{{Short description|Hilda asteroid and slow rotator}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}} {{Infobox planet | minorplanet = yes | name = 1256 Normannia | background = #D6D6D6 | image = 001256-asteroid shape model (1256) Normannia.png | image_scale = | caption = Shape model of ''Normannia'' from its lightcurve | discovery_ref = <ref name="jpldata" /> | discoverer = K. Reinmuth | discovery_site = Heidelberg Obs. | discovered = 8 August 1932 | mpc_name = (1256) Normannia | alt_names = 1932 PD{{·}}1930 KO | pronounced = {{IPAc-en|n|ɔr|ˈ|m|æ|n|i|ə}}<ref>{{OED|Normannic}}</ref> | named_after = Normans/Normandy<ref name="springer" /><br />{{small|(people/region in France)}} | mp_category = main-belt{{·}}{{small|(outer)}}<ref name="jpldata" /><br />Hilda<ref name="MPC-object" /><ref name="lcdb" /><ref name="Gartrelle-2012" />{{·}}background<ref name="AstDys-object" /> | orbit_ref = <ref name="jpldata" /> | epoch = 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5) | uncertainty = 0 | observation_arc = 87.43 yr (31,933 days) | aphelion = 4.1995 AU | perihelion = 3.5903 AU | semimajor = 3.8949 AU | eccentricity = 0.0782 | period = 7.69 yr (2,808 days) | mean_anomaly = 5.5363° | mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS|0.1282|sup=ms}} / day | inclination = 4.1732° | asc_node = 236.94° | arg_peri = 101.06° | dimensions = {{val|68.253|0.436}} km<ref name="Grav-2012a" /><br />69.02 km {{small|(derived)}}<ref name="lcdb" /><br />{{val|69.22|2.8}} km<ref name="SIMPS" /><br />{{val|73.26|2.34}} km<ref name="AKARI" /> | rotation = {{val|6.4|0.1}}h {{small|(poor)}}{{efn|name=lcdb-Aznar-2014}}<br />{{val|6.8}} h {{small|(poor)}}<ref name="Binzel-1992a" /><br />{{val|18.13|0.02}} h<ref name="Gartrelle-2012" /><br />{{val|18.8}} {{small|(poor)}} h<ref name="Dahlgren-1998" /><br />{{val|488.063|7.4017}} h<ref name="Waszczak-2015" /> | albedo = 0.0364 {{small|(derived)}}<ref name="lcdb" /><br />{{val|0.046|0.003}}<ref name="AKARI" /><br />{{val|0.05|0.01}}<ref name="Grav-2012a" /><br />{{val|0.0504|0.004}}<ref name="SIMPS" /><br />{{val|0.052|0.010}}<ref name="Grav-2012a" /> | spectral_type = Tholen {{=}} D<ref name="jpldata" /><ref name="lcdb" />{{·}}D<ref name="Grav-2012a" /><ref name="Veres-2015" /><br />B–V {{=}} 0.737<ref name="jpldata" /><br />U–B {{=}} 0.239<ref name="jpldata" /> | abs_magnitude = {{val|9.475|0.002}} {{small|(R)}}<ref name="Waszczak-2015" />{{·}}9.66<ref name="jpldata" /><ref name="SIMPS" /><ref name="AKARI" />{{·}}9.74<ref name="Binzel-1992a" />{{·}}{{val|9.94|0.71}}<ref name="lcdb" /><ref name="Veres-2015" />{{·}}10.02<ref name="Dahlgren-1998" /> }}
'''1256 Normannia''' (''prov. designation'': {{mp|1932 PD}}) is a dark Hilda asteroid and slow rotator from the outermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately {{convert|69|km|mi|abbr=off|sigfig=1|sp=us}} in diameter. It was discovered on 8 August 1932, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in Germany.<ref name="MPC-object" /> The asteroid was likely named after the Normans who gave their name to the region of Normandy in France.<ref name="springer" />
== Orbit and classification ==
''Normannia'' is a member of the Hilda group of asteroids, which are in 3:2 orbital resonance with the gas-giant Jupiter.<ref name="lcdb" /><ref name="Gartrelle-2012" /> When applying the Hierarchical Clustering Method to its proper orbital elements, ''Normannia'' is a background asteroid that does not belong to neither the Hilda family ({{small|001}}) nor the Schubart family ({{small|002}}),<ref name="AstDys-object" /> the only two asteroid families known within the Hilda group.<ref name="Nesvorny-2014" />{{rp|23}}
