10 Gigabit Ethernet

{{Short description|Standards for Ethernet at ten times the speed of Gigabit Ethernet}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}} {{Use American English|date=January 2019}}

[[File:Avaya-10G-ERS-8600.png|thumb|upright=1.4|Router with two dozen 10 Gigabit Ethernet ports and three types of physical-layer module]]

'''10 Gigabit Ethernet''' ('''10GE''', '''10GbE''', or '''10 GigE''') is a group of computer networking technologies for transmitting Ethernet frames at a rate of 10 gigabits per second. It was first defined by the IEEE 802.3ae-2002 standard. Unlike previous Ethernet standards, 10GbE defines only full-duplex point-to-point links which are generally connected by network switches; shared-medium CSMA/CD operation has not been carried over from the previous generations of Ethernet standards<ref name="Palmer">{{cite book |author=Michael Palmer |title=Hands-On Networking Fundamentals, 2nd ed. |date=21 June 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-QELAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA180 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-285-40275-8|page=180}}</ref> so half-duplex operation and repeater hubs do not exist in 10GbE.<ref>IEEE 802.3-2012 ''44.1.1 Scope''</ref> The first standard for faster 100 Gigabit Ethernet links was approved in 2010.<ref name="ieee802.org">{{cite web |url=https://www.ieee802.org/3/ba/index.html |title=IEEE P802.3ba 40Gbit/s and 100Gbit/s Ethernet Task Force |date=2010-06-21}}</ref>

The 10GbE standard encompasses a number of different physical layer (PHY) standards. A networking device, such as a switch or a network interface controller may have different PHY types through pluggable PHY modules, such as those based on SFP+.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}} Like previous versions of Ethernet, 10GbE can use either copper or fiber cabling. Maximum distance over copper cable is 100 meters but because of its bandwidth requirements, higher-grade cables are required.{{efn|Category 6 cable supports runs up to 55 meters. Category 6A or higher is good for lengths up to 100 meters.}}

The adoption of 10GbE has been more gradual than previous revisions of Ethernet: in 2007, one million 10GbE ports were shipped, in 2009 two million ports were shipped, and in 2010 over three million ports were shipped,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delloro.com/news/2010/ES022210.htm/|title=Dell'Oro press release|access-date=29 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719051017/http://www.delloro.com/news/2010/ES022210.htm/|archive-date=19 July 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://communities.intel.com/community/openportit/server/blog/2011/05/12/overheard-at-interop-a-few-questions-about-ethernet|title=Intel blog about Interop 2011|access-date=20 September 2011 |archive-date=25 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525105000/http://communities.intel.com/community/openportit/server/blog/2011/05/12/overheard-at-interop-a-few-questions-about-ethernet|url-status=dead}}</ref> with an estimated nine million ports in 2011.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2012/03/google-microsoft-network-gear/|title = Exclusive: Google, Amazon, and Microsoft Swarm China for Network Gear|magazine = Wired}}</ref> {{As of|2012}}, although the price per gigabit of bandwidth for 10GbE was about one-third compared to Gigabit Ethernet, the price per port of 10GbE still hindered more widespread adoption.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theregister.com/2012/11/21/server_10_gigabit_ethernet/|title=10 Gigabit Ethernet still too expensive on servers|first=Timothy Prickett|last=Morgan|website=www.theregister.com|accessdate=6 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theregister.com/2013/01/03/2013_not_year_of_10gbe/|title=Soz, switch-fondlers: Doesn't look like 2013 is 10Gb Ethernet's year|first1=Trevor|last1=Pott|first2=Iain|last2=Thomson|website=www.theregister.com|accessdate=6 August 2023}}</ref>

In 2017 Apple made built-in 10 Gigabit Ethernet standard in their iMac Pro. By 2022, the price per port of 10GBase-T had dropped to $50 - $100 depending on scale.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fibermall.com/blog/10-gigabit-ethernet-switch.htm|title=10 Gigabit Ethernet Switch|website=FiberMall|date=April 24, 2025|access-date=13 May 2026}}</ref> In 2023, Wi-Fi 7 routers began appearing with 10GbE WAN ports as standard.

==Standards== Over the years the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.3 working group has published several standards relating to 10GbE.

{| class="wikitable" |- ! Standard !! {{soft hyphen|Public|ation}} year !! Description |- | 802.3ae || 2002<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ieee802.org/3/ae/index.html |title=IEEE P802.3ae 10Gb/s Ethernet Task Force |access-date=2013-03-19}}</ref> || {{nowrap|10 Gbit/s}} Ethernet over fiber for LAN (10GBASE-SR), WAN (10GBASE-LR, 10GBASE-ER, 10GBASE-LX4), and SDH/SONET-compatible WAN (10GBASE-SW, 10GBASE-LW, 10GBASE-EW) |- | 802.3ak || 2004 || 10GBASE-CX4 {{nowrap|10 Gbit/s}} Ethernet over twinaxial cabling |- | 802.3-2005 || 2005 || A revision of base standard incorporating 802.3ae, 802.3ak and errata |- | 802.3an || 2006 || 10GBASE-T {{nowrap|10 Gbit/s}} Ethernet over copper twisted pair cable |- | 802.3ap || 2007 || Backplane Ethernet, 1 and {{nowrap|10 Gbit/s}} over printed circuit boards (10GBASE-KR and 10GBASE-KX4) |- | 802.3aq || 2006 || 10GBASE-LRM {{nowrap|10 Gbit/s}} Ethernet over multi-mode fiber with enhanced equalization |- | 802.3-2008 || 2008 || A revision of base standard incorporating the 802.3an/ap/aq/as amendments, two corrigenda and errata. Link aggregation moved to 802.1AX. |- | 802.3av || 2009 || 10GBASE-PR {{nowrap|10 Gbit/s}} Ethernet PHY for EPON |- | 802.3-2015 || 2015 || The previous version of the base standard |- | 802.3bz || 2016 || 2.5 Gigabit and 5 Gigabit Ethernet over Cat-5/Cat-6 twisted pair – 2.5GBASE-T and 5GBASE-T |- | 802.3-2018 || 2018 || The previous version of the base standard |- | 802.3ch || 2020 || Physical Layer Specifications and Management Parameters for 2.5, 5 and {{nowrap|10 Gbit/s}} Automotive Electrical Ethernet (10GBASE-T1) |- |802.3-2022<ref>{{Cite journal |date=July 2022 |title=IEEE Standard for Ethernet |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9844436/ |journal=IEEE Std 802.3-2022 (Revision of IEEE Std 802.3-2018) |pages=1–7025 |doi=10.1109/IEEESTD.2022.9844436|url-access=subscription }}</ref> |2022 |The latest version of the base standard incorporating previous amendments |}

