Beta-actin

{{Short description|Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens}} {{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=6}} {{Infobox_gene}} '''Beta-actin''', or '''Actin beta''' (HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee abbreviation '''''ACTB'''''/'''ACTB''') is one of six different actin isoforms which have been identified in humans. This is one of the two nonmuscle cytoskeletal actins. Actins are highly conserved proteins<ref name="Gunning_2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gunning PW, Ghoshdastider U, Whitaker S, Popp D, Robinson RC | title = The evolution of compositionally and functionally distinct actin filaments | journal = Journal of Cell Science | volume = 128 | issue = 11 | pages = 2009–2019 | date = Jun 2015 | pmid = 25788699 | doi = 10.1242/jcs.165563 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Hanukoglu_1983">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hanukoglu I, Tanese N, Fuchs E | title = Complementary DNA sequence of a human cytoplasmic actin. Interspecies divergence of 3' non-coding regions | journal = Journal of Molecular Biology | volume = 163 | issue = 4 | pages = 673–678 | date = Feb 1983 | pmid = 6842590 | doi = 10.1016/0022-2836(83)90117-1 }}</ref> that are involved in cell motility, structure and integrity. Alpha actins are a major constituent of the contractile apparatus.<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: ACTB actin, beta | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=60 }}</ref>

== Interactions ==

Actin beta has been shown to interact with SPTBN2.<ref name="Mao_2001">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mao B, Wu W, Li Y, Hoppe D, Stannek P, Glinka A, Niehrs C | title = LDL-receptor-related protein 6 is a receptor for Dickkopf proteins | journal = Nature | volume = 411 | issue = 6835 | pages = 321–325 | date = May 2001 | pmid = 11357136 | doi = 10.1038/35077108 | bibcode = 2001Natur.411..321M | s2cid = 4323027 }}</ref><ref name="Holleran_2001">{{cite journal | vauthors = Holleran EA, Ligon LA, Tokito M, Stankewich MC, Morrow JS, Holzbaur EL | title = beta III spectrin binds to the Arp1 subunit of dynactin | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 276 | issue = 39 | pages = 36598–36605 | date = Sep 2001 | pmid = 11461920 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M104838200 | doi-access = free }}</ref> In addition, RNA-binding protein Sam68 was found to interact with the mRNA encoding actin beta, which regulates the synaptic formation of the dendritic spines with its cytoskeletal components.

Actin beta has been shown to activate eNOS, thereby increasing NO production. An eight-amino acid motif (326-333) in eNOS has been shown to mediate the interaction between actin and eNOS.<ref name="Kondrikov_2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kondrikov D, Fonseca FV, Elms S, Fulton D, Black SM, Block ER, Su Y | title = Beta-actin association with endothelial nitric-oxide synthase modulates nitric oxide and superoxide generation from the enzyme | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 285 | issue = 7 | pages = 4319–4327 | date = Feb 2010 | pmid = 19946124 | pmc = 2836036 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M109.063172 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

== Clinical relevance ==

Recurrent mutations in this gene have been associated to cases of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.<ref name="Lohr_2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lohr JG, Stojanov P, Lawrence MS, Auclair D, Chapuy B, Sougnez C, Cruz-Gordillo P, Knoechel B, Asmann YW, Slager SL, Novak AJ, Dogan A, Ansell SM, Link BK, Zou L, Gould J, Saksena G, Stransky N, Rangel-Escareño C, Fernandez-Lopez JC, Hidalgo-Miranda A, Melendez-Zajgla J, Hernández-Lemus E, Schwarz-Cruz y Celis A, Imaz-Rosshandler I, Ojesina AI, Jung J, Pedamallu CS, Lander ES, Habermann TM, Cerhan JR, Shipp MA, Getz G, Golub TR | title = Discovery and prioritization of somatic mutations in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) by whole-exome sequencing | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 109 | issue = 10 | pages = 3879–3884 | date = Mar 2012 | pmid = 22343534 | pmc = 3309757 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1121343109 | bibcode = 2012PNAS..109.3879L | doi-access = free }}</ref> De novo gain-of-function mutations in this gene is associated with Baraitser-Winter syndrome.<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = van Bon BW, Hoischen A, Kholmanskikh SS, O'Roak BJ, Gilissen C, Gijsen S, Sullivan CT, Christian SL, Abdul-Rahman OA, Atkin JF, Chassaing N, Drouin-Garraud V, Fry AE, Fryns JP, Rivière JB | title = De novo mutations in the actin genes ACTB and ACTG1 cause Baraitser-Winter syndrome | journal = Nature Genetics | volume = 44 | issue = 4 | pages = 440–444 | date = 2012-02-26 | pmid = 22366783 | doi = 10.1038/ng.1091 | url = https://www.nature.com/articles/ng.1091 | language = en | issn = 1546-1718 | hdl = 1959.4/unsworks_34566 | hdl-access = free | pmc = 3677859 }}</ref>

