1453 Fennia

{{Short description|Hungaria asteroid and synchronous binary system}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}} {{Infobox planet | minorplanet = yes | name = 1453 Fennia | background = #D6D6D6 | image = | image_size = | caption = | discovery_ref = <ref name="jpldata" /> | discoverer = Y. Väisälä | discovery_site = Turku Obs. | discovered = 8 March 1938 | mpc_name = (1453) Fennia | alt_names = {{mp|1938 ED|1}} | pronounced = {{IPAc-en|'|f|E|n|i|@}} | named_after = {{nowrap|Finland {{small|(Scandinavian country)}}<ref name="springer" />}} | mp_category = main-belt{{·}}{{small|(inner)}} Hungaria<ref name="lcdb" />{{·}}background<ref name="AstDys-object" /> | orbit_ref = <ref name="jpldata" /> | epoch = 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5) | uncertainty = 0 | observation_arc = 79.50 yr (29,037 days) | aphelion = 1.9502 AU | perihelion = 1.8438 AU | semimajor = 1.8970 AU | eccentricity = 0.0281 | period = 2.61 yr (954 days) | mean_anomaly = 72.856° | mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS|0.3772|sup=ms}} / day | inclination = 23.675° | asc_node = 7.0898° | arg_peri = 254.79° | satellites = 1 {{small|(D: 1.95 km; P: 23.55 h)}}<ref name="CBET-150" /><ref name="johnstonsarchive" /><ref name="Warner-2016i" /> | dimensions = {{val|6.36|0.68}} km<ref name="Nugent-2015" /> {{val|6.573|0.245}} km<ref name="Masiero-2012" /> {{val|6.96|0.39}} km {{small|(derived)}}<ref name="johnstonsarchive" /> {{val|7.23|0.4}} km<ref name="SIMPS" /> {{val|7.32}} km<ref name="lcdb" /><ref name="Warner-2008h" /> {{val|8.98|0.28}} km<ref name="AKARI" /> | rotation = {{val|4.412|0.002}} h<ref name="Warner-2016i" />{{efn|name=lightcurveplot-Warner-B}} {{val|4.4121|0.0001}} h<ref name="Warner-2008h" /><ref name="Warner-2007j" />{{efn|name=lightcurveplot-Warner-A}} {{val|4.41224|0.0004}} h<ref name="Pravec-2012a" /> {{val|4.4124|0.0004}} h<ref name="Higgins-2011b" /> {{val|4.413|0.002}} h<ref name="Santana-Ros-2016" /> {{val|6|1}} h<ref name="Wisniewski-1997" /> {{val|12.23|0.04}} h {{small|(wrong)}}<ref name="geneva-obs" /> | albedo = {{val|0.140|0.029}}<ref name="Gil-Hutton-2007" /> {{val|0.186|0.013}}<ref name="AKARI" /> {{val|0.244|0.031}}<ref name="Warner-2008h" /> {{val|0.2494|0.032}}<ref name="SIMPS" /> {{val|0.409|0.040}}<ref name="Masiero-2012" /> {{val|0.50|0.16}}<ref name="Nugent-2015" /> | spectral_type = Tholen {{=}} S<ref name="jpldata" /><ref name="lcdb" />{{·}}K<ref name="Belskaya-2017" /> B–V {{=}} 0.928<ref name="jpldata" /> B–V {{=}} {{val|0.890|0.030}}<ref name="Warner-2008h" /> U–B {{=}} 0.532<ref name="jpldata" /> V–R {{=}} {{val|0.500|0.020}}<ref name="Warner-2008h" /> V–I {{=}} {{val|0.980|0.020}}<ref name="Warner-2008h" /> | abs_magnitude = {{val|12.38|0.05}} {{small|(R)}}<ref name="Pravec-2012a" />{{·}}12.50<ref name="jpldata" /><ref name="Nugent-2015" /><ref name="Masiero-2012" />{{·}}12.69<ref name="AKARI" />{{·}}{{val|12.81|0.06}}<ref name="Wisniewski-1997" />{{·}}{{val|12.82|0.24}}<ref name="Veres-2015" />{{·}}12.83<ref name="SIMPS" />{{·}}{{val|12.83|0.07}}<ref name="Warner-2008h" />{{·}}12.835<ref name="lcdb" />{{·}}{{val|12.835|0.06}}<ref name="Pravec-2012b" /> }}

'''1453 Fennia''', provisional designation {{mp|1938 ED|1}}, is a stony Hungaria asteroid and synchronous binary system from the innermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Yrjö Väisälä at the Turku Observatory in 1938,<ref name="MPC-object" /> the asteroid was later named after the Nordic country of Finland.<ref name="springer" /> The system's minor-planet moon was discovered in 2007. It has a derived diameter of 1.95 kilometers and is orbiting its primary every 23.55 hours.<ref name="johnstonsarchive" /><ref name="Warner-2016i" />