It orbits the Sun in the outermost asteroid belt at a distance of 3.6–4.2 AU once every 7 years and 8 months (2,808 days; semi-major axis of 3.89 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic.<ref name="jpldata" /> The body's observation arc begins with its first identification as {{mp|1930 KO}} at Lowell Observatory in May 1930, more than two years prior to its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.<ref name="MPC-object" />
== Naming ==
This minor planet was probably named after the Normans ("Norseman"), mainly Danish and Norwegian Vikings who settled in the historical region of Normandy in northwestern France. The official naming citation was mentioned in ''The Names of the Minor Planets'' by Paul Herget in 1955 ({{small|H 115}}).<ref name="springer" />
== Physical characteristics ==
In the Tholen classification, ''Normannia'' is a dark D-type asteroid.<ref name="jpldata" /><ref name="lcdb" /> Observations by Pan-STARRS and by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) also characterized the asteroid as a D-type.<ref name="Grav-2012a" /><ref name="Veres-2015" />
=== Rotation period ===
In September 2010, a rotational lightcurve of ''Normannia'' was obtained from photometric observations by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 488.063 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.39 magnitude ({{small|U=2}}).<ref name="Waszczak-2015" /> This makes it one of the Top-100 slow rotators known to exist. Other observations gave several poor lightcurves with a much shorter period between 6.4 and 18.8 hours ({{small|U=1/1/1/n.a.}}).<ref name="Gartrelle-2012" /><ref name="Binzel-1992a" /><ref name="Dahlgren-1998" />{{efn|name=lcdb-Aznar-2014}}
=== Diameter and albedo ===
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, ''Normannia'' measures between 68.253 and 73.26 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.046 and 0.052.<ref name="Grav-2012a" /><ref name="SIMPS" /><ref name="AKARI" />
The ''Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link'' derives an albedo of 0.0364 and a diameter of 69.02 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.02.<ref name="lcdb" />
== Notes == {{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=lcdb-Aznar-2014|1=Aznar (2014) web: Observation from 24 March 2014: rotation period {{val|6.4|0.1}} hours with a brightness amplitude of {{val|0.09|0.01}} mag. Summary figures at the [http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/generateOneAsteroidInfo.php?AstInfo=1256%7CNormannia LCDB]}}
}} <!-- end of notelist -->
== References == {{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="jpldata">{{cite web |type = 2017-10-28 last obs. |title = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 1256 Normannia (1932 PD) |url = https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2001256 |publisher = Jet Propulsion Laboratory |accessdate = 5 December 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="springer">{{cite book |last = Schmadel | first = Lutz D. |title = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names |publisher = Springer Berlin Heidelberg |chapter = (1256) Normannia |page = 104 |date = 2007 |isbn = 978-3-540-00238-3 |doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1257}}</ref>
