{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʢ⟩ in IPA}} {{Infobox IPA |above=Voiced epiglottal fricative |ipa symbol=ʢ |ipa number=174 |decimal=674 |x-sampa=<\ |braille=35 |braille2=; |imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x02A2.svg }} {{Infobox IPA |ipa symbol=ʢ̞ }}
A '''voiced epiglottal fricative''', or '''voiced pharyngeal trill''',<ref name="esling2010">{{cite book|last=Esling|first=John H.|author-link=John Esling|year=2010|chapter=Phonetic Notation|editor1-last=Hardcastle|editor1-first=William J.|editor2-last=Laver|editor2-first=John|editor3-last=Gibbon|editor3-first=Fiona E.|title=The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences|edition=2nd|pages=678–702|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|doi=10.1002/9781444317251.ch18|isbn=978-1-4051-4590-9}}</ref> is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ʢ}}.
Although the official name in the IPA for this sound has always been a ''voiced epiglottal fricative'' since it was introduced in 1989, laryngoscopic studies by John Esling have found that both epiglottal and pharyngeal consonants are pharyngeal in place of articulation, and are affected in manner by the aryepiglottic folds and larynx height; he therefore proposed the reclassification of {{angbr IPA|ʢ}} as the trilled counterpart of {{IPAalink|ʕ}}, noting both as ranging from fricatives to approximants,<ref name="esling1996">{{cite journal|last=Esling|first=John H.|year=1996|title=Pharyngeal consonants and the aryepiglottic sphincter|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association|volume=26|issue=2|pages=65–88|doi=10.1017/S0025100300006125}}</ref> and later described realizations of {{angbr IPA|ʢ}} ranging from a fricative, to a trill, to a fricative trill.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Esling|first=John H.|year=1999|title=The IPA Categories 'Pharyngeal' and 'Epiglottal': Laryngoscopic Observations of Pharyngeal Articulations and Larynx Height|journal=Language and Speech|volume=42|issue=4|pages=349–372|doi=10.1177/00238309990420040101}}</ref> Esling furthered this reclassification with a modified version of the IPA chart, merging pharyngeal and epiglottal consonants into a single column, placing {{angbr IPA|ʢ}} as a trill, {{angbr IPA|ʕ}} as a fricative, and {{angbr IPA|ʕ̞}} as an approximant.<ref name="esling2010" />
A '''voiced epiglottal approximant''' {{angbr IPA|ʢ̞}} is reported in one study to occur in Dahalo, though the authors recognize that this is a precise description, and that the sound is still "pharyngeal in a broader sense",<ref>{{citation|last1=Maddieson|first1=Ian|author-link1=Ian Maddieson|last2=Spajić|first2=Siniša|last3=Sands|first3=Bonny|last4=Ladefoged|first4=Peter|author-link4=Peter Ladefoged|year=1993|chapter=Phonetic structures of Dahalo|editor-last1=Maddieson|editor-first1=Ian|title=UCLA working papers in phonetics: Fieldwork studies of targeted languages|volume=84|pages=25–65|publication-place=Los Angeles|publisher=The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group|url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/8k45g432}}</ref> so that it may be describing the same sound as {{angbr IPA|ʕ̞}}.
Few languages distinguish between pharyngeal and epiglottal fricatives. However, according to Peter Ladefoged, the Aghul spoken in the village of Burkikhan, Dagestan has both a voiceless pharyngeal fricative and a voiceless epiglottal fricative.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ladefoged |first=Peter |date=<!-- unknown --> |title=Agul |url=http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/appendix/languages/agul/agul.html |website=ucla.edu |access-date=2026-02-03}}</ref><ref>{{SOWL|167-168}}</ref>
==Features== Features of a voiced epiglottal fricative:
{{fricative}} {{epiglottal}} {{voiced}} {{oral}} {{Median articulation}} {{pulmonic}}
== Occurrence == {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes |- |Aghul || Richa dialect<ref>{{cite conference |last=Kodzasov |first=S. V. |title=Pharyngeal Features in the Daghestan Languages |book-title=Proceedings of the Eleventh International Congress of Phonetic Sciences |location=Tallinn, Estonia |date=August 1–7, 1987 |pages=142–144}}</ref> | {{lang|agx|ъакв}} | {{IPA|[ʢakʷ]}} | 'light' | |- | Arabic<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=167–168}}</ref> || Iraqi<ref>{{cite conference |first1=Zeki |last1=Hassan |first2=John |last2=Esling |first3=Scott |last3=Moisik |first4=Lise |last4=Crevier-Buchman |year=2011 |title=Aryepiglottic trilled variants of /ʕ, ħ/ in Iraqi Arabic |book-title=Proceedings of the 17th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences |pages=831–834 |location=Hong Kong}}</ref> | {{lang|ar|عَاف}} |{{IPA|[ʢaːf]}} |'he left' | Corresponds to {{IPA|/ʕ/}} ({{lang|ar|ﻉ}}) in Standard Arabic and other varieties. See Arabic phonology |- | colspan="2" | Siwa<ref>{{cite web |first=Christfried |last=Naumann |publisher=Department of Linguistics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology |location=Leipzig, Germany |date=June 26, 2009 |title=Siwa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112175246/https://mpi-lingweb.shh.mpg.de/numeral/Siwa.htm |archive-date=2019-11-12 |url=https://mpi-lingweb.shh.mpg.de/numeral/Siwa.htm}}</ref> | | {{IPA|[arˤbˤəʢa]}} | 'four' | |}
==See also== * Index of phonetics articles
==Notes== {{reflist}}
==References== {{refbegin}} * {{citation |last1=Ladefoged |first1=Peter |author-link=Peter Ladefoged |last2=Maddieson |first2=Ian |author-link2=Ian Maddieson |year=1996 |title=The Sounds of the World's Languages |location=Oxford |publisher=Blackwell |isbn=0-631-19815-6 }} {{refend}}
==External links== * {{phoible|ʢ}}
{{IPA navigation}}
Category:Trill consonants Category:Pulmonic consonants Category:Voiced oral consonants