianus.html| archive-date= 5 June 2011 | url-status=live}}</ref> * June&ndash;August – Francis Galton formulates eugenics.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Francis|last=Galton|url=http://www.mugu.com/galton/essays/1860-1869/galton-1865-hereditary-talent.pdf|title=Hereditary talent and character|journal=Macmillan's Magazine|volume=12|year=1865|pages=157–166, 318–327|access-date=2016-12-06}}</ref> * September – John Henry Walsh (writing as 'Stonehenge' in the magazine ''The Field'') gives the first definition of a dog breed standard (for the pointer) based on physical form.<ref>{{cite web|title=First modern dog discovered|url=http://www.manchester.ac.uk/aboutus/news/display/?id=9636|publisher=University of Manchester|date=2013-03-06|access-date=2013-03-07}}</ref> * September 28 – Elizabeth Garrett Anderson obtains a licence from the Society of Apothecaries in London to practice medicine, the first woman to qualify as a doctor in the United Kingdom,<ref>Apart from the woman passing herself off as Dr James Barry. {{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}</ref> and sets up in her own practice.

==Physics== * Rudolf Clausius gives the first mathematical version of the concept of entropy, and also names it.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Clausius |first=R. |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k152107/f369.table |title=Über die Wärmeleitung gasförmiger Körper |journal=Annalen der Physik |volume=125 |pages=353–400 |year=1865 |access-date=26 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605212636/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark%3A/12148/bpt6k152107/f369.table |archive-date=5 June 2011 |url-status=live |doi=10.1002/andp.18652010702 |bibcode=1865AnP...201..353C }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Clausius|first=R.|year=1867|title=The Mechanical Theory of Heat – with its Applications to the Steam Engine and to Physical Properties of Bodies|location=London|publisher=John van Voorst}}</ref> * James Clerk Maxwell publishes ''A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field''.<ref name="People's Chronology"/>

==Technology== * Aveling and Porter produce the world's first steam roller at Rochester in England.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aveling and Porter|url=http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/wiki/Aveling_and_Porter|work=Grace's Guide|access-date=2011-05-25}}</ref> * Hermann Sprengel produces the Sprengel pump which is capable of creating a significant vacuum.<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Silvanus P. Thompson|last=Thompson|first=Silvanus P.|title=The Development of the Mercurial Air-pump|year=1888|publisher=E. & F. N. Spon|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/developmentofmer00thom/page/14 14]&ndash;15|url=https://archive.org/details/developmentofmer00thom|quote=Hermann Sprengel.}}</ref>

==Awards== * Copley Medal: Michel Chasles<ref>{{cite web |title=Copley Medal {{!}} British scientific award |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=23 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref> * Wollaston Medal in Geology: Thomas Davidson

==Births== * January 22 – Friedrich Paschen (died 1947), German physicist. * February 1 – Henry Luke Bolley (died 1956), American plant pathologist. * March 19 – William Morton Wheeler (died 1937), American entomologist. * March 31 – Anandi Gopal Joshi (died 1887), Indian physician. * April 28 – Charles W. Woodworth (died 1940), American entomologist. * June 27 – John Monash (died 1931), Australian civil engineer and General. * August 10 – Charles Close (died 1952), Jersey-born cartographer. * October 12 – Arthur Harden (died 1940), English biochemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry recipient. * November 4 – Chevalier Jackson (died 1958), American laryngologist and pioneer of endoscopy.

==Deaths== * January 14 – Marie-Anne Libert (born 1782), Belgian botanist. * January 31 – Hugh Falconer (born 1808), British geologist, botanist, paleontologist and paleoanthropologist. * April 23 – Diego de Argumosa (born 1792), Spanish surgeon. * April 30 – Robert FitzRoy (born 1805), English admiral and meteorologist, suicide. * May 27 – Charles Waterton (born 1782), English naturalist and explorer. * June 5 – Sir John Richardson (born 1787), Scottish-born naturalist, explorer and naval surgeon. * July 25 – Dr. James Barry (born 1789-1799), Irish-born military surgeon. * August 12 – Sir William Jackson Hooker (born 1785), English botanist. * August 13 – Ignaz Semmelweis (born 1818), Hungarian physician, following restraint in insane asylum. * August 26 – Johann Franz Encke (born 1791), German astronomer. * August 29 – Robert Remak (born 1815), Polish/Prussian Jewish embryologist. * September 2 – Sir William Rowan Hamilton (born 1805), Irish mathematician, physicist and astronomer. * October 17 – Joseph-François Malgaigne (born 1806), French surgeon.

==References== {{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1865 In Science}} Category:1865 in science Category:1860s in science Category:19th century in science