<ref name="MPC-object">{{cite web |title = 1256 Normannia (1932 PD) |work = Minor Planet Center |url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=1256 |accessdate = 5 December 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="Grav-2012a">{{cite journal |display-authors = 6 |first1 = T. |last1 = Grav |first2 = A. K. |last2 = Mainzer |first3 = J. |last3 = Bauer |first4 = J. |last4 = Masiero |first5 = T. |last5 = Spahr |first6 = R. S. |last6 = McMillan |first7 = R. |last7 = Walker |first8 = R. |last8 = Cutri |first9 = E. |last9 = Wright |first10 = P. R. |last10 = Eisenhardt |first11 = E. |last11 = Blauvelt |first12 = E. |last12 = DeBaun |first13 = D. |last13 = Elsbury |first14 = T. |last14 = Gautier |first15 = S. |last15 = Gomillion |first16 = E. |last16 = Hand |first17 = A. |last17 = Wilkins |date = January 2012 |title = WISE/NEOWISE Observations of the Hilda Population: Preliminary Results |url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2012ApJ...744..197G |journal = The Astrophysical Journal |volume = 744 |issue = 2 |page = 15 |bibcode = 2012ApJ...744..197G |doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/744/2/197 |arxiv = 1110.0283 |s2cid = 44000310 |access-date= 5 December 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="Gartrelle-2012">{{Cite journal |author = Gartrelle, Gordon M. |date = April 2012 |title = Lightcurve Results for Eleven Asteroids |url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2012MPBu...39...40G |journal = The Minor Planet Bulletin |volume = 39 |issue = 2 |pages = 40%–46 |issn = 1052-8091 |bibcode = 2012MPBu...39...40G |access-date= 5 December 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="AstDys-object">{{cite web |title = Asteroid 1256 Normannia – Proper Elements |publisher = AstDyS-2, Asteroids – Dynamic Site |url = https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.6&n=1256 |access-date= 29 October 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="Nesvorny-2014">{{Cite book |first1 = D. |last1 = Nesvorný |first2 = M. |last2 = Broz |first3 = V. |last3 = Carruba |date = December 2014 |chapter = Identification and Dynamical Properties of Asteroid Families |title = Asteroids IV |pages = 297–321 |bibcode = 2015aste.book..297N |doi = 10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816532131-ch016 |arxiv = 1502.01628 |isbn = 9780816532131|s2cid = 119280014 }}</ref>
<ref name="lcdb">{{cite LCDB|number = 1256 |accessdate = 5 December 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="SIMPS">{{cite journal |first1 = E. F. |last1 = Tedesco |first2 = P. V. |last2 = Noah |first3 = M. |last3 = Noah |first4 = S. D. |last4 = Price |date = October 2004 |title = IRAS Minor Planet Survey V6.0 |url = https://sbnarchive.psi.edu/pds3/iras/IRAS_A_FPA_3_RDR_IMPS_V6_0/data/diamalb.tab |journal = NASA Planetary Data System |volume = 12 |pages = IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0 |bibcode = 2004PDSS...12.....T |accessdate = 22 October 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="AKARI">{{cite journal |display-authors = 6 |first1 = Fumihiko |last1 = Usui |first2 = Daisuke |last2 = Kuroda |first3 = Thomas G. |last3 = Müller |first4 = Sunao |last4 = Hasegawa |first5 = Masateru |last5 = Ishiguro |first6 = Takafumi |last6 = Ootsubo |first7 = Daisuke |last7 = Ishihara |first8 = Hirokazu |last8 = Kataza |first9 = Satoshi |last9 = Takita |first10 = Shinki |last10 = Oyabu |first11 = Munetaka |last11 = Ueno |first12 = Hideo |last12 = Matsuhara |first13 = Takashi |last13 = Onaka |date = October 2011 |title = Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey |journal = Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan |volume = 63 |issue = 5 |pages = 1117–1138 |bibcode = 2011PASJ...63.1117U |doi = 10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117 |doi-access= free }} ([http://vizier.cfa.harvard.edu/viz-bin/VizieR-5?-source=J/PASJ/63/1117/acua_v1&Num=1256 online], [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/43545172.pdf AcuA catalog p. 153])</ref>
