{{Short description|Dark background asteroid}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}} {{Infobox planet | minorplanet = yes | name = 1294 Antwerpia | background = #D6D6D6 | image = 001294-asteroid shape model (1294) Antwerpia.png | image_scale = | caption = Shape model of ''Antwerpia'' from its lightcurve | discovery_ref = <ref name="jpldata" /> | discoverer = E. Delporte | discovery_site = Uccle Obs. | discovered = 24 October 1933 | mpc_name = (1294) Antwerpia | alt_names = {{mp|1933 UB|1}}{{·}}1930 AF<br />1932 LC{{·}}{{mp|1964 VA|2}}<br />1964 XF{{·}}A917 DB | pronounced = | named_after = Antwerp {{small|(Belgian city)}}<ref name="springer" /> | mp_category = {{plainlist| * main-belt<ref name="MPC-object" /><ref name="jpldata" />{{·}}{{small|(middle)}} * background<ref name="AstDys-object" /><ref name="Ferret" /> }} | orbit_ref = <ref name="jpldata" /> | epoch = 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5) | uncertainty = 0 | observation_arc = 99.63 yr (36,391 days) | aphelion = 3.3156 AU | perihelion = 2.0572 AU | semimajor = 2.6864 AU | eccentricity = 0.2342 | period = 4.40 yr (1,608 days) | mean_anomaly = 16.166° | mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS|0.2238|sup=ms}} / day | inclination = 8.7271° | asc_node = 81.133° | arg_peri = 313.22° | mean_diameter = {{val|27.82|7.33}} km<ref name="Nugent-2015" /><br />{{val|34.71|3.0}} km<ref name="SIMPS" /><br />{{val|34.80|0.66}} km<ref name="AKARI" /><br />{{val|37.199|0.134}} km<ref name="Masiero-2014" /><br />{{val|40.717|0.350}} km<ref name="WISE" /> | rotation = {{val|6.63|0.01|ul=h}}<ref name="lcdb" /><ref name="LeCrone-2005a" /> | pole_ecliptic_lat={{plainlist| * (128.0°, −66.0°) (λ<sub>1</sub>/β<sub>1</sub>)<ref name="Ferret" /> * (246.0°, −76.0°) (λ<sub>2</sub>/β<sub>2</sub>)<ref name="Ferret" /> }} | albedo = {{val|0.0887|0.0283}}<ref name="WISE" /><br />{{val|0.10|0.09}}<ref name="Nugent-2015" /><br />{{val|0.117|0.024}}<ref name="Masiero-2014" /><br />{{val|0.1220|0.024}}<ref name="SIMPS" /><br />{{val|0.125|0.005}}<ref name="AKARI" /> | spectral_type = {{plainlist| * SMASS {{=}} C<ref name="jpldata" /> * C {{small|(S3OS2)}}<ref name="Lazzaro-2004" /> }} | abs_magnitude = 10.20<ref name="SIMPS" /><ref name="AKARI" /><ref name="WISE" />{{·}}{{val|10.549|0.003}} {{small|(R)}}<ref name="Waszczak-2015" />{{·}}10.60<ref name="Nugent-2015" />{{·}}10.7<ref name="jpldata" /><ref name="lcdb" /> }}
'''1294 Antwerpia''' (''prov. designation'': {{mp|1933 UB|1}}) is a dark background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 24 October 1933, by astronomer Eugène Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle.<ref name="MPC-object" /> The carbonaceous C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 6.6 hours and measures approximately {{convert|35|km|mi|abbr=off|sigfig=2|sp=us}} in diameter. It was named for the Belgian city of Antwerp.<ref name="springer" />
== Orbit and classification ==
''Antwerpia'' is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements.<ref name="AstDys-object" /><ref name="Ferret" /> It orbits the Sun in the central main belt at a distance of 2.1–3.3 AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,608 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.23 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic.<ref name="jpldata" /> the asteroid was first observed as {{mp|A917 DB}} at Heidelberg Observatory in February 2017, where the body's observation arc begins one month later in March 2017.<ref name="MPC-object" />
== Naming ==
This minor planet was named after the city of Antwerp in Flanders, the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium. The official naming citation was mentioned in ''The Names of the Minor Planets'' by Paul Herget in 1955 ({{small|H 118}}).<ref name="springer" />
== Physical characteristics ==
In the SMASS classification, ''Antwerpia'' is a carbonaceous C-type asteroid.<ref name="jpldata" /> It is also a C-type in both the Tholen- and SMASS-like taxonomy of the Small Solar System Objects Spectroscopic Survey (S3OS2).<ref name="Ferret" /><ref name="Lazzaro-2004" />
=== Rotation period and poles ===
