{{Short description|Star in the constellation Orion}} {{other uses}} {{Starbox begin}} {{Starbox image | image = {{Location mark |image=Orion IAU.svg |float=center |alt= |label= |position=right |width=250 |mark=Red circle.svg |mark_width=12 |mark_link=Bellatrix |x=522|y=552 }} | caption = Location of γ Orionis (circled) }} {{Starbox observe | epoch = J2000 | constell = Orion | pronounce = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɛ|l|ə|t|r|ɪ|k|s}} {{IPAc-en|b|E|'|l|ei|t|r|I|k|s}}<ref name=Kunitzsch/> | ra = {{RA|05|25|07.86325}}<ref name=aaa474_2_653/> | dec = {{DEC|+06|20|58.9318}}<ref name=aaa474_2_653/> | appmag_v = 1.64<ref name=aj76_1058/> {{nowrap|(1.59 - 1.64<ref name=gcvs/>)}} }} {{Starbox character | class = B2III<ref name=walborn/> or B2V<ref name=levenhagen/> | b-v = −0.21<ref name=aj76_1058/> | u-b = −0.86<ref name=aj76_1058/> | variable = Suspected<ref name=gcvs/> }} {{Starbox astrometry | radial_v = +18.2<ref name=gcsrv/> | prop_mo_ra = −8.11<ref name=aaa474_2_653/> | prop_mo_dec = −12.88<ref name=aaa474_2_653/> | parallax = 12.92 | p_error = 0.52 | parallax_footnote = <ref name=aaa474_2_653/> | absmag_v = −2.78<ref name=lamers/> }} {{Starbox detail | mass = {{val|8.6|0.3}}<ref name=tetzlaff/> | radius = 6.4<ref name=Cazorla2017/> | rotational_velocity = {{val|53.9|0.8}}<ref name=Borisov2023/> | metal_fe = −0.07<ref name=challouf/> | luminosity = 7,410<ref name=Cazorla2017/> | gravity = 3.60<ref name=aaa515_A74/> | temperature = {{val|22017|220|fmt=commas}}<ref name=Borisov2023/> | age_myr = {{val|25.2|2.7}}<ref name=tetzlaff/> }} {{Starbox catalog | names = {{odlist| name=Bellatrix | B=γ Orionis, Gamma Ori, γ Ori |name4=Amazon Star<ref name=allen1963/> | F=24 Ori | name3=Al Najīd<ref name=allen1963/> | HR=1790 | BD=+06°919 | HD=35468 | SAO=112740 | FK5=201 | HIP=25336 | NSV=1972 }}<ref name=SIMBAD/> }} {{Starbox reference | Simbad = Bellatrix }} {{Starbox end}}
'''Bellatrix''' is the third-brightest star in the constellation of Orion, positioned 5° west of the red supergiant Betelgeuse (Alpha Orionis). It has the Bayer designation '''γ Orionis''', which is Latinized to '''Gamma Orionis'''. With a slightly variable magnitude of around 1.6, it is typically the 25th-brightest star in the night sky. It is the closest major star in Orion at only 244.6 light-years from the Solar System.
== Nomenclature ==
thumb|left|upright|Bellatrix is a bright star in the constellation of Orion (top right).
The traditional name ''Bellatrix'' is from the Latin ''bellātrix'' "female warrior". It first appeared in the works of Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi and Johannes Hispalensis, where it originally referred to Capella, but was transferred to Gamma Orionis by the Vienna school of astronomers in the 15th century, and appeared in contemporary reprints of the ''Alfonsine tables''.<ref name=Kunitzsch86/> In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)<ref name="WGSN"/> to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016<ref name="WGSN1"/> included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN; which included ''Bellatrix'' for this star. It is now so entered in the IAU Catalog of Star Names.<ref name="IAU-CSN"/> The designation of Bellatrix as γ Orionis (Latinized to Gamma Orionis) was made by Johann Bayer in 1603. The "gamma" designation is commonly given to the third-brightest star in each constellation.
==Standard star== Bellatrix has been used as both a photometric and spectral standard star, but both characteristics have been shown to be unreliable.