<ref name="Binzel-1992a">{{Cite journal |first1 = Richard P. |last1 = Binzel |first2 = Linda M. |last2 = Sauter |date = February 1992 |title = Trojan, Hilda, and Cybele asteroids - New lightcurve observations and analysis |url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=1992Icar...95..222B |journal = Icarus |volume = 95 |issue = 2 |pages = 222–238 |issn = 0019-1035 |bibcode = 1992Icar...95..222B |doi = 10.1016/0019-1035(92)90039-A |access-date= 5 December 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="Dahlgren-1998">{{Cite journal |display-authors = 6 |first1 = M. |last1 = Dahlgren |first2 = J. F. |last2 = Lahulla |first3 = C.-I. |last3 = Lagerkvist |first4 = J. |last4 = Lagerros |first5 = S. |last5 = Mottola |first6 = A. |last6 = Erikson |first7 = M. |last7 = Gonano-Beurer |first8 = M. |last8 = Di Martino |date = June 1998 |title = A Study of Hilda Asteroids. V. Lightcurves of 47 Hilda Asteroids |journal = Icarus |volume = 133 |issue = 2 |pages = 247–285 |bibcode = 1998Icar..133..247D |doi = 10.1006/icar.1998.5919}}</ref>
<ref name="Waszczak-2015">{{cite journal |display-authors = 6 |first1 = Adam |last1 = Waszczak |first2 = Chan-Kao |last2 = Chang |first3 = Eran O. |last3 = Ofek |first4 = Russ |last4 = Laher |first5 = Frank |last5 = Masci |first6 = David |last6 = Levitan |first7 = Jason |last7 = Surace |first8 = Yu-Chi |last8 = Cheng |first9 = Wing-Huen |last9 = Ip |first10 = Daisuke |last10 = Kinoshita |first11 = George |last11 = Helou |first12 = Thomas A. |last12 = Prince |first13 = Shrinivas |last13 = Kulkarni |date = September 2015 |title = Asteroid Light Curves from the Palomar Transient Factory Survey: Rotation Periods and Phase Functions from Sparse Photometry |journal = The Astronomical Journal |volume = 150 |issue = 3 |page = 35 |bibcode = 2015AJ....150...75W |doi = 10.1088/0004-6256/150/3/75 |arxiv = 1504.04041|s2cid = 8342929 }}</ref>
<ref name="Veres-2015">{{cite journal |display-authors = 6 |first1 = Peter |last1 = Veres |first2 = Robert |last2 = Jedicke |first3 = Alan |last3 = Fitzsimmons |first4 = Larry |last4 = Denneau |first5 = Mikael |last5 = Granvik |first6 = Bryce |last6 = Bolin |first7 = Serge |last7 = Chastel |first8 = Richard J. |last8 = Wainscoat |first9 = William S. |last9 = Burgett |first10 = Kenneth C. |last10 = Chambers |first11 = Heather |last11 = Flewelling |first12 = Nick |last12 = Kaiser |first13 = Eugen A. |last13 = Magnier |first14 = Jeff S. |last14 = Morgan |first15 = Paul A. |last15 = Price |first16 = John L. |last16 = Tonry |first17 = Christopher |last17 = Waters |date = November 2015 |title = Absolute magnitudes and slope parameters for 250,000 asteroids observed by Pan-STARRS PS1 - Preliminary results |url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2015Icar..261...34V |journal = Icarus |volume = 261 |pages = 34–47 |bibcode = 2015Icar..261...34V |doi = 10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.007 |arxiv = 1506.00762 |s2cid = 53493339 |access-date= 5 December 2017}}</ref>
}} <!-- end of reflist -->
== External links == * [http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/OneAsteroidInfo.php Lightcurve Database Query] (LCDB), at ''www.minorplanet.info'' * [https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg Dictionary of Minor Planet Names], Google books * [http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page_cou.html Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR] – ''Geneva Observatory'', Raoul Behrend * [https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs000001.html Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000)] – Minor Planet Center * {{AstDys|1256}} * {{JPL small body}}
{{Minor planets navigator |1255 Schilowa |number=1256 |1257 Móra}} {{Small Solar System bodies}} {{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Normannia}} 001256 Category:Discoveries by Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth Category:Named minor planets 001256 001256 19320808