14 Herculis c

{{Short description|Extrasolar planet in the constellation Hercules}} {{Infobox planet | name = 14 Herculis c | image = File:14 Herculis c (NIRCam).png | caption = Direct image of 14 Herculis c taken with the James Webb Space Telescope. Its host star is blocked by a coronagraph.  | discovery_ref = <ref name="Gozdziewski2006"/><ref name=Rosenthal2021/> | discoverer = Goździewski et al.; Rosenthal et al. | discovery_site = Observatoire de Haute-Provence,<ref name="Naef2004"/> Keck & AFP<ref name=Rosenthal2021/> | discovered = 17 November 2005 (candidate)<br>2 July 2021 (confirmed) | discovery_method = Doppler spectroscopy  | extrasolarplanet = yes | alt_names = HD 145675 c  | orbit_ref = | apsis = astron | semimajor = {{val|28.1|6.4|6.8|u=AU}}<ref name=Xiao2025/> | eccentricity = {{val|0.64|0.06|0.10}}<ref name=Xiao2025/> | period = {{val|52160|1030|fmt=commas}} days<br>({{val|142.8|2.8}} years)<ref name="BardalezGagliuffi2025"/> | inclination = {{val|111.9|5.4|5.5|u=deg}}<ref name=Xiao2025/> | asc_node = {{val|205.1|7.448|10.31|u=deg}}<ref name="BardalezGagliuffi2025"/> | time_periastron = {{val|2451779|33|fmt=commas|ul=JD}}<ref name="Benedict2023"/> | arg_peri = {{val|172.5|4.011|4.584|u=deg}}<ref name="BardalezGagliuffi2025"/> | semi-amplitude = {{val|50.8|0.4|ul=m/s}}<ref name="Benedict2023"/> | star = 14 Herculis  | physical_ref = <ref name="BardalezGagliuffi2025"/> | mass = {{val|7.9|1.6|1.2|ul=Jupiter mass}} | mean_radius = {{val|1.03|0.01|ul=Jupiter radius}} | single_temperature = {{convert|275|K|C F|lk=in}} | surface_grav = {{val|4.25|0.15|ul=cgs}}   }} '''14 Herculis c''' or '''14 Her c''' is the outermost of two known exoplanets orbiting the star 14 Herculis, approximately 58.4 light-years away in the constellation of Hercules. The planet has a mass that would make it a gas giant roughly the same size as Jupiter but much more massive.

== Discovery == 14 Herculis c was discovered by the radial velocity method. Its discovery was first reported in 2005 (published in 2006),<ref name="Gozdziewski2006"/> using data from the ELODIE Planet Search survey.<ref name="Naef2004"/> It remained a planet candidate until its existence was securely confirmed in 2021.<ref name=Rosenthal2021/>

According to a 2007 analysis, the existence of a second planet in the 14 Herculis system was "clearly" supported by the evidence, but the planet's parameters were not precisely known. It may be in a 4:1 resonance with the inner planet 14 Herculis b.<ref name="wittenmyer"/>

The inclination and true mass of 14 Herculis c were measured in 2021, using data from ''Gaia'',<ref name="Gagliuffi2021"/> and refined by further astrometric studies in 2022 and 2023,<ref name="Feng2022"/><ref name="Benedict2023"/> as well by a 2025 study using James Webb Space Telescope astrometry. The inclination is 116°, corresponding to a true mass of {{Jupiter mass|7.1|link=y}}.<ref name="Benedict2023"/>

== Direct imaging == The planet was directly imaged with the James Webb Space Telescope's NIRCam instrument in 2025. The observations determined a temperature of {{convert|275|K|C|lk=in}}, making it one of the coldest exoplanets directly imaged. They also re-measured its orbital elements, finding it to be closer to the star, at around 15 AU, on a highly eccentric orbit, as well as measuring its orbital inclination, finding it to be misaligned with 14 Herculis b by 40°. At wavelengths of 4.4 μm, its apparent magnitude is fainter than expected, hinting at disequilibrium chemistry and/or water ice clouds.<ref name="Webb release">{{Cite web |title=Frigid Exoplanet in Strange Orbit Imaged by NASA's Webb |url=https://webbtelescope.org/contents/news-releases/2025/news-2025-125 |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Webb |language=en}}</ref><ref name="BardalezGagliuffi2025"/>

== See also == * Epsilon Eridani b * Epsilon Indi Ab * HD 222237

== References == <references> <ref name="Gozdziewski2006">{{cite journal |bibcode=2006ApJ...645..688G |author=Goździewski, K. |author2=Konacki, M. |author3=Maciejewski, A. J.|title=Orbital Configurations and Dynamical Stability of Multiplanet Systems around Sun-like Stars HD 202206, 14 Herculis, HD 37124, and HD 108874|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=645|issue=1|pages=688–703|date=2006|doi=10.1086/504030|arxiv = astro-ph/0511463 |s2cid=15012577 |url=http://authors.library.caltech.edu/5547/1/GOZapj06.pdf}}</ref>

<ref name="wittenmyer">{{cite journal |bibcode=2007ApJ...654..625W |author=Wittenmyer, R. A. |author2=Endl, M. |author3=Cochran, W. D.|title=Long-Period Objects in the Extrasolar Planetary Systems 47 Ursae Majoris and 14 Herculis|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=654|issue=1|pages=625–632|date=2007|doi=10.1086/509110|arxiv = astro-ph/0609117 |s2cid=14707902 }}</ref>