== Discovery ==

''Fennia'' was discovered on 8 March 1938, by Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at the Iso-Heikkilä Observatory in Turku, southwest Finland.<ref name="MPC-object" /> Fifteen days later, it was independently discovered by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula, which also served as a confirmation of the first observation.<ref name="jpldata" /><ref name="springer" /> The Minor Planet Center only recognizes the first discoverer.<ref name="MPC-object" />

== Orbit and classification ==

''Fennia'' is a bright member of the Hungaria asteroids,<ref name="MPC-object" /> a dynamical group that forms the innermost dense concentration of asteroids in the Solar System. The group includes all members of large asteroid family of the same name ({{small|003}}). When applying the Hierarchical Clustering Method to its proper orbital elements, ''Fennia'' is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population.<ref name="AstDys-object" />

It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8–2.0 AU once every 2 years and 7 months (954 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.03 and an inclination of 24° with respect to the ecliptic.<ref name="jpldata" /> The body's observation arc begins at the discovering observatory (or at Simeiz Observatory), 15 days after its official discovery observation at Turku.<ref name="MPC-object" />

== Physical characteristics ==

In the Tholen classification, ''Fennia'' is a common, stony S-type asteroid. It has also been characterized as a rare K-type asteroid.<ref name="Belskaya-2017" />

=== Rotation period ===

Since 1991, a large number of rotational lightcurves of ''Fennia'' have been obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a consolidated rotation period of 4.4121 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.10 and 0.20 magnitude ({{small|U=0/3/3/3/3/3-}}).<ref name="Warner-2016i" /><ref name="Warner-2007j" /><ref name="Warner-2008h" /><ref name="Pravec-2012a" /><ref name="Higgins-2011b" /><ref name="Santana-Ros-2016" /><ref name="Wisniewski-1997" /><ref name="geneva-obs" />{{efn|name=lightcurveplot-Warner-A}}{{efn|name=lightcurveplot-Warner-B}} Due to its relatively low brightness amplitude, ''Fennia'' is likely spheroidal in shape.

=== Moon ===

In 2007, these photometric lightcurve observations revealed that ''Fennia'' is a synchronous binary asteroid, orbited by a minor-planet moon.<ref name="CBET-150" /><ref name="johnstonsarchive" /> The moon has an orbital period of 22.99 hours,<ref name="Warner-2008h" /><ref name="Warner-2007j" />{{efn|name=lightcurveplot-Warner-A}} later revised to 23.55 hours.<ref name="Warner-2016i" />{{efn|name=lightcurveplot-Warner-B}} It is at least a quarter the size of ''Fennia'' itself – a secondary-to-primary mean-diameter ratio of {{val|0.28|0.02}}) – which translates into a diameter of {{val|1.95|0.18}} kilometers based on current estimates.<ref name="johnstonsarchive" />

=== Diameter and albedo ===

According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, ''Fennia'' measures between 6.36 and 8.98 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.140 and 0.50.<ref name="Nugent-2015" /><ref name="Masiero-2012" /><ref name="SIMPS" /><ref name="Warner-2008h" /><ref name="AKARI" /><ref name="Gil-Hutton-2007" />

The Johnston's archive derives a diameter of 6.96 kilometers,<ref name="johnstonsarchive" /> while ''Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link'' adopts an albedo of 0.244 and a diameter of 7.32 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 12.835, taken from the revised WISE-results.<ref name="lcdb" /><ref name="Warner-2008h" />

== Naming ==

This minor planet was named in honor of the Nordic country of Finland. "Fennia" is the Latin word for Finland. The official naming citation was mentioned in ''The Names of the Minor Planets'' by Paul Herget in 1955 ({{small|H 130}}).<ref name="springer" />

== Notes == {{notelist|refs=

{{efn|name=lightcurveplot-Warner-A|1={{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170322020816/http://www.minorplanetobserver.com/pdolc/A1453_2007.HTM Lightcurve plot of 1453 Fennia]}}, Palmer Divide Observatory, Colorado, Brian D. Warner (2007) rotation period {{val|4.4121|0.0001}} hours with a brightness amplitude of {{val|0.10|0.01}} mag, including primary–secondary mutual eclipsing/occultation event chart with an orbital period of {{val|22.99|0.05}}. Summary figures at [http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/generateOneAsteroidInfo.php?AstInfo=1453%7CFennia LCDB]}}

{{efn|name=lightcurveplot-Warner-B|1=[http://www.planetarysciences.org/plots/BDW/1453_FENNIA_20160401.PNG Lightcurve plot of 1453 Fennia], Palmer Divide Station, California, Brian D. Warner (2016). rotation period {{val|4.412|0.002}} hours with a brightness amplitude of {{val|0.19}} mag, and P2-chart with an orbital period of {{val|23.55|0.05}} hours. Summary figures at [http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/generateOneAsteroidInfo.php?AstInfo=1453%7CFennia LCDB]}}

}}

== References == {{reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="jpldata">{{cite web |type = 2017-10-01 last obs. |title = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 1453 Fennia (1938 ED1) |url = https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2001453 |publisher = Jet Propulsion Laboratory |access-date = 21 October 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="springer">{{cite book |title = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (1453) Fennia |last = Schmadel | first = Lutz D. |publisher = Springer Berlin Heidelberg |page = 116 |date = 2007 |isbn = 978-3-540-00238-3 |doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1454 |chapter = (1453) Fennia }}</ref>

