Carbon-13

{{Short description|Rare isotope of carbon}} {{redirect|13C|the Chilean TV channel|13C (TV channel)}} {{Infobox isotope | alternate_names = | symbol =C | mass_number =13 | mass = 13.003354835<ref>{{AME2020 II}}</ref> | num_neutrons =7 | num_protons =6 | abundance =1.07%<ref name="CIAAWcarbon">[http://www.ciaaw.org/carbon.htm "Standard Atomic Weights: Carbon"]. CIAAW. 2011.</ref> | halflife = | error_halflife = | image =Carbon-13.svg | decay_product = | decay_symbol = | decay_mass = | decay_mode1 = | decay_energy1 = | decay_mode2 = | decay_energy2 = | decay_mode3 = | decay_energy3 = | decay_mode4 = | decay_energy4 = | parent = | parent_symbol = | parent_mass = | parent_decay = | parent2 = | parent2_symbol = | parent2_mass = | parent2_decay = | spin = −{{sfrac|1|2}} | excess_energy = | binding_energy =

}} '''Carbon-13''' (¹³C) is a natural, stable isotope of carbon with a nucleus containing six protons and seven neutrons. It constitutes about 1.07% of natural carbon and is one of the so-called environmental isotopes.

== Detection by mass spectrometry == A mass spectrum of an organic compound will usually contain a small peak of one mass unit greater than the apparent molecular ion peak (M) of the whole molecule. This is known as the M+1 peak and comes from the few molecules that contain a ¹³C atom in place of a ¹²C. A molecule containing one carbon atom will be expected to have an M+1 peak of approximately 1.1% of the size of the M peak, as 1.1% of the molecules will have a ¹³C rather than a ¹²C. Similarly, a molecule containing two carbon atoms will be expected to have an M+1 peak of approximately 2.2% of the size of the M peak, as there is double the previous likelihood that any molecule will contain a ¹³C atom.

In the above, the mathematics and chemistry have been simplified, however it can be used effectively to give the number of carbon atoms for small- to medium-sized organic molecules. In the following formula the result should be rounded to the nearest integer:

:<math>C = \frac{100Y}{1.1X}</math>

where ''C'' = number of C atoms, ''X'' = amplitude of the M ion peak, and ''Y'' = amplitude of the M +1 ion peak.

¹³C-enriched compounds are used in the research of metabolic processes by means of mass spectrometry. Such compounds are safe because they are non-radioactive. In addition, ¹³C is used to quantify proteins (quantitative proteomics). One important application is in stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC). ¹³C-enriched compounds are used in medical diagnostic tests such as the urea breath test. Analysis in these tests is usually of the ratio of ¹³C to ¹²C by isotope ratio mass spectrometry.

The ratio of ¹³C to ¹²C is slightly higher in plants employing C4 carbon fixation than in plants employing C3 carbon fixation. Because the different isotope ratios for the two kinds of plants propagate through the food chain, it is possible to determine if the principal diet of a human or other animal consists primarily of C3 plants or C4 plants by measuring the isotopic signature of their collagen and other tissues.

== Uses in science == {{Main|δ13C|l1=δ¹³C}} Due to differential uptake in plants as well as marine carbonates of ¹³C, it is possible to use these isotopic signatures in earth science. Biological processes preferentially take up the lower mass isotope through kinetic fractionation. In aqueous geochemistry, by analyzing the δ¹³C value of carbonaceous material found in surface and ground waters, the source of the water can be identified. This is because atmospheric, carbonate, and plant derived δ¹³C values all differ. In biology, the ratio of carbon-13 and carbon-12 isotopes in plant tissues is different depending on the type of plant photosynthesis and this can be used, for example, to determine which types of plants were consumed by animals. Greater carbon-13 concentrations indicate stomatal limitations, which can provide information on plant behaviour during drought.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Francey|first1=R. J.|last2=Farquhar|first2=G. D.|date=May 1982|title=An explanation of 13 C/ 12 C variations in tree rings|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/297028a0|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=297|issue=5861|pages=28–31|doi=10.1038/297028a0|bibcode=1982Natur.297...28F|s2cid=4327733|issn=1476-4687|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Tree ring analysis of carbon isotopes can be used to retrospectively understand forest photosynthesis and how it is impacted by drought.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=McDowell|first1=Nate G.|last2=Adams|first2=Henry D.|last3=Bailey|first3=John D.|last4=Hess|first4=Marcey|last5=Kolb|first5=Thomas E.|date=2006|title=Homeostatic Maintenance Of Ponderosa Pine Gas Exchange In Response To Stand Density Changes|url=https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1890/1051-0761%282006%29016%5B1164%3AHMOPPG%5D2.0.CO%3B2|journal=Ecological Applications|language=en|volume=16|issue=3|pages=1164–1182|doi=10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[1164:HMOPPG]2.0.CO;2|pmid=16827010|issn=1939-5582|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

In geology, the ¹³C/¹²C ratio is used to identify the layer in sedimentary rock created at the time of the Permian extinction 252 Mya when the ratio changed abruptly by 1%. More information about usage of ¹³C/¹²C ratio in science can be found in the article about isotopic signatures.