<ref name=Rosenthal2021>{{citation|arxiv=2105.11583|year=2021|title=The California Legacy Survey. I. A Catalog of 178 Planets from Precision Radial Velocity Monitoring of 719 Nearby Stars over Three Decades|doi=10.3847/1538-4365/abe23c |last1=Rosenthal |first1=Lee J. |last2=Fulton |first2=Benjamin J. |last3=Hirsch |first3=Lea A. |last4=Isaacson |first4=Howard T. |last5=Howard |first5=Andrew W. |last6=Dedrick |first6=Cayla M. |last7=Sherstyuk |first7=Ilya A. |last8=Blunt |first8=Sarah C. |last9=Petigura |first9=Erik A. |last10=Knutson |first10=Heather A. |last11=Behmard |first11=Aida |last12=Chontos |first12=Ashley |last13=Crepp |first13=Justin R. |last14=Crossfield |first14=Ian J. M. |last15=Dalba |first15=Paul A. |last16=Fischer |first16=Debra A. |last17=Henry |first17=Gregory W. |last18=Kane |first18=Stephen R. |last19=Kosiarek |first19=Molly |last20=Marcy |first20=Geoffrey W. |last21=Rubenzahl |first21=Ryan A. |last22=Weiss |first22=Lauren M. |last23=Wright |first23=Jason T. |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series |volume=255 |issue=1 |page=8 |bibcode=2021ApJS..255....8R |s2cid=235186973 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Gagliuffi2021">{{cite journal | last1=Bardalez Gagliuffi | first1=Daniella C. | last2=Faherty | first2=Jacqueline K. | last3=Li | first3=Yiting | last4=Brandt | first4=Timothy D. | last5=Williams | first5=Lauryn | last6=Brandt | first6=G. Mirek | last7=Gelino | first7=Christopher R. | display-authors=1 | title=14 Her: A Likely Case of Planet–Planet Scattering | journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters | date=1 December 2021 | volume=922 | issue=2 | at=L43 | arxiv=2111.06004 | bibcode=2021ApJ...922L..43B | bibcode-access=free | doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ac382c | doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Feng2022">{{cite journal |last1=Feng |first1=Fabo |last2=Butler |first2=R. Paul |display-authors=etal |date=August 2022 |title=3D Selection of 167 Substellar Companions to Nearby Stars |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series |volume=262 |issue=21 |page=21 |doi=10.3847/1538-4365/ac7e57 |arxiv=2208.12720 |bibcode=2022ApJS..262...21F |s2cid=251864022 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Benedict2023">{{cite journal |last1=Benedict |first1=G. F. |last2=McArthur |first2=B. E. |display-authors=etal |date=May 2023 |title=The 14 Her Planetary System: Companion Masses and Architecture from Radial Velocities and Astrometry |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume= 166|issue= 1|page=27 |doi= 10.3847/1538-3881/acd93a|arxiv=2305.11753 |bibcode=2023AJ....166...27B |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="BardalezGagliuffi2025">{{cite journal |last1=Bardalez Gagliuffi |first1=Daniella |last2=Balmer |first2=William O. |display-authors=etal |date=June 2025 |title=JWST Coronagraphic Images of 14 Her c: a Cold Giant Planet in a Dynamically Hot, Multi-planet System |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |volume= 988|issue= |pages= L18|doi= 10.3847/2041-8213/ade30f|doi-access=free |arxiv=2506.09201 |bibcode=2025ApJ...988L..18B }}</ref>

<ref name=Xiao2025>{{cite journal|arxiv=2506.13580 |last1=Xiao |first1=Guang-Yao |last2=Feng |first2=Fabo |title=Updated Mutual Inclination Measurement for 14 Her b and C |journal=Research Notes of the AAS |date=2025 |volume=9 |issue=7 |page=187 |doi=10.3847/2515-5172/adef49 |bibcode=2025RNAAS...9..187X |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Naef2004">{{Cite journal |last1=Naef |first1=D. |last2=Mayor |first2=M. |last3=Beuzit |first3=J. L. |last4=Perrier |first4=C. |last5=Queloz |first5=D. |last6=Sivan |first6=J. P. |last7=Udry |first7=S. |date=January 2004 |title=The ELODIE survey for northern extra-solar planets. III. Three planetary candidates detected with ELODIE |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004A&A...414..351N/abstract |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |language=en |volume=414 |pages=351–359 |arxiv=astro-ph/0310261 |bibcode=2004A&A...414..351N |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20034091 |issn=0004-6361}}</ref> </references>

== External links == * {{cite encyclopedia |url=https://exoplanet.eu/catalog/14_her_c--309/ |title=Notes for Planet 14 Her c |author=Jean Schneider |date=2011 |encyclopedia=Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia |access-date=30 September 2011}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.solstation.com/stars2/14her.htm |title=14 Herculis |accessdate=2008-06-25 |work=SolStation| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080719164703/http://www.solstation.com/stars2/14her.htm| archivedate= 19 July 2008 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:14 Herculis c}} Category:Hercules (constellation) Category:Giant planets Category:Exoplanets discovered in 2005 Category:Exoplanets detected by radial velocity Category:Exoplanets detected by astrometry Category:Exoplanets detected by direct imaging