1018 Arnolda

{{Short description|Main-belt asteroid}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}} {{Infobox planet | minorplanet = yes | name = 1018 Arnolda | background = #D6D6D6 | image = | image_size = | caption = | discovery_ref = <ref name="jpldata" /> | discoverer = K. Reinmuth | discovery_site = Heidelberg Obs. | discovered = 3 March 1924 | mpc_name = (1018) Arnolda | alt_names = 1924 QM{{·}}1926 VK {{mp|1952 BV|1}} | pronounced = | named_after = Arnold Berliner {{small|(German physicist)}}<ref name="springer" /> | mp_category = main-belt{{·}}{{small|(central)}}<ref name="lcdb" /> | orbit_ref = <ref name="jpldata" /> | epoch = 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5) | uncertainty = 0 | observation_arc = 93.34 yr (34,092 days) | aphelion = 3.1649 AU | perihelion = 1.9180 AU | semimajor = 2.5414 AU | eccentricity = 0.2453 | period = 4.05 yr (1,480 days) | mean_anomaly = 204.40° | mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS|0.2433|sup=ms}} / day | inclination = 7.6444° | asc_node = 359.70° | arg_peri = 342.97° | dimensions = {{val|13.68|2.45}} km<ref name="Nugent-2016" /> {{val|15.29|0.53}} km<ref name="AKARI" /> {{val|16.387|0.100}} km<ref name="WISE" /> {{val|16.42|1.5}} km<ref name="SIMPS" /> 16.44 km {{small|(derived)}}<ref name="lcdb" /> {{val|16.557|0.224}} km<ref name="Masiero-2014" /> | rotation = {{val|10}} h {{small|(unrated)}}<ref name="geneva-obs" /> {{val|11.97}} h {{small|(dated)}}<ref name="Binzel-1987b" /> {{val|12.18|0.01}} h<ref name="geneva-obs" /> {{val|14.57|0.01}} h{{efn|name=Aznar-2016a}} {{val|14.617|0.004}} h<ref name="Pligge-2011a" /> | albedo = {{val|0.29|0.13}}<ref name="Nugent-2016" /> {{val|0.3701|0.079}}<ref name="SIMPS" /> {{val|0.371|0.037}}<ref name="Masiero-2014" /> 0.3760 {{small|(derived)}}<ref name="lcdb" /> {{val|0.3857|0.0329}}<ref name="WISE" /> {{val|0.439|0.034}}<ref name="AKARI" /> | spectral_type = S<ref name="lcdb" /> | abs_magnitude = 10.60<ref name="lcdb" /><ref name="WISE" /><ref name="Binzel-1987b" />{{·}}10.62<ref name="jpldata" /><ref name="AKARI" /><ref name="SIMPS" />{{·}}11.30<ref name="Nugent-2016" />{{·}}{{val|11.45|0.25}}<ref name="Veres-2015" /> }}

'''1018 Arnolda''', provisional designation {{mp|1924 QM}}, is a stony asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 16 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 3 March 1924, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany.<ref name="MPC-object" /> The asteroid was named after physicist Arnold Berliner.<ref name="springer" />

== Classification and orbit ==

Arnolda is not a member of any known asteroid family. It orbits the Sun in the central main belt at a distance of 1.9–3.2 AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,480 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.25 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic.<ref name="jpldata" /> The body's observation arc begins nine days prior to its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.<ref name="MPC-object" />

== Physical characteristics ==

Arnolda is an assumed stony S-type asteroid, a very common type in the inner and in parts of the central asteroid belt.<ref name="lcdb" />

=== Lightcurves ===

In May 2005, the best-rated rotational lightcurve of Arnolda was obtained from photometric observations by Australian astronomers at the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory ({{small|E09}}). Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 14.617 hours with a brightness variation of 0.33 magnitude ({{small|U=3}}).<ref name="Pligge-2011a" /> Several other astronomers obtained number of lesser-rated lightcurves with a shorter period ({{small|U=n.a./1/2/3-}}).<ref name="geneva-obs" /><ref name="Binzel-1987b" />{{efn|name=Aznar-2016a}}

=== Diameter and albedo ===

According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Arnolda measures between 13.68 and 16.557 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.29 and 0.439.<ref name="Nugent-2016" /><ref name="AKARI" /><ref name="WISE" /><ref name="SIMPS" /><ref name="Masiero-2014" />