== Applications ==

Actin beta is often used in Western blotting as a loading control, to normalize total protein amounts and check for eventual protein degradation in the samples.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Loading Controls for Western Blotting | url = https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/GE/en/technical-documents/technical-article/protein-biology/western-blotting/loading-controls-western-blotting | access-date = 2 June 2025 }}</ref> Its transcript is also commonly used as a housekeeping gene standard in qPCR.<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Lai M, Ruan W | title = Actin, a reliable marker of internal control? | journal = Clinica Chimica Acta | volume = 385 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–5 | date = 2007-10-01 | pmid = 17698053 | doi = 10.1016/j.cca.2007.07.003 | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009898107003701 | issn = 0009-8981 | url-access = subscription }}</ref> Its molecular weight is approximately 42 kDa.<ref>{{Citation |last=Zupanc |first=G. K. H. |title=2.24 - Adult Neurogenesis and Neuronal Regeneration in the Teleost Fish Brain: Implications for the Evolution of a Primitive Vertebrate Trait |date=2007-01-01 |work=Evolution of Nervous Systems |pages=485–519 |editor-last=Kaas |editor-first=Jon H. |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0123708788003402 |access-date=2025-06-01 |place=Oxford |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-370878-6}}</ref>

== References == {{reflist}}

==External links== * {{UCSC gene info|ACTB}} * {{PDBe-KB2|P60709|Actin, cytoplasmic 1}}

== Further reading == {{refbegin | 2}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Vandekerckhove J, Leavitt J, Kakunaga T, Weber K | title = Coexpression of a mutant beta-actin and the two normal beta- and gamma-cytoplasmic actins in a stably transformed human cell line | journal = Cell | volume = 22 | issue = 3 | pages = 893–899 | date = Dec 1980 | pmid = 6893954 | doi = 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90566-8 | s2cid = 54299848 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Leavitt J, Gunning P, Porreca P, Ng SY, Lin CS, Kedes L | title = Molecular cloning and characterization of mutant and wild-type human beta-actin genes | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 4 | issue = 10 | pages = 1961–1969 | date = 1984 | pmid = 6095033 | pmc = 369012 | doi = 10.1128/mcb.4.10.1961 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Ng SY, Gunning P, Eddy R, Ponte P, Leavitt J, Shows T, Kedes L | title = Evolution of the functional human beta-actin gene and its multi-pseudogene family: conservation of noncoding regions and chromosomal dispersion of pseudogenes | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 5 | issue = 10 | pages = 2720–2732 | date = Oct 1985 | pmid = 3837182 | pmc = 367010 | doi = 10.1128/mcb.5.10.2720 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Snásel J, Pichová I | title = The cleavage of host cell proteins by HIV-1 protease | journal = Folia Biologica | volume = 42 | issue = 5 | pages = 227–230 | year = 1997 | pmid = 8997639 | doi = 10.1007/BF02818986 | s2cid = 7617882 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Gunning P, Weinberger R, Jeffrey P | title = Actin and tropomyosin isoforms in morphogenesis | journal = Anatomy and Embryology | volume = 195 | issue = 4 | pages = 311–315 | date = Apr 1997 | pmid = 9108196 | doi = 10.1007/s004290050050 | s2cid = 9692297 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Kimura T, Hashimoto I, Nishikawa M, Fujisawa JI | title = A role for Rev in the association of HIV-1 gag mRNA with cytoskeletal beta-actin and viral protein expression | journal = Biochimie | volume = 78 | issue = 11–12 | pages = 1075–1080 | year = 1997 | pmid = 9150887 | doi = 10.1016/S0300-9084(97)86732-6 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Szentirmay MN, Sawadogo M | title = Spatial organization of RNA polymerase II transcription in the nucleus | journal = Nucleic Acids Research | volume = 28 | issue = 10 | pages = 2019–2025 | date = May 2000 | pmid = 10773068 | pmc = 105382 | doi = 10.1093/nar/28.10.2019 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Anderson JL, Hope TJ | title = HIV accessory proteins and surviving the host cell | journal = Current HIV/AIDS Reports | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 47–53 | date = Apr 2004 | pmid = 16091223 | doi = 10.1007/s11904-004-0007-x | s2cid = 34731265 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Pederson T, Aebi U | title = Nuclear actin extends, with no contraction in sight | journal = Molecular Biology of the Cell | volume = 16 | issue = 11 | pages = 5055–5060 | date = Nov 2005 | pmid = 16148048 | pmc = 1266405 | doi = 10.1091/mbc.E05-07-0656 | url = http://escholarship.umassmed.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2383&context=oapubs }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Perrin BJ, Ervasti JM | title = The actin gene family: function follows isoform | journal = Cytoskeleton | location = Hoboken, N.J. | volume = 67 | issue = 10 | pages = 630–634 | date = Oct 2010 | pmid = 20737541 | pmc = 2949686 | doi = 10.1002/cm.20475 }} {{refend}}

== See also == * Actin * ACTA1