In 1963, Bellatrix was included with a set of bright stars used to define the UBV magnitude system. These are used for comparison with other stars to check for variability, and so by definition, the apparent magnitude of Bellatrix was set to 1.64.<ref name=johnson/> However, when an all-sky photometry survey was carried out in 1988, this star was suspected to be variable. It was measured ranging in apparent magnitude from 1.59 to 1.64,<ref name=ibvs4028_1/> and appears to be a low amplitude, possibly irregular variable.<ref name=Krisciunas1994/>
==Physical properties== [[File:1e9m comparison Gamma Orionis, Algol B, the Sun, and smaller - antialiased no transparency.png|thumb|left|From left to right, the stars Bellatrix, the Sun, and Algol B]] The spectral types for O and early B stars were defined more rigorously in 1971 and Bellatrix was used as a standard for the B2 III type.<ref name=walborn/> The expected brightness of Bellatrix from this spectral type is about one magnitude brighter than calculated from its apparent magnitude and Hipparcos distance.<ref name=schroder/> Analysis of the observed characteristics of the star indicate that it should be a B2 main sequence star, not the giant that it appears from its spectral type.<ref name=levenhagen/> Close analysis of high resolution spectra suggest that it is a spectroscopic binary composed of two similar stars less luminous than a B2 giant.<ref name=nieva/> However, direct observations based on interferometry confirm that Bellatrix is not a binary of similar-brightness stars, with an upper mass limit of {{solar mass|1.1}} for any main sequence companion.<ref name=Waisberg2026/>
Bellatrix is a massive star with about 8.6 times the mass<ref name=tetzlaff/> and 6.4 times the radius of the Sun.<ref name=Cazorla2017/> As a massive star, this star will evolve faster than the Sun, currently it has an estimated age of approximately 25 million years.<ref name=tetzlaff/> The hydrogen should be exhausted in seven million years, after that Bellatrix will expand and cool. It may end its life in a supernova.<ref name="kaler" /> The effective temperature of the outer envelope of this star is {{val|22000|u=K|fmt=commas}},<ref name=aaa515_A74/> which is considerably hotter than the 5,772 K on the Sun. This high temperature gives this star the blue-white hue that occurs with B-type stars.<ref name=csiro/> It shows a projected rotational velocity of around 52 km/s.<ref name=Simon-Diaz_Herrero_2014/>
==Companions== Bellatrix was thought to belong to the Orion OB1 association of stars that share a common motion through space, along with the stars of Orion's Belt: Alnitak (Zeta Orionis), Alnilam (Epsilon Orionis), and Mintaka (Delta Orionis). However, this is no longer believed to be the case, as Bellatrix is now known to be much closer than the rest of the group.<ref name=kaler/> It is not known to have a stellar companion,<ref name=mnras389_2_869/> although researchers Maria-Fernanda Nieva and Norbert Przybilla raised the possibility it might be a spectroscopic binary.<ref name=nieva/> A 2011 search for nearby companions failed to conclusively find any objects that share a proper motion with Bellatrix. Three nearby candidates were all found to be background stars.<ref name=apj736_2_89/>
Some researchers suspected that Bellatrix was a member of the 32 Orionis group. They proposed that the 32 Ori group should instead be termed the Bellatrix Cluster on the basis that the sky position and distance of Bellatrix are similar to those of the 32 Ori group.<ref name=Buoy_Alves_2015/> The proper motion of Bellatrix deviates significantly from the mean motion of the group, leaving its membership in question. However, it may be possible to reconcile membership if the divergent velocity is the result of an unseen companion. For example, a face-on orbit with a black hole companion orbiting {{val|100|ul=AU|p=~}} from the star with a period measured in centuries could account for the discrepancy.<ref name=Bell_et_al_2017/>
==Etymology and cultural significance== Bellatrix was also called the Amazon Star, which Richard Hinckley Allen proposed came from a loose translation of the Arabic name ''Al Najīd'', the Conqueror.<ref name=allen1963/> A c.1275 Arabic celestial globe records the name as المرزم "the lion".<ref name=bernhard1830/> Bellatrix is one of the four navigational stars in Orion that are used for celestial navigation.<ref name=bennett2011/>
In the 17th century catalogue of stars in the ''Calendarium'' of Al Achsasi al Mouakket, this star was designated ''Menkib al Jauza al Aisr'', which was translated into Latin as ''Humerus Sinister Gigantis'' (The Left Shoulder of the Giant).<ref name=knobel1895/>
The Wardaman people of northern Australia know Bellatrix as ''Banjan'', the sparkling pigment used in ceremonies conducted by Rigel the Red Kangaroo Leader in a songline when Orion is high in the sky. The other stars of Orion are his ceremonial tools and entourage. Betelgeuse is ''Ya-jungin'' "Owl Eyes Flicking", watching the ceremonies.<ref name=harney2003/>
To the Inuit, the appearance of Betelgeuse and Bellatrix high in the southern sky after sunset marked the beginning of spring and lengthening days in late February and early March. The two stars were known as ''Akuttujuuk'' "those (two) placed far apart", referring to the distance between them, mainly to people from North Baffin Island and Melville Peninsula.<ref name=inuit/>
==See also== * List of brightest stars * List of nearest bright stars * Historical brightest stars
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==External links== {{wiktionary|bellatrix}} * [https://sl.voxastro.org/library/UVES-POP/details/?star=Bellatrix Spectrum of Bellatrix] * Navigational Stars
{{Stars of Orion}} {{Portal bar|Astronomy|Stars|Outer space}} {{Sky|05|25|07.9|+|06|20|59|800}}
<!-- Properties --> Category:B-type giants Category:Suspected variables <!-- Other --> Category:Orion (constellation) Orionis, Gamma 1790 Category:Durchmusterung objects Orionis, 24 035468 025336 Category:Stars with proper names Category:Brightest stars