==Physical layer modules== [[File:Intel XFP.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Closeup of a 10 Gigabit Ethernet XFP transceiver]]

To implement different 10GbE physical layer standards, many interfaces consist of a standard socket into which different physical (PHY) layer modules may be plugged. PHY modules are not specified in an official standards body but by multi-source agreements (MSAs) that can be negotiated more quickly. Relevant MSAs for 10GbE include XENPAK<ref name="BFT_10GbE_TCVR" /><ref name="XENPAK_EOL" /><ref name="Cisco-XENPAK" /> (and related X2 and XPAK), XFP and SFP+.<ref name="Nyquist-SFP" /><ref name="Latchman-Tailor-SFP" /> When choosing a PHY module, a designer considers cost, reach, media type, power consumption, and size (form factor). A single point-to-point link can have different MSA pluggable formats on either end (e.g. XPAK and SFP+) as long as the 10GbE optical or copper port type (e.g. 10GBASE-SR) supported by the pluggable is identical.

XENPAK was the first MSA for 10GE and had the largest form factor. X2 and XPAK were later competing standards with smaller form factors. X2 and XPAK have not been as successful in the market as XENPAK. XFP came after X2 and XPAK and it is also smaller.

The 10 gigabit module standard is the Enhanced Small Form-factor Pluggable transceiver, generally called SFP+. Based on the Small Form-factor Pluggable (SFP) transceiver and developed by the ANSI T11 fibre channel group, it is smaller still and lower power than XFP. SFP+ has become the most popular socket on 10GE systems.<ref>{{cite web |title=LightCounting's LightTrends April 2010 |url=https://www.lightcounting.com/lighttrends/1004/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514190722/http://www.lightcounting.com:80/lighttrends/1004/index.html |archive-date=May 14, 2010 |access-date=3 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="Nyquist-SFP">{{cite web|url=https://www.nyquistcapital.com/2007/11/28/10gbe-and-sfp-this-time-its-different/|title=10GbE Optical Component and SFP+ Modules: This Time It's Different by Andrew Schmitt|access-date=11 March 2008}}</ref> SFP+ modules do only optical to electrical conversion, no clock and data recovery, putting a higher burden on the host's channel equalization. SFP+ modules share a common physical form factor with legacy SFP modules, allowing higher port density than XFP and the re-use of existing designs for 24 or 48 ports in a 19-inch rack width blade.

Optical modules are connected to a host by either a XAUI, XFI or SerDes Framer Interface (SFI) interface. XENPAK, X2, and XPAK modules use XAUI to connect to their hosts. XAUI (XGXS) uses a four-lane data channel and is specified in IEEE 802.3 Clause 47. XFP modules use a XFI interface and SFP+ modules use an SFI interface. XFI and SFI use a single lane data channel and the 64b/66b encoding specified in IEEE 802.3 Clause 49.