The ''Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link'' derives a high albedo of 0.3760 and a diameter of 16.44 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.60.<ref name="lcdb" />

== Naming ==

This minor planet was named after physicist Arnold Berliner (1862–1942), on the occasion of his 70th birthday in 1933. Berliner was the editor of the prominent German periodical scientific magazine ''Naturwissenschaften'' ({{small|AN 247}}).<ref name="springer" />

== Notes ==

{{notelist|refs=

{{efn|name=Aznar-2016a|1=Aznar (2016): rotation period of {{val|14.57|0.01}} hours with a brightness amplitude of {{val|0.39}} mag. The lightcurve has a quality code of 3-. Summary figures at [http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/generateOneAsteroidInfo.php?AstInfo=1018%7CArnolda Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL)]}}

}}

== References == {{reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="jpldata">{{cite web |type = 2017-06-04 last obs. |title = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 1018 Arnolda (1924 QM) |url = https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2001018 |publisher = Jet Propulsion Laboratory |accessdate = 29 August 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="springer">{{cite book |title = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (1018) Arnolda |last = Schmadel | first = Lutz D. |publisher = Springer Berlin Heidelberg |page = 88 |date = 2007 |isbn = 978-3-540-00238-3 |doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1019 |chapter = (1018) Arnolda }}</ref>

<ref name="MPC-object">{{cite web |title = 1018 Arnolda (1924 QM) |work = Minor Planet Center |url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=1018 |accessdate = 29 August 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="geneva-obs">{{cite web |title = Asteroids and comets rotation curves – (1018) Arnolda |last = Behrend |first = Raoul |publisher = Geneva Observatory |url = http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page3cou.html#001018 |accessdate = 29 August 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="Masiero-2014">{{cite journal |display-authors = 6 |first1 = Joseph R. |last1 = Masiero |first2 = T. |last2 = Grav |first3 = A. K. |last3 = Mainzer |first4 = C. R. |last4 = Nugent |first5 = J. M. |last5 = Bauer |first6 = R. |last6 = Stevenson |first7 = S. |last7 = Sonnett |date = August 2014 |title = Main-belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE: Near-infrared Albedos |url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2014ApJ...791..121M |journal = The Astrophysical Journal |volume = 791 |issue = 2 |page = 11 |bibcode = 2014ApJ...791..121M |doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/791/2/121 |arxiv = 1406.6645 |s2cid = 119293330 |access-date= 29 August 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="lcdb">{{cite LCDB|number = 1018 |accessdate = 29 August 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="Nugent-2016">{{cite journal |display-authors = 6 |first1 = C. R. |last1 = Nugent |first2 = A. |last2 = Mainzer |first3 = J. |last3 = Bauer |first4 = R. M. |last4 = Cutri |first5 = E. A. |last5 = Kramer |first6 = T. |last6 = Grav |first7 = J. |last7 = Masiero |first8 = S. |last8 = Sonnett |first9 = E. L. |last9 = Wright |date = September 2016 |title = NEOWISE Reactivation Mission Year Two: Asteroid Diameters and Albedos |journal = The Astronomical Journal |volume = 152 |issue = 3 |page = 12 |bibcode = 2016AJ....152...63N |doi = 10.3847/0004-6256/152/3/63 |arxiv = 1606.08923 |doi-access = free }}</ref>

<ref name="AKARI">{{cite journal |display-authors = 6 |first1 = Fumihiko |last1 = Usui |first2 = Daisuke |last2 = Kuroda |first3 = Thomas G. |last3 = Müller |first4 = Sunao |last4 = Hasegawa |first5 = Masateru |last5 = Ishiguro |first6 = Takafumi |last6 = Ootsubo |first7 = Daisuke |last7 = Ishihara |first8 = Hirokazu |last8 = Kataza |first9 = Satoshi |last9 = Takita |first10 = Shinki |last10 = Oyabu |first11 = Munetaka |last11 = Ueno |first12 = Hideo |last12 = Matsuhara |first13 = Takashi |last13 = Onaka |date = October 2011 |title = Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey |journal = Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan |volume = 63 |issue = 5 |pages = 1117–1138 |bibcode = 2011PASJ...63.1117U |doi = 10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117 |doi-access= }} ([http://vizier.cfa.harvard.edu/viz-bin/VizieR-5?-source=J/PASJ/63/1117/acua_v1&Num=1018 online], [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/43545172.pdf AcuA catalog p. 153])</ref>