Carbon-13 has a non-zero spin quantum number of {{sfrac|1|2}}, and hence allows the structure of carbon-containing substances to be investigated using carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance.

The carbon-13 urea breath test is a safe and highly accurate diagnostic tool to detect the presence of ''Helicobacter pylori'' infection in the stomach.<ref name=c13urea>{{Cite journal|last1=Manaf|first1=Mohd Rizal Abdul|last2=Hassan|first2=Mohd Rohaizat|last3=Shah|first3=Shamsul Azhar|last4=Johani|first4=Fadzrul Hafiz|last5=Rahim|first5=Muhammad Aklil Abd|date=2019-07-24|title=13C-Urea Breath Test Accuracy for Helicobacter pylori Infection in the Asian Population: A Meta-Analysis|journal=Annals of Global Health|language=en|volume=85|issue=1|pages=110|doi=10.5334/aogh.2570|pmid=31348624|pmc=6659579|issn=2214-9996|doi-access=free}}</ref> The urea breath test utilizing carbon-13 is preferred to carbon-14 for certain vulnerable populations due to its non-radioactive nature.<ref name="c13urea" />

== Production == Bulk carbon-13 for commercial use, e.g. in chemical synthesis, is enriched from its natural 1.1% abundance. Carbon-13 can be separated from the major carbon-12 isotope via techniques such as thermal diffusion, chemical exchange, gas diffusion, laser, cryogenic distillation, or chemical exchange of CO₂ ,<ref>{{cite journal|author=Kenji Takeshita and Masaru Ishidaa|journal=Energy |volume=31|issue=15| date=December 2006|pages=3097–3107|title=Optimum design of multi-stage isotope separation process by exergy analysis|doi=10.1016/j.energy.2006.04.002}}</ref> however, only cryogenic distillation of methane (boiling point −161.5&nbsp;°C) or carbon monoxide (b.p. −191.5&nbsp;°C) is economically feasible for industrial production as of 2010.<ref name="Li Ju Li Xu 2010 pp. 255–261">{{cite journal | last1=Li | first1=Hu-Lin | last2=Ju | first2=Yong-Lin | last3=Li | first3=Liang-Jun | last4=Xu | first4=Da-Gang | title=Separation of isotope 13C using high-performance structured packing | journal=Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=49 | issue=3 | year=2010 | issn=0255-2701 | doi=10.1016/j.cep.2010.02.001 | pages=255–261}}</ref> Industrial carbon-13 production plants represent a substantial investment: greater than {{convert|100|m|ft|adj=mid|-tall|sp=us}} cryogenic distillation columns are needed to separate the carbon-12 or carbon-13 containing compounds. The largest reported commercial carbon-13 production plant in the world as of 2014<ref name="Cambridge Isotope Laboratories">{{cite web | title=Corporate Overview | website=Cambridge Isotope Laboratories | url=https://www.isotope.com/corporate-overview/About_Us.cfm | access-date=2020-11-10}}</ref> has an annual production capability of ~400&nbsp;kg of carbon-13.<ref name="History">{{cite web | title=Cambridge Isotope Laboratories | website=History | url=https://www.isotope.com/corporate-overview/history.cfm | access-date=2020-11-10}}</ref> In contrast, a 1969 carbon monoxide cryogenic distillation pilot plant at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratories could produce 4&nbsp;kg of carbon-13 annually.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Armstrong |first1=Dale E. |last2=Briesmesiter |first2=Arthur C. |last3=McInteer |first3=B. B. |last4=Potter |first4=Robert M. |title=A Carbon-13 Production Plant Using Carbon Monoxide Distillation |journal=LASL Report |date=April 10, 1970 |volume=LA-4391 |url=https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/01/002/1002747.pdf }}</ref>

== See also == * Isotopes of carbon * Isotope fractionation

== Notes == {{reflist|33em}}

{{Isotope sequence |element=carbon |lighter=carbon-12 |heavier=carbon-14 |before=boron-13, nitrogen-13 |after=stable }}

Category:Isotopes of carbon Category:Medical isotopes Category:Environmental isotopes