SFP+ modules can further be grouped into two types of host interfaces: linear or limiting. Limiting modules are preferred except when for long-reach applications using 10GBASE-LRM modules.<ref name="Latchman-Tailor-SFP">{{cite web |url=http://lw.pennnet.com/display_article/317903/13/ARTCL/none/OTRAT/1/The-road-to-SFP+:-Examining-module-and-system-architectures/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516214920/http://lw.pennnet.com/display_article/317903/13/ARTCL/none/OTRAT/1/The-road-to-SFP+:-Examining-module-and-system-architectures/ |archive-date=2008-05-16 |title=The road to SFP+: Examining module and system architectures |author1=Ryan Latchman |author2=Bharat Tailor}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:110%;" |- ! Name ! Standard ! Status ! style="width: 170px;" | Media ! {{soft hyphen|Con|nec|tor}} ! {{soft hyphen|Trans|ceiver}} module ! Reach (m) ! # {{tooltip|Media|Number of physical media (wires/fibres) needed for bidirectional traffic}} (⇆) ! # {{tooltip|{{soft hyphen|Lamb|das}}|Number of wavelengths used in each direction}} (→) ! # {{tooltip|Lanes|Number of lanes (on the wire/fibre) in each direction}} (→) ! Notes |- | colspan="11" {{success|'''10 Gigabit Ethernet (10 GbE)''' - (Data rate: {{nowrap|10 Gbit/s}} - Line code: 64b/66b × NRZ - Line rate: {{val|10.3125|ul=GBd}} - Full-Duplex)}} <ref name="Cisco_10GbE_TCVR">{{cite web |url=https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/interfaces_modules/transceiver_modules/compatibility/matrix/10GE_Tx_Matrix.html |title=Cisco 10-Gigabit Ethernet Transceiver Modules Compatibility Matrix |publisher=Cisco |date=2018-08-19 |access-date=2018-08-26}}</ref><ref name="NWW_10GbE_TCVR">{{cite web |url=https://www.networkworld.com/article/2231028/cisco-subnet/confused-by-10gbe-optics-modules-.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003032326/http://www.networkworld.com/article/2231028/cisco-subnet/confused-by-10gbe-optics-modules-.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 October 2014 |title=Confused by 10GbE optics modules? |publisher=Network World |date=2010-06-12 |access-date=2018-08-26}}</ref><ref name="BFT_10GbE_TCVR">{{cite web |url=http://www.fiber-optic-transceiver-module.com/types-of-10g-fiber-optic-transceivers.html |title=Common 10G Fiber Transceiver: 10G XENPAK, 10G X2, 10G XFP, 10G SFP+ |publisher=Blog of Fiber Transceivers |date=2013-06-18 |access-date=2018-08-26}}</ref> |- | {{nowrap|10GBASE-K{{fontcolour|violet|X}}4}} | {{nowrap|802.3ap-2007}} (CL48/71) | {{partial|legacy}} | {{terminated|Cu-Backplane}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | style="text-align:right;" | 1 | style="text-align:right;" | 4 | style="text-align:right;" | N/A | style="text-align:right;" | 4 | PCBs; {{fontcolour|violet|Line code: 8b/10b × NRZ Line rate: 4× 3.125 GBd <nowiki>=</nowiki> 12.5 GBd}} |- | {{nowrap|10GBASE-KR}} | {{nowrap|802.3ap-2007}} (CL49/72) | {{active|current}} | {{terminated|Cu-Backplane}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | style="text-align:right;" | 1 | style="text-align:right;" | 1 | style="text-align:right;" | 1 | style="text-align:right;" | 1 | PCBs |- | {{nowrap|10GPASS-XR}} | {{nowrap|802.3bn-2016}} (CL100-102) | {{active|current}} | {{terminated|Coax}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | style="text-align:right;" | {{?}} | style="text-align:right;" | 1 | style="text-align:right;" | 1 | style="text-align:right;" | 1 | EPON Protocol over Coax (EPoC) – up to {{nowrap|10 Gbit/s}} downstream and {{nowrap|1.6 Gbit/s}} upstream for a passive optical, point-to-multipoint network using passband OFDM with up to 16384-QAM |- | {{nowrap|10GBASE-C{{fontcolour|violet|X}}4}} | {{nowrap|802.3ak-2004}} (CL48/54) | {{partial|legacy}} | {{terminated|Twinaxial balanced}} | {{terminated|CX4 (SFF-8470) {{no wrap|(IEC 61076-3-113)}} (IB)}} | align="center" | ''<del>XENPAK</del>'' <ref name="XENPAK_EOL">{{cite web |url=https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/collateral/interfaces-modules/transceiver-modules/eos-eol-notice-c51-734289.html |title=End-of-Sale and End-of-Life Announcement for the Cisco 10GBASE XENPAK Modules |publisher=Cisco |date=2015-04-01 |access-date=2018-08-26}}</ref> X2 XFP | style="text-align:right;" | 15 | style="text-align:right;" | 4 | style="text-align:right;" | N/A | style="text-align:right;" | 4 | Data centers; {{fontcolour|violet|Line code: 8b/10b × NRZ Line rate: 4× 3.125 GBd <nowiki>=</nowiki> 12.5 GBd}} |- | {{nowrap|10GSFP+Cu}} {{nowrap|''Direct Attach''}} | {{partial|{{nowrap|SFF-8431 (2006)}}}} | {{active|current}} | {{terminated|Twinaxial balanced, Fibre (AOC)}} | {{terminated|SFP+ (SFF-8431)}} | align="center" | '''SFP+''' | style="text-align:right;" | 7 15 100 | style="text-align:right;" | 1 | style="text-align:right;" | 1 | style="text-align:right;" | 1 | Data centers; Cable types: passive twinaxial (7 m), active (15 m), active optical (AOC): (100 m) |- | rowspan="4" | {{nowrap|10GBASE-SRL}} | rowspan="4" {{partial|''proprietary (non IEEE)''}} | rowspan="4" {{active|current}} | rowspan="4" {{CGuest|Fibre '''{{fontcolour|red|850 nm}}'''}} | rowspan="4" {{CGuest|SC LC}} | rowspan="4" align="center" | '''SFP+''' {{fontcolour|orange|''XENPAK''}} X2 XFP | style="background-color:orange" | {{nowrap|OM1: 11}} | rowspan="4" align="right" | 2 | rowspan="4" align="right" | 1 | rowspan="4" align="right" | 1 | rowspan="4" | |- | style="background-color:orange" | {{nowrap|OM2: 27}} |- | style="background-color:#7DF9FF" | {{nowrap|OM3: 100}} |- | style="background-color:#FF69B4" | {{nowrap|OM4: 150}} |- | rowspan="4" | {{nowrap|10GBASE-SR}} | rowspan="4" | {{nowrap|802.3ae-2002}} (CL49/52) | rowspan="4" {{active|current}} | rowspan="4" {{CGuest|Fibre '''{{fontcolour|red|850 nm}}'''}} | rowspan="4" {{CGuest|SC LC}} | rowspan="4" align="center" | '''SFP+''' {{fontcolour|orange|''XENPAK''}} X2 XPAK XFP | style="background-color:orange" | {{nowrap|OM1: 33}} | rowspan="4" align="right" | 2 | rowspan="4" align="right" | 1 | rowspan="4" align="right" | 1 | rowspan="4" | Modal bandwidth (reach): 160 MHz·km (26 m), 200 MHz·km (33 m), 400 MHz·km (66 m), 500 MHz·km (82 m), 2000 MHz·km (300 m), 4700 MHz·km (400 m) |- | style="background-color:orange" | {{nowrap|OM2: 82}} |- | style="background-color:#7DF9FF" | {{nowrap|OM3: 300}} |- | style="background-color:#FF69B4" | {{nowrap|OM4: 400}} |- | rowspan="2" | {{nowrap|10GBASE-LRM}} | rowspan="2" | {{nowrap|802.3aq-2006}} (CL49/68) | rowspan="2" {{active|current}} | rowspan="2" {{CGuest|Fibre '''{{fontcolour|#F88379|1300 nm}}'''}} | rowspan="2" {{CGuest|SC LC}} | rowspan="2" align="center" | '''SFP+''' {{fontcolour|orange|''XENPAK''}} X2 | style="background-color:orange" | {{nowrap|OM1: 220}} | rowspan="2" align="right" | 2 | rowspan="2" align="right" | 1 | rowspan="2" align="right" | 1 | rowspan="2" | <ref name="NWTD" /> Modal bandwidth: 500 MHz·km '''OS1 and OS2 up to 300 meter''' is supported by Cisco<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cisco Transceiver Modules - Cisco 10GBASE SFP+ Modules Data Sheet |url=https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/collateral/interfaces-modules/transceiver-modules/data_sheet_c78-455693.html |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=Cisco |language=en}}</ref> and FS<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ubiquiti UF-MM-10G Compatible 10GBASE-LRM SFP+ 1310nm 220m DOM Duplex LC/UPC MMF/SMF Optical Transceiver Module |url=https://www.fs.com/eu-en/products/200523.html |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=www.fs.com}}</ref>, although not specified in the standard. |- | style="background-color:#7DF9FF" | {{nowrap|OM3: 220}} |- | rowspan="2" | {{nowrap|10GBASE-L{{fontcolour|violet|X}}4}} | rowspan="2" | {{nowrap|802.3ae-2002}} (CL48/53) | rowspan="2" {{partial|legacy}} | rowspan="2" {{CGuest|Fibre {{nowrap|'''{{fontcolour|#F88379|1269.0 – 1282.4 nm 1293.5 – 1306.9 nm 1318.0 – 1331.4 nm 1342.5 – 1355.9 nm}}'''}}}} | rowspan="2" {{CGuest|SC}} | rowspan="2" align="center" | {{fontcolour|orange|''XENPAK''}} X2 | style="background-color:orange" | {{nowrap|OM2: 300}} | rowspan="2" align="right" | 2 | rowspan="2" align="right" | 4 | rowspan="2" align="right" | 4 | rowspan="2" | '''WDM'''; <ref name="NWTD">{{cite web |url=https://www.ieee802.org/3/hssg/public/nov07/diminico_01_1107.pdf |title=Network Topologies and Distances |publisher=MC Communications |date=2007-11-14 |access-date=2018-08-25}}</ref> {{fontcolour|violet|Line code: 8b/10b × NRZ Line rate: 4× 3.125 GBd <nowiki>=</nowiki> 12.5 GBd}} Modal bandwidth: 500 MHz·km |- | style="background-color:yellow" | {{nowrap|OS2: 10k}} |- | rowspan="4" | {{nowrap|10GBASE-S{{fontcolour|skyblue|W}}}} | rowspan="4" | {{nowrap|802.3ae-2002}} (CL50/52) | rowspan="4" {{active|current}} | rowspan="4" {{CGuest|Fibre '''{{fontcolour|red|850 nm}}'''}} | rowspan="4" {{CGuest|SC LC}} | rowspan="4" align="center" | '''SFP+''' XPAK | style="background-color:orange" | {{nowrap|OM1: 33}} | rowspan="4" align="right" | 2 | rowspan="4" align="right" | 1 | rowspan="4" align="right" | 1 | rowspan="7" | WAN; {{fontcolour|skyblue|WAN-PHY; Line rate: {{val|9.5846|u=GBd}} direct mapping as OC-192 / STM-64 SONET/SDH streams.}} -ZW: -EW with higher performance optics |- | style="background-color:orange" | {{nowrap|OM2: 82}} |- | style="background-color:#7DF9FF" | {{nowrap|OM3: 300}} |- | style="background-color:#FF69B4" | {{nowrap|OM4: 400}} |- | {{nowrap|10GBASE-L{{fontcolour|skyblue|W}}}} | {{nowrap|802.3ae-2002}} (CL50/52) | {{active|current}} | {{CGuest|Fibre '''{{fontcolour|#F88379|1310 nm}}'''}} | {{CGuest|SC LC}} | align="center" | '''SFP+''' {{fontcolour|orange|''XENPAK''}} XPAK | style="background-color:yellow" | {{nowrap|OS2: 10k}} | style="text-align:right;" | 2 | style="text-align:right;" | 1 | style="text-align:right;" | 1 |- | {{nowrap|10GBASE-E{{fontcolour|skyblue|W}}}} | {{nowrap|802.3ae-2002}} (CL50/52) | {{active|current}} | rowspan="2" {{CGuest|Fibre '''{{fontcolour|#F49AC2|1550 nm}}'''}} | rowspan="2" {{CGuest|SC LC}} | rowspan="2" align="center" | '''SFP+''' | style="background-color:yellow" | {{nowrap|OS2: 40k}} | rowspan="2" align="right" | 2 | rowspan="2" align="right" | 1 | rowspan="2" align="right" | 1 |- | {{nowrap|10GBASE-Z{{fontcolour|skyblue|W}}}} | {{partial|''proprietary (non IEEE)''}} | {{active|current}} | style="background-color:yellow" | {{nowrap|OS2: 80k}} |- | {{nowrap|10GBASE-LR}} | {{nowrap|802.3ae-2002 (CL49/52)}} | {{active|current}} | {{CGuest|Fibre '''{{fontcolour|#F88379|1310 nm}}'''}} | {{CGuest|SC LC}} | align="center" | '''SFP+''' {{fontcolour|orange|''XENPAK''}} X2 XPAK XFP | style="background-color:yellow" | {{nowrap|OS2: 10k}} | style="text-align:right;" | 2 | style="text-align:right;" | 1 | style="text-align:right;" | 1 | |- | {{nowrap|10GBASE-PR}} | {{nowrap|802.3av-2009}} | {{active|current}} | {{CGuest|Fibre '''{{nowrap|dn2up: {{fontcolour|#F88379|1270 nm}}}}''' '''{{nowrap|up2dn: {{fontcolour|#F49AC2|1577 nm}}}}'''}} | {{CGuest|SC}} | align="center" | '''SFP+''' XFP | style="background-color:yellow" | {{nowrap|OS2: 20k}} | style="text-align:right;" | 1 | style="text-align:right;" | 1 | style="text-align:right;" | 1 | 10G EPON |- | {{nowrap|10GBASE-ER}} | {{nowrap|802.3ae-2002}} (CL49/52) | {{active|current}} | rowspan="2" {{CGuest|Fibre '''{{fontcolour|#F49AC2|1550 nm}}'''}} | rowspan="2" {{CGuest|SC LC}} | rowspan="2" align="center" | '''SFP+''' {{fontcolour|orange|''XENPAK''}} X2 XFP | style="background-color:yellow" | {{nowrap|OS2: 40k}} | rowspan="2" align="right" | 2 | rowspan="2" align="right" | 1 | rowspan="2" align="right" | 1 | |- | {{nowrap|10GBASE-ZR}} | {{partial|''proprietary (non IEEE)''}} | {{active|current}} | style="background-color:yellow" | {{nowrap|OS2: 80k}} | -ER with higher performance optics |- |}