<ref name="MPC-object">{{cite web |title = 1453 Fennia (1938 ED1) |work = Minor Planet Center |url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=1453 |access-date = 21 October 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="geneva-obs">{{cite web |title = Asteroids and comets rotation curves – (1453) Fennia |last = Behrend |first = Raoul |publisher = Geneva Observatory |url = http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page4cou.html#001453 |access-date = 21 October 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="AstDys-object">{{cite web |title = Asteroid 1453 Fennia – Proper Elements |publisher = AstDyS-2, Asteroids – Dynamic Site |url = https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.6&n=1453 |access-date= 29 October 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="johnstonsarchive">{{cite web |title = Asteroids with Satellites Database – Johnston's Archive: (1453) Fennia |publisher = Johnston's Archive |date = 21 September 2014 |url = http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-01453.html |access-date = 21 October 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="CBET-150">{{cite web |title = Electronic Telegram No. 1150: (1453) Fennia |publisher = Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams |date = 1 December 2007 |url = http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/cbet/001100/CBET001150.txt |access-date = 21 October 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="lcdb">{{cite LCDB|number = 1453 |access-date = 21 October 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="Warner-2008h">{{Cite journal |display-authors = 6 |first1 = Brian D. |last1 = Warner |first2 = Alan W. |last2 = Harris |first3 = Petr |last3 = Pravec |first4 = Robert D. |last4 = Stephens |first5 = Donald P. |last5 = Pray |first6 = Walter R. Jr. |last6 = Cooney |first7 = John |last7 = Gross |first8 = Dirk |last8 = Terrell |first9 = S. |last9 = Gajdos |first10 = A. |last10 = Galad |first11 = Yurij |last11 = Krugly |date = June 2008 |title = 1453 Fennia: A Hungaria Binary |journal = The Minor Planet Bulletin |volume = 35 |issue = 2 |pages = 73–74 |issn = 1052-8091 |bibcode = 2008MPBu...35...73W }}</ref>

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<ref name="Wisniewski-1997">{{Cite journal |first1 = W. Z. |last1 = Wisniewski |first2 = T. M. |last2 = Michalowski |first3 = A. W. |last3 = Harris |first4 = R. S. |last4 = McMillan |date = March 1995 |title = Photoelectric Observations of 125 Asteroids |journal = Abstracts of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference |volume = 26 |page = 1511 |bibcode = 1995LPI....26.1511W }}</ref>

<ref name="Warner-2007j">{{Cite journal |display-authors = 6 |first1 = B. D. |last1 = Warner |first2 = A. W. |last2 = Harris |first3 = P. |last3 = Pravec |first4 = R. D. |last4 = Stephens |first5 = D. |last5 = Pray |first6 = W. |last6 = Cooney |first7 = J. |last7 = Gross |first8 = D. |last8 = Terrell |first9 = S. |last9 = Gajdos |first10 = A. |last10 = Galad |first11 = Yu. |last11 = Krugly |date = December 2007 |title = (1453) Fennia |journal = Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams |volume = 1150 |issue = 1150 |page = 1 |bibcode = 2007CBET.1150....1W }}</ref>

<ref name="Higgins-2011b">{{Cite journal |first1 = David |last1 = Higgins |first2 = Julian |last2 = Oey |first3 = Petr |last3 = Pravec |date = January 2011 |title = Period Determination of Binary Asteroid Targets Observed at Hunters Hill Observatory: May-September 2009 |journal = The Minor Planet Bulletin |volume = 38 |issue = 1 |pages = 46–49 |issn = 1052-8091 |bibcode = 2011MPBu...38...46H }}</ref>

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<ref name="Santana-Ros-2016">{{Cite journal |first1 = Toni |last1 = Santana-Ros |first2 = Anna |last2 = Marciniak |first3 = Prezemyslaw |last3 = Bartczak |date = July 2016 |title = Gaia-GOSA: A Collaborative Service for Asteroid Observers |journal = The Minor Planet Bulletin |volume = 43 |issue = 3 |pages = 205–207 |issn = 1052-8091 |bibcode = 2016MPBu...43..205S }}</ref>

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}}

== External links == * [http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/asteroidmoons.html Asteroids with Satellites], Robert Johnston, johnstonsarchive.net * [http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/lcdbsummaryquery.php Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)], query form ([http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216050541/http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html |date=16 December 2017 }}) * [https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg Dictionary of Minor Planet Names], Google books * [http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page_cou.html Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR] – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend * [https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs000001.html Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000)] – Minor Planet Center * {{AstDys|1453}} * {{JPL small body}}

{{Minor planets navigator |1452 Hunnia |number=1453 |1454 Kalevala}} {{Small Solar System bodies}} {{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fennia}} 001453 Category:Discoveries by Yrjö Väisälä Category:Named minor planets 001453 001453 19380308