<ref name="SIMPS">{{cite journal |first1 = E. F. |last1 = Tedesco |first2 = P. V. |last2 = Noah |first3 = M. |last3 = Noah |first4 = S. D. |last4 = Price |date = October 2004 |title = IRAS Minor Planet Survey V6.0 |url = https://sbnarchive.psi.edu/pds3/iras/IRAS_A_FPA_3_RDR_IMPS_V6_0/data/diamalb.tab |journal = NASA Planetary Data System |volume = 12 |pages = IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0 |bibcode = 2004PDSS...12.....T |accessdate = 22 October 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="WISE">{{cite journal |display-authors = 6 |first1 = A. |last1 = Mainzer |first2 = T. |last2 = Grav |first3 = J. |last3 = Masiero |first4 = E. |last4 = Hand |first5 = J. |last5 = Bauer |first6 = D. |last6 = Tholen |first7 = R. S. |last7 = McMillan |first8 = T. |last8 = Spahr |first9 = R. M. |last9 = Cutri |first10 = E. |last10 = Wright |first11 = J. |last11 = Watkins |first12 = W. |last12 = Mo |first13 = C. |last13 = Maleszewski |date = November 2011 |title = NEOWISE Studies of Spectrophotometrically Classified Asteroids: Preliminary Results |journal = The Astrophysical Journal |volume = 741 |issue = 2 |page = 25 |bibcode = 2011ApJ...741...90M |doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90 |arxiv = 1109.6407|s2cid = 35447010 }}</ref>

<ref name="Binzel-1987b">{{Cite journal |author = Binzel, R. P. |date = October 1987 |title = A photoelectric survey of 130 asteroids |url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=1987Icar...72..135B |journal = Icarus |volume = 72 |issue = 1 |pages = 135–208 |issn = 0019-1035 |bibcode = 1987Icar...72..135B |doi = 10.1016/0019-1035(87)90125-4 |access-date= 29 August 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="Pligge-2011a">{{Cite journal |first1 = Zachary |last1 = Pligge |first2 = Adam |last2 = Monnier |first3 = John |last3 = Pharo |first4 = Kellen |last4 = Stolze |first5 = Arnold |last5 = Yim |first6 = Richard |last6 = Ditteon |date = January 2011 |title = Asteroid Lightcurve Analysis at the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory: 2010 May |url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2011MPBu...38....5P |journal = The Minor Planet Bulletin |volume = 38 |issue = 1 |pages = 5–7 |issn = 1052-8091 |bibcode = 2011MPBu...38....5P |access-date= 29 August 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="Veres-2015">{{cite journal |display-authors = 6 |first1 = Peter |last1 = Veres |first2 = Robert |last2 = Jedicke |first3 = Alan |last3 = Fitzsimmons |first4 = Larry |last4 = Denneau |first5 = Mikael |last5 = Granvik |first6 = Bryce |last6 = Bolin |first7 = Serge |last7 = Chastel |first8 = Richard J. |last8 = Wainscoat |first9 = William S. |last9 = Burgett |first10 = Kenneth C. |last10 = Chambers |first11 = Heather |last11 = Flewelling |first12 = Nick |last12 = Kaiser |first13 = Eugen A. |last13 = Magnier |first14 = Jeff S. |last14 = Morgan |first15 = Paul A. |last15 = Price |first16 = John L. |last16 = Tonry |first17 = Christopher |last17 = Waters |date = November 2015 |title = Absolute magnitudes and slope parameters for 250,000 asteroids observed by Pan-STARRS PS1 - Preliminary results |url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2015Icar..261...34V |journal = Icarus |volume = 261 |pages = 34–47 |bibcode = 2015Icar..261...34V |doi = 10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.007 |arxiv = 1506.00762 |s2cid = 53493339 |access-date= 29 August 2017}}</ref>

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== External links == * [http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/lcdbsummaryquery.php Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)], query form ([http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216050541/http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html |date=16 December 2017 }}) * [https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg Dictionary of Minor Planet Names], Google books * [http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page_cou.html Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR] – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend * [https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs000001.html Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000)] – Minor Planet Center * {{AstDys|1018}} * {{JPL small body}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Arnolda}} 001018 Category:Discoveries by Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth Category:Named minor planets 19240303