{{mw-datatable}} {| class="wikitable" style="line-height:110%;" |+Comparison of twisted-pair-based Ethernet physical transport layers (TP-PHYs)<ref>{{cite book |title=Ethernet: The Definitive Guide |edition=2nd |author=Charles E. Spurgeon |publisher=O'Reilly Media |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-4493-6184-6}}</ref> ! Name ! Standard ! Status ! Speed {{nowrap|(Mbit/s)}} ! Pairs {{soft hyphen|re|quired}} ! Lanes per {{soft hyphen|direc|tion}} ! Spectral efficiency {{nowrap|((bit/s)/Hz)}} ! Line code ! Symbol rate per lane (MBd) ! {{soft hyphen|Band|width}} (MHz) ! Max {{soft hyphen|dis|tance}} (m) ! Cable ! Cable rating (MHz) ! Usage |- ! scope="row" | {{nowrap|10GBASE-T}} | style="text-align:left;" | {{nowrap|802.3an-2006}} (CL55) | {{active|current}} | 10,000 | 4 | 4 | 6.25 | 64b/65b PAM-16 128-DSQ, LDPC-FEC | 800 | 400 | 100 | style="text-align:center;" | Cat 6A | 500 | style="text-align:center;" | LAN, Data center |- ! scope="row" | {{nowrap|10GBASE-T1}} | style="text-align:left;" | {{nowrap|{{fontcolour|blue|802.3ch-2020}}}} (CL149) | {{active|current}} | 10,000 | 1 | 1 | 3.5{{overline|5}} | 64b/65b PAM-4 RS-FEC | 5,625 | 2,812.5 | 15 | | 4,000 | style="text-align:center;" | Automotive, IoT, M2M |}

==Optical fiber== [[File:Netiron xmr 16000.JPG|thumb|A Foundry Networks router with 10 Gigabit Ethernet optical interfaces (XFP transceiver). The yellow cables are single-mode duplex fiber optic connections.]]

There are two basic types of optical fiber used for 10 Gigabit Ethernet: single-mode (SMF) and multi-mode (MMF).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.10gea.org/optical-fiber-10ge.htm |title=Optical Fiber and 10 gigabit Ethernet white paper by the 10GEA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614015352/http://www.10gea.org/optical-fiber-10ge.htm |archive-date=14 June 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref> In SMF light follows a single path through the fiber while in MMF it takes multiple paths resulting in differential mode delay (DMD). SMF is used for long-distance communication and MMF is used for distances of less than 300 m. SMF has a narrower core (8.3 μm) which requires a more precise termination and connection method. MMF has a wider core (50 or 62.5 μm). The advantage of MMF is that it can be driven by a low cost Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) for short distances, and multi-mode connectors are cheaper and easier to terminate reliably in the field. The advantage of SMF is that it can work over longer distances.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.corning.com/docs/opticalfiber/cn0603.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730144831/http://www.corning.com/docs/opticalfiber/cn0603.pdf |archive-date=2014-07-30 |title=Why choose Multimode fiber? by Corning}}</ref>

In the 802.3 standard, reference is made to FDDI-grade MMF fiber. This has a 62.5 μm core and a minimum modal bandwidth of 160 MHz·km at 850 nm. It was originally installed in the early 1990s for FDDI and 100BASE-FX networks. The 802.3 standard also references ISO/IEC 11801 which specifies optical MMF fiber types OM1, OM2, OM3 and OM4. OM1 has a 62.5 μm core while the others have a 50 μm core. At 850 nm the minimum modal bandwidth of OM1 is 200 MHz·km, of OM2 500 MHz·km, of OM3 2000 MHz·km and of OM4 4700 MHz·km. FDDI-grade cable is now obsolete and new structured cabling installations use either OM3 or OM4 cabling. OM3 cable can carry 10 Gigabit Ethernet 300 meters using low cost 10GBASE-SR optics.<ref name="ethernet_spec" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bicsi.org/Events/Conferences/Spring/2005/GeorgePRES.pdf |title=10 Gigabit Ethernet over Multimode Fiber by John George |access-date=10 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910002014/http://bicsi.org/Events/Conferences/Spring/2005/GeorgePRES.pdf |archive-date=10 September 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> OM4 can manage 400 meters.<ref>IEEE 802.3 ''52.5 PMD to MDI optical specifications for 10GBASE-S''</ref>

To distinguish SMF from MMF cables, SMF cables are usually yellow, while MMF cables are orange (OM1 & OM2) or aqua (OM3 & OM4). However, in fiber optics there is no uniform color for any specific optical speed or technology with the exception being the angled physical contact connector (APC), being an agreed color of green.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.velocityreviews.com/forums/t33419-how-to-tell-mmf-or-smf.html|title=How to tell? MMF or SMF|access-date=6 September 2011|archive-date=30 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030010446/http://www.velocityreviews.com/forums/t33419-how-to-tell-mmf-or-smf.html|url-status=dead}}{{unreliable source?|date=February 2019}}</ref>

There are also active optical cables (AOC). These have the optical electronics already connected eliminating the connectors between the cable and the optical module. They plug into standard SFP+ sockets. They are lower cost than other optical solutions because the manufacturer can match the electronics to the required length and type of cable.{{Citation needed|date=August 2015}}

===10GBASE-SR=== [[File:LR-Link 10GBASE-SR SFP+ transceiver.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|A 10GBASE-SR SFP+ transceiver]]

10GBASE-SR ("short range") is a port type for multi-mode fiber and uses 850 nm lasers.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gDzSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA60|title=Windows Networking Tools: The Complete Guide to Management, Troubleshooting, and Security|last=Held|first=Gilbert|date=2016-04-19|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781466511071|language=en}}</ref> Its Physical Coding Sublayer (PCS) is 64b/66b and is defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 49 and its Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) sublayer in Clause 52. It delivers serialized data at a line rate of {{val|10.3125|ul=GBd}}.<ref name="IEEE 802.3 52.1.1.1.2">IEEE 802.3 ''52.1.1.1.2 PMD_UNITDATA.request: When generated''</ref>

The range depends on the type of multi-mode fiber used.<ref name="ethernet_spec">{{cite web | url=http://standards.ieee.org/about/get/802/802.3.html | archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205103819/http://standards.ieee.org/about/get/802/802.3.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=5 December 2012 | title=IEEE 802.3 standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/modules/ps5455/ps6574/product_data_sheet0900aecd801f92aa.html | title=Description of Cisco 10G optical modules | access-date= 3 May 2010 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" |- ! Fibre type (micrometers) !! Range (m) |- | FDDI-grade (62.5) || 26 |- | OM1 (62.5) || 33 |- | OM2 (50) || 82 |- | OM3 || 300 |- | OM4 || 400 |}

MMF has the advantage over SMF of having lower-cost connectors; its wider core requires less mechanical precision.

The 10GBASE-SR transmitter is implemented with a VCSEL, which is low cost and low power. OM3 and OM4 optical cabling are sometimes described as ''laser optimized'' because they have been designed to work with VCSELs. 10GBASE-SR delivers the lowest cost, lowest power and smallest form factor optical modules.

