Voiced palatal lateral approximant

{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʎ⟩ in IPA}} {{redirect-distinguish|ʎ|λ|ꟛ}} {{Infobox IPA |ipa symbol = ʎ |ipa number = 157 |decimal = 654 |xsampa = L |braille = hh |braille2 = 13456 |imagefile = IPA Unicode 0x028E.svg }} {{Infobox IPA |ipa symbol = l̠ʲ |ipa symbol2 = ʎ̟ }}

A '''voiced palatal lateral approximant''' is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ʎ}}, a rotated lowercase letter {{angbr|y}}.

Many languages that were previously thought to have a palatal lateral approximant actually have a lateral approximant that is, broadly, alveolo-palatal: the sound is articulated at a place in-between the alveolar ridge and the hard palate (excluded), and it may be variously described as alveolo-palatal, lamino-postalveolar,<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Recasens|2013|p=2}}, citing {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|1997|p=602}}</ref> or postalveolo-prepalatal.{{sfnp|Recasens|Farnetani|Fontdevila|Pallarès|1993|p=222}} None of the 13 languages investigated by {{Harvcoltxt