Several rotational lightcurves of ''Antwerpia'' have been obtained from photometric observations since 2005. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 6.63 hours with a brightness variation of 0.42 magnitude ({{small|U=1/3/3-/3-/3/2}}).<ref name="Almeida-2004" /><ref name="Stephens-2014e" /><ref name="Klinglesmith-2014c" /><ref name="Waszczak-2015" /><ref name="geneva-obs" /><ref name="LeCrone-2005a" />{{efn|name=lightcurve-plot}}
A 2016-published lightcurve, using modeled photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database (LPD), gave a concurring period of 6.62521 hours ({{small|U=n.a.}}), as well as two spin axis of (128.0°, −66.0°) and (246.0°, −76.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).<ref name="Durech-2016" />
=== Diameter and albedo ===
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, ''Antwerpia'' measures between 27.82 and 40.717 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0887 and 0.125.<ref name="Nugent-2015" /><ref name="SIMPS" /><ref name="AKARI" /><ref name="Masiero-2014" /><ref name="WISE" /> The ''Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link'' derives an albedo of 0.0783 and a diameter of 34.40 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.7.<ref name="lcdb" />
== Notes == {{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=lightcurve-plot|1=[http://www.planetarysciences.org/plots/RDS/1294_ANTWERPIA_2014-01-16.PNG Lightcurve plot of (1297) Quadea] with a rotation period {{val|6.62}} hours and a brightness amplitude of {{val|0.42}} mag. Quality Code of 3. Taken by Robert Stephens (2014) at U81/[http://www.planetarysciences.org/ CS3]. Summary figures at [http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/generateOneAsteroidInfo.php?AstInfo=1294%7CAntwerpia LCDB]}}
}} <!-- end of notelist -->
== References == {{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="jpldata">{{cite web |type = 2016-11-02 last obs. |title = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 1294 Antwerpia (1933 UB1) |url = https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2001294 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200819220859/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2001294 |archive-date = 19 August 2020 |publisher = Jet Propulsion Laboratory |access-date = 14 September 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="springer">{{cite book |title = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names |last = Schmadel | first = Lutz D. |publisher = Springer Berlin Heidelberg |chapter = (1294) Antwerpia |page = 106 |date = 2007 |isbn = 978-3-540-00238-3 |doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1295}}</ref>
<ref name="MPC-object">{{cite web |title = 1294 Antwerpia (1933 UB1) |work = Minor Planet Center |url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=1294 |access-date = 14 September 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="geneva-obs">{{cite web |title = Asteroids and comets rotation curves – (1294) Antwerpia |last = Behrend |first = Raoul |publisher = Geneva Observatory |url = http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page3cou.html#001294 |access-date = 14 September 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="Masiero-2014">{{cite journal |display-authors = 6 |first1 = Joseph R. |last1 = Masiero |first2 = T. |last2 = Grav |first3 = A. K. |last3 = Mainzer |first4 = C. R. |last4 = Nugent |first5 = J. M. |last5 = Bauer |first6 = R. |last6 = Stevenson |first7 = S. |last7 = Sonnett |date = August 2014 |title = Main-belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE: Near-infrared Albedos |url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2014ApJ...791..121M |journal = The Astrophysical Journal |volume = 791 |issue = 2 |page = 11 |bibcode = 2014ApJ...791..121M |doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/791/2/121 |arxiv = 1406.6645 |access-date= 14 September 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="lcdb">{{cite LCDB|number = 1294 |access-date = 14 September 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="Nugent-2015">{{cite journal |display-authors = 6 |first1 = C. R. |last1 = Nugent |first2 = A. |last2 = Mainzer |first3 = J. |last3 = Masiero |first4 = J. |last4 = Bauer |first5 = R. M. |last5 = Cutri |first6 = T. |last6 = Grav |first7 = E. |last7 = Kramer |first8 = S. |last8 = Sonnett |first9 = R. |last9 = Stevenson |first10 = E. L. |last10 = Wright |date = December 2015 |title = NEOWISE Reactivation Mission Year One: Preliminary Asteroid Diameters and Albedos |url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2015ApJ...814..117N |journal = The Astrophysical Journal |volume = 814 |issue = 2 |page = 13 |bibcode = 2015ApJ...814..117N |doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/814/2/117 |arxiv = 1509.02522 |access-date= 14 September 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="AKARI">{{cite journal |display-authors = 6 |first1 = Fumihiko |last1 = Usui |first2 = Daisuke |last2 = Kuroda |first3 = Thomas G. |last3 = Müller |first4 = Sunao |last4 = Hasegawa |first5 = Masateru |last5 = Ishiguro |first6 = Takafumi |last6 = Ootsubo |first7 = Daisuke |last7 = Ishihara |first8 = Hirokazu |last8 = Kataza |first9 = Satoshi |last9 = Takita |first10 = Shinki |last10 = Oyabu |first11 = Munetaka |last11 = Ueno |first12 = Hideo |last12 = Matsuhara |first13 = Takashi |last13 = Onaka |date = October 2011 |title = Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey |journal = Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan |volume = 63 |issue = 5 |pages = 1117–1138 |bibcode = 2011PASJ...63.1117U |doi = 10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117 |doi-access= free }} ([http://vizier.cfa.harvard.edu/viz-bin/VizieR-5?-source=J/PASJ/63/1117/acua_v1&Num=1294 online], [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/43545172.pdf AcuA catalog p. 153])</ref>
<ref name="SIMPS">{{cite journal |first1 = E. F. |last1 = Tedesco |first2 = P. V. |last2 = Noah |first3 = M. |last3 = Noah |first4 = S. D. |last4 = Price |date = October 2004 |title = IRAS Minor Planet Survey V6.0 |url = https://sbnarchive.psi.edu/pds3/iras/IRAS_A_FPA_3_RDR_IMPS_V6_0/data/diamalb.tab |journal = NASA Planetary Data System |volume = 12 |pages = IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0 |bibcode = 2004PDSS...12.....T |access-date = 22 October 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="WISE">{{cite journal |display-authors = 6 |first1 = A. |last1 = Mainzer |first2 = T. |last2 = Grav |first3 = J. |last3 = Masiero |first4 = E. |last4 = Hand |first5 = J. |last5 = Bauer |first6 = D. |last6 = Tholen |first7 = R. S. |last7 = McMillan |first8 = T. |last8 = Spahr |first9 = R. M. |last9 = Cutri |first10 = E. |last10 = Wright |first11 = J. |last11 = Watkins |first12 = W. |last12 = Mo |first13 = C. |last13 = Maleszewski |date = November 2011 |title = NEOWISE Studies of Spectrophotometrically Classified Asteroids: Preliminary Results |journal = The Astrophysical Journal |volume = 741 |issue = 2 |page = 25 |bibcode = 2011ApJ...741...90M |doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90 |arxiv = 1109.6407}}</ref>
<ref name="Almeida-2004">{{Cite journal |first1 = R. |last1 = Almeida |first2 = C. A. |last2 = Angeli |first3 = R. |last3 = Duffard |first4 = D. |last4 = Lazzaro |date = February 2004 |title = Rotation periods for small main-belt asteroids |journal = Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume = 415 |pages = 403–406 |bibcode = 2004A&A...415..403A |doi = 10.1051/0004-6361:20034585|doi-access= free }}</ref>
<ref name="LeCrone-2005a">{{cite journal |display-authors = 6 |last1 = Lecrone |first1 = Crystal |last2 = Addleman |first2 = Don |last3 = Butler |first3 = Thomas |last4 = Hudson |first4 = Erin |last5 = Mulvihill |first5 = Alex |last6 = Reichert |first6 = Chris |last7 = Ross |first7 = Ian |last8 = Starnes |first8 = Harry |last9 = Ditteon |first9 = Richard |date = September 2005 |title = 2004-2005 winter observing campaign at Rose-Hulman Institute: results for 1098 Hakone, 1182 Ilona, 1294 Antwerpia, 1450 Raimonda, 2251 Tikhov, and 2365 Interkosmos |journal = Minor Planet Bulletin |url = http://www.minorplanet.info/MPB/issues/MPB_32-3.pdf |volume = 32 |issue = 3 |pages = 46–48 |bibcode = 2005MPBu...32...46L |issn = 1052-8091 |access-date = 16 March 2020}}</ref>
<ref name="Klinglesmith-2014c">{{cite journal |last1 = Klinglesmith |first1 = Daniel A. III |last2 = Hanowell |first2 = Jesse |last3 = Risley |first3 = Ethan |last4 = Turk |first4 = Janek |last5 = Vargas |first5 = Angelica |last6 = Warren |first6 = Curtis Alan |date = July 2014 |title = Lightcurves for Inversion Model Candidates |journal = Minor Planet Bulletin |url = http://www.minorplanet.info/MPB/issues/MPB_41-3.pdf |volume = 41 |issue = 3 |pages = 139–143 |bibcode = 2014MPBu...41..139K |issn = 1052-8091 |access-date = 16 March 2020}}</ref>
<ref name="Stephens-2014e">{{cite journal |last1 = Stephens |first1 = Robert D. |date = July 2014 |title = Asteroids Observed from CS3: 2014 January - March |journal = Minor Planet Bulletin |url = http://www.minorplanet.info/MPB/issues/MPB_41-3.pdf |volume = 41 |issue = 3 |pages = 171–175 |bibcode = 2014MPBu...41..171S |issn = 1052-8091 |access-date = 16 March 2020}}</ref>
<ref name="Waszczak-2015">{{cite journal |display-authors = 6 |first1 = Adam |last1 = Waszczak |first2 = Chan-Kao |last2 = Chang |first3 = Eran O. |last3 = Ofek |first4 = Russ |last4 = Laher |first5 = Frank |last5 = Masci |first6 = David |last6 = Levitan |first7 = Jason |last7 = Surace |first8 = Yu-Chi |last8 = Cheng |first9 = Wing-Huen |last9 = Ip |first10 = Daisuke |last10 = Kinoshita |first11 = George |last11 = Helou |first12 = Thomas A. |last12 = Prince |first13 = Shrinivas |last13 = Kulkarni |date = September 2015 |title = Asteroid Light Curves from the Palomar Transient Factory Survey: Rotation Periods and Phase Functions from Sparse Photometry |url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2015AJ....150...75W |journal = The Astronomical Journal |volume = 150 |issue = 3 |page = 35 |bibcode = 2015AJ....150...75W |doi = 10.1088/0004-6256/150/3/75 |arxiv = 1504.04041 |access-date= 14 September 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="Durech-2016">{{cite journal |last1 = Ďurech |first1 = J. |last2 = Hanuš |first2 = J. |last3 = Oszkiewicz |first3 = D. |last4 = Vančo |first4 = R. |date = March 2016 |title = Asteroid models from the Lowell photometric database |journal = Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume = 587 |page = A48 |bibcode = 2016A&A...587A..48D |issn = 0004-6361 |doi = 10.1051/0004-6361/201527573 |arxiv = 1601.02909}}</ref>
<ref name="Ferret">{{cite web |title = Asteroid 1294 Antwerpia |work = Small Bodies Data Ferret |url = https://sbntools.psi.edu/ferret/SimpleSearch/results.action?targetName=1294+Antwerpia |access-date = 16 March 2020}}</ref>
<ref name="AstDys-object">{{cite web |title = Asteroid 1294 Antwerpia – Proper Elements |publisher = AstDyS-2, Asteroids – Dynamic Site |url = https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.6&n=1294 |access-date= 16 March 2020}}</ref>
<ref name="Lazzaro-2004">{{Cite journal |first1 = D. |last1 = Lazzaro |first2 = C. A. |last2 = Angeli |first3 = J. M. |last3 = Carvano |first4 = T. |last4 = Mothé-Diniz |first5 = R. |last5 = Duffard |first6 = M. |last6 = Florczak |date = November 2004 |title = S3OS2: the visible spectroscopic survey of 820 asteroids |url = http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/yarko-site/tmp/eos/NEW/spectral_type_figure/s3os2.pdf |journal = Icarus |volume = 172 |issue = 1 |pages = 179–220 |bibcode = 2004Icar..172..179L |doi = 10.1016/j.icarus.2004.06.006 |access-date= 16 March 2020}}</ref>
}} <!-- end of reflist -->
== External links == * [http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/OneAsteroidInfo.php Lightcurve Database Query] (LCDB), at ''www.minorplanet.info'' * [https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg Dictionary of Minor Planet Names], Google books * [http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page_cou.html Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR] – ''Geneva Observatory'', Raoul Behrend * [https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs000001.html Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000)] – Minor Planet Center * {{AstDys|1294}} * {{JPL small body}}
{{Minor planets navigator |1293 Sonja |number=1294 |1295 Deflotte}} {{Small Solar System bodies}} {{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Antwerpia}} 001294 Category:Discoveries by Eugène Joseph Delporte Category:Named minor planets 1294 Antwerpia 001294 19331024