There is a lower cost, lower power variant sometimes referred to as 10GBASE-SRL (10GBASE-SR lite). This is inter-operable with 10GBASE-SR but only has a reach of 100 meters.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.arista.com/assets/data/pdf/Datasheets/Transceiver-Data-Sheet.pdf |title=Optics Modules and Cables |access-date=2019-06-28}}</ref>

===10GBASE-LR=== 10GBASE-LR (long reach) is a port type for single-mode fiber and uses 1310 nm lasers. Its 64b/66b PCS is defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 49 and its PMD sublayer in Clause 52. It delivers serialized data at a line rate of 10.3125 GBd.<ref name="IEEE 802.3 52.1.1.1.2" />

The 10GBASE-LR transmitter is implemented with a Fabry–Pérot or distributed feedback laser (DFB). DFB lasers are more expensive than VCSELs but their high power and longer wavelength allow efficient coupling into the small core of single-mode fiber over greater distances.{{Citation needed|date=August 2015|reason=Supported without citation in Distributed feedback laser}}

10GBASE-LR maximum fiber length is 10 kilometers, although this will vary depending on the type of single-mode fiber used.

===10GBASE-LRM=== 10GBASE-LRM, (long reach multi-mode) originally specified in IEEE 802.3aq is a port type for multi-mode fiber and uses 1310 nm lasers. Its 64b/66b PCS is defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 49 and its PMD sublayer in Clause 68. It delivers serialized data at a line rate of 10.3125 GBd.<ref>IEEE 802.3 ''Table 68–3—10GBASE-LRM transmit characteristics''</ref> 10GBASE-LRM uses electronic dispersion compensation (EDC) for receive equalization.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lw.pennnet.com/display_article/249488/13/ARTCL/none/none/1/10GBase-LX4-vs-10GBase-LRM:-A-debate/ |title=10GBase-LX4 vs 10GBase-LRM: A debate |archive-url=https://archive.today/20090721023603/http://lw.pennnet.com/display_article/249488/13/ARTCL/none/none/1/10GBase-LX4-vs-10GBase-LRM:-A-debate/ |archive-date=21 July 2009 |url-status=dead |access-date=2009-07-16 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

10GBASE-LRM allows distances up to {{convert|220|m}} on FDDI-grade multi-mode fiber and the same 220 m maximum reach on OM1, OM2 and OM3 fiber types.<ref name="ethernet_spec" /> 10GBASE-LRM reach is not quite as far as the older 10GBASE-LX4 standard. Some 10GBASE-LRM transceivers also allow distances up to {{convert|300|m}} on standard single-mode fiber (SMF, G.652), however this is not part of the IEEE or MSA specification.<ref>IEEE 802.3 ''68.5 PMD to MDI optical specifications''</ref> To ensure that specifications are met over FDDI-grade, OM1 and OM2 fibers, the transmitter should be coupled through a mode conditioning patch cord. No mode conditioning patch cord is required for applications over OM3 or OM4.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/modules/ps5455/data_sheet_c78-455693.html |title=Cisco 10GBASE SFP+ Modules Data Sheet |publisher=Cisco Systems |date=February 2012 |access-date=2012-05-12}}</ref>

===10GBASE-ER=== 10GBASE-ER (extended reach) is a port type for single-mode fiber and uses 1550 nm lasers. Its 64b/66b PCS is defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 49 and its PMD sublayer in Clause 52. It delivers serialized data at a line rate of 10.3125 GBd.<ref name="IEEE 802.3 52.1.1.1.2" />

The 10GBASE-ER transmitter is implemented with an externally modulated laser (EML).

10GBASE-ER has a reach of {{convert|40|km}} over engineered links and 30 km over standard links.<ref name="ethernet_spec" /><ref name="Cisco-XENPAK">{{cite web |url=http://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/modules/ps2797/ps5138/product_data_sheet09186a008007cd00_ps5251_Products_Data_Sheet.html |title=Cisco 10GBASE XENPAK Modules |publisher=Cisco Systems |date=November 2011 |access-date=2012-05-12}}</ref>

===10GBASE-ZR=== Several manufacturers have introduced {{convert|80|km|adj=on|abbr=on}} range under the name 10GBASE-ZR. This 80 km PHY is not specified within the IEEE 802.3ae standard and manufacturers have created their own specifications based upon the 80 km PHY described in the OC-192/STM-64 SDH/SONET specifications.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/collateral/interfaces-modules/transceiver-modules/data_sheet_c78-455693.html|title=Cisco Transceiver Modules - Cisco 10GBASE SFP+ Modules Data Sheet|website=Cisco|accessdate=6 August 2023}}</ref>

===10GBASE-LX4=== 10GBASE-LX4 is a port type for multi-mode fiber and single-mode fiber. It uses four separate laser sources operating at {{nowrap|3.125 Gbit/s}} and Coarse wavelength-division multiplexing with four unique wavelengths around 1310 nm. Its 8b/10b PCS is defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 48 and its Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) sublayer in Clause 53.<ref name="ethernet_spec" />

10GBASE-LX4 has a range of {{convert|10|km}} over SMF. It can reach {{convert|300|m}} over FDDI-grade, OM1, OM2 and OM3 multi-mode cabling.{{efn|All these fiber types are specified to have a minimum modal bandwidth of {{val|500|u=MHz·km}} at 1300 nm.}} In this case, it needs to be coupled through a SMF offset-launch mode-conditioning patch cord.<ref name="ethernet_spec" />{{rp|subclauses 53.6 and 38.11.4}}

===10GBASE-PR=== {{Main|10G-EPON|Ethernet in the first mile}}

10GBASE-PR originally specified in IEEE 802.3av is a 10 Gigabit Ethernet PHY for passive optical networks and uses 1577 nm lasers in the downstream direction and 1270 nm lasers in the upstream direction. Its PMD sublayer is specified in Clause 75. Downstream delivers serialized data at a line rate of {{nowrap|10.3125 Gbit/s}} in a point-to-multipoint configuration.<ref name="ethernet_spec" />

10GBASE-PR has three power budgets specified as 10GBASE-PR10, 10GBASE-PR20 and 10GBASE-PR30.<ref name="ethernet_spec" />{{rp|75.1.4}}

=== 10GBASE-BR === Multiple vendors introduced single-strand, bi-directional {{nowrap|10 Gbit/s}} optics capable of a single-mode fiber connection functionally equivalent to 10GBASE-LR or -ER, but using a single strand of fiber optic cable. Analogous to 1000BASE-BX10, this is accomplished using a passive prism inside each optical transceiver and a matched pair of transceivers using two different wavelengths such as 1270 and 1330 nm. Modules are available in varying transmit powers and reach distances ranging from 10 to 80 km.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/collateral/interfaces-modules/transceiver-modules/data_sheet_c78-455693.pdf|title=Cisco 10GBASE SFP+ Modules|publisher=Cisco Systems|page=6|access-date=2020-09-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.finisar.com/optical-transceivers/ftlx2071d3xx|title=10Gb/s Bidirectional 10km Gen2 SFP+ Optical Transceiver|access-date=2020-09-28|archive-date=7 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107062513/https://www.finisar.com/optical-transceivers/ftlx2071d3xx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

These advances were subsequently standardized in IEEE 802.3cp-2021 with reaches of 10, 20, or 40 km.

==Copper== 10 Gigabit Ethernet can also run over twin-axial cabling, twisted pair cabling, and backplanes.

===10GBASE-CX4=== thumb|SFF-8470 connector '''10GBASE-CX4''' was the first 10 Gigabit copper standard published by 802.3 (as 802.3ak-2004). It uses the XAUI 4-lane PCS (Clause 48) and copper cabling similar to that used by InfiniBand technology with the same SFF-8470 connectors. It is specified to work up to a distance of {{convert|15|m|abbr=on}}. Each lane carries 3.125 GBd of signaling bandwidth.

10GBASE-CX4 has been used for stacking switches.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Dove |first=Dan |url=https://www.networkworld.com/article/884088/10gbase-cx4-lowers-10g-ethernet-cost.html |title=10GBase-CX4 lowers 10G Ethernet cost |magazine=Network World |date=24 May 2004 |access-date=19 December 2014}}</ref> It offers the advantages of low power, low cost and low latency, but has a bigger form factor and more bulky cables than the newer single-lane SFP+ standard, and a much shorter reach than fiber or 10GBASE-T. This cable is fairly rigid and considerably more costly than Category 5/6 UTP or fiber.

10GBASE-CX4 applications are now commonly achieved using SFP+ Direct Attach and {{asof|2011|lc=yes}}, shipments of 10GBASE-CX4 have been very low.<ref name="another_serving">{{cite web | url=http://communities.intel.com/community/openportit/server/blog/2011/06/20/10-gigabit-ethernet-update-another-serving-of-alphabet-soup | title=Another Serving of Alphabet Soup — by Intel | access-date=4 September 2011 | archive-date=22 August 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822010922/http://communities.intel.com/community/openportit/server/blog/2011/06/20/10-gigabit-ethernet-update-another-serving-of-alphabet-soup | url-status=dead }}</ref>

===SFP+ direct attach=== Also known as direct attach (DA), direct attach copper (DAC), 10GSFP+Cu,<ref>{{Citation |url= https://e2e.ti.com/cfs-file/__key/communityserver-discussions-components-files/138/SFF_2D00_8431.pdf#page=117 |title= SFF 8431. Specification for SFP+ High Speed Electrical Interface |publisher= Small Form Factor Committee |access-date= 12 February 2024 |editor= Ali Ghiasi |pages= 100ff |year= 2013}}</ref> sometimes also called 10GBASE-CR <ref name="arista_transceiver_cable">{{cite web | url=http://www.aristanetworks.com/en/products/transceiversandcables | title= Cables and Transceivers |publisher= Arista Networks| access-date= 21 September 2012}}</ref> or 10GBASE-CX1, although there are no IEEE standards with either of the two latter names. Short direct attach cables use a passive twinaxial cabling assembly while longer ones add some extra range using electronic amplifiers. These DAC types connect directly into an SFP+ housing. SFP+ direct attach has a fixed-length cable, up to 15 m for copper cables.<ref name="HP X242 SFP+ DA cables">{{cite web | url=http://h18004.www1.hp.com/products/quickspecs/13286_div/13286_div.html | title=HP X242 SFP+ Direct Attach Copper Cable | publisher=Hewlett Packard | access-date=27 March 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014055430/http://h18004.www1.hp.com/products/quickspecs/13286_div/13286_div.html | archive-date=14 October 2012 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Like 10GBASE-CX4, DA is low-power, low-cost and low-latency with the added advantages of using less bulky cables and of having the small SFP+ form factor. SFP+ direct attach today is tremendously popular, with more ports installed than 10GBASE-SR.<ref name="another_serving" />

===Backplane=== '''Backplane Ethernet''', also known by the name of the task force that developed it, '''802.3ap''', is used in backplane applications such as blade servers and modular network equipment with upgradable line cards. 802.3ap implementations are required to operate over up to {{convert|1|m|in}} of copper printed circuit board with two connectors. The standard defines two port types for {{nowrap|10 Gbit/s}} ('''10GBASE-KX4''' and '''10GBASE-KR''') and a single {{nowrap|1 Gbit/s}} port type (1000BASE-KX). It also defines an optional layer for forward error correction, a backplane autonegotiation protocol and link training for 10GBASE-KR where the receiver tunes a three-tap transmit equalizer. The autonegotiation protocol selects between 1000BASE-KX, 10GBASE-KX4, 10GBASE-KR or 40GBASE-KR4 operation.{{efn|40GBASE-KR4 is defined in 802.3ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/3/ap/index.html|title=IEEE P802.3ap Backplane Ethernet Task Force|access-date=30 January 2011}}</ref>}}

====10GBASE-KX4==== This operates over four backplane lanes and uses the same physical layer coding (defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 48) as 10GBASE-CX4.

====10GBASE-KR==== This operates over a single backplane lane and uses the same physical layer coding (defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 49) as 10GBASE-LR/ER/SR. New backplane designs use 10GBASE-KR rather than 10GBASE-KX4.<ref name="another_serving" />

===10GBASE-T=== [[File:Intel X540-T2.jpg|thumb|Intel X540-T2 10GBASE-T dual port NIC]]

'''10GBASE-T''', or '''IEEE 802.3an-2006''', is a standard released in 2006 to provide {{nowrap|10 Gbit/s}} connections over unshielded or shielded twisted pair cables, over distances up to {{convert|100|m}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://standards.ieee.org/cgi-bin/status?802.3an|title=IEEE Standards Status Report for 802.3an|access-date=14 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070905012517/http://standards.ieee.org/cgi-bin/status?802.3an|archive-date=5 September 2007|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Category 6A is required to reach the full distance and category 5e or 6 may reach up to {{convert|55|m}} depending on the quality of installation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.andovercg.com/datasheets/arista-7100T_Datasheet.pdf |title=7100T Datasheet |publisher=Arista Networks |quote=The Arista 7100T switches support 10GBASE-T over Category 6a cabling up to 100m, but also support Category 5e (Performance of 10GBASE-T over Cat-5e cabling is not specified in the standard and thus cannot be guaranteed. Field testing is recommended before deployment to establish the feasibility of using existing Cat-5e cabling.) and Category 6 cabling with distances up to 55m.}}</ref> 10GBASE-T cable infrastructure can also be used for 1000BASE-T allowing a gradual upgrade from 1000BASE-T using autonegotiation to select which speed is used. Due to additional line coding overhead, 10GBASE-T has a slightly higher latency (2 to 4 microseconds) in comparison to most other 10GBASE variants (1 microsecond or less). In comparison, 1000BASE-T latency is 1 to 12 microseconds (depending on packet size{{efn|A maximum Gigabit Ethernet packet requires 12.2 μs for transfer (1526 × 8 ÷ 109) for store-and-forward, this adds to hardware latency.}}).<ref>{{Citation |url=http://download.intel.com/support/network/sb/intel_ethernet_10gbaset.pdf |access-date=2011-12-21 |title=10GBASE-T for Broad 10 Gigabit Adoption in the Data Center |publisher=Intel}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.plxtech.com/files/pdf/support/10gbaset/whitepapers/10GBase-T_1000Base-T_Switches.pdf |title=SWITCHES SWITCH FROM 1000BASE-T TO 10GBASE-T NOW |date=October 2009 |publisher=Teranetics |access-date=2011-12-21}}</ref>

10GBASE-T uses the IEC 60603-7 8P8C modular connectors already widely used with Ethernet. Transmission characteristics are now specified to {{nowrap|500 MHz}}. To reach this frequency Category 6A or better balanced twisted pair cables specified in ISO/IEC 11801 amendment 2 or ANSI/TIA-568-C.2 are needed to carry 10GBASE-T up to 100 m. Category 6 cables can carry 10GBASE-T for shorter distances when qualified according to the guidelines in ISO TR 24750 or TIA-155-A.

The 802.3an standard specifies the wire-level modulation for 10GBASE-T to use Tomlinson-Harashima precoding (THP) and pulse-amplitude modulation with 16 discrete levels (PAM-16), encoded in a two-dimensional checkerboard pattern known as DSQ128 sent on the line at 800 Msymbols/sec.<ref>IEEE 802.3-2012 ''55.1.3 Operation of 10GBASE-T''</ref><ref name=Ungerboeck10GBaseT>{{cite web| last=Ungerboeck| first=Gottfried| url=https://users.ecs.soton.ac.uk/sqc/EL336/10GBASE-T.pdf |title=10GBASE-T: 10Gbit/s Ethernet over copper|date=22 September 2006|access-date=7 August 2013|publisher=Broadcom |location=Vienna}}</ref> Prior to precoding, forward error correction (FEC) coding is performed using a [2048,1723]2 low-density parity-check code on 1723 bits, with the parity check matrix construction based on a generalized Reed–Solomon [32,2,31] code over GF(26).<ref name=Ungerboeck10GBaseT/> Another 1536 bits are uncoded. Within each 1723+1536 block, there are 1+50+8+1 signaling and error detection bits and 3200 data bits (and occupy 320 ns on the line). In contrast, PAM-5 is the modulation technique used in 1000BASE-T Gigabit Ethernet. The line encoding used by 10GBASE-T is the basis for the newer and slower 2.5GBASE-T and 5GBASE-T standard, implementing a 2.5 or {{nowrap|5.0 Gbit/s}} connection over existing category 5e or 6 cabling.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ieee802.org/3/bz/ngeabt_objectives_802.3WG_approved_0315.pdf|title=IEEE 802.3 NGEABT Objectives approved by IEEE 802.3, March 12, 2015|accessdate=6 August 2023}}</ref> Cables that will not function reliably with 10GBASE-T may successfully operate with 2.5GBASE-T or 5GBASE-T if supported by both ends.

===10GBASE-T1=== '''10GBASE-T1''' is for automotive applications and operates over a single balanced pair of conductors up to 15 m long, and is standardized in 802.3ch-2020.<ref>{{cite web | title = IEEE Std 802.3ch-2020: Multi-Gig Automotive Ethernet PHY | url = https://blog.siemon.com/standards/ieee-p802-3ch-multi-gig-automotive-ethernet-phy | first = Valerie | last = Maguire | date = 2020-06-04 }}</ref>

==WAN PHY (10GBASE-W)== At the time that the 10 Gigabit Ethernet standard was developed, interest in 10GbE as a wide area network (WAN) transport led to the introduction of a WAN PHY for 10GbE. The WAN PHY was designed to interoperate with OC-192/STM-64 SDH/SONET equipment using a lightweight SDH/SONET frame running at {{nowrap|9.953 Gbit/s}}. The WAN PHY operates at a slightly slower data rate than the local area network (LAN) PHY. The WAN PHY can drive maximum link distances up to 80 km depending on the fiber standard employed.

The WAN PHY uses the same 10GBASE-S, 10GBASE-L and 10GBASE-E optical PMDs as the LAN PHYs and is designated as 10GBASE-SW, 10GBASE-LW or 10GBASE-EW. Its 64b/66b PCS is defined in IEEE 802.3 clause 49 and its PMD sublayers in clause 52. It also uses a WAN interface sublayer (WIS) defined in clause 50, which adds extra encapsulation to format the frame data to be compatible with SONET STS-192c.<ref name="ethernet_spec" />

==Notes== {{notelist}} {{notelist-ua}}

==See also== {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * 10G * GG45 * List of interface bit rates * Optical communication * Optical fiber cable * Parallel optical interface * TERA * XAUI {{div col end}}

==References== {{Reflist}} {{refbegin}} * {{citation |url=https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/802.3/7071/ |title=IEEE 802.3-2018 - IEEE Standard for Ethernet}} {{refend}}

==External links== * [https://www.ethernetalliance.org Ethernet Alliance website] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141219175107/http://www.ampnetconnect.es/web/MEA/Home/Current/News/News_Detail/?news_id=8160 World's First Independent 10GBASE-T Comparative Test Study]

Category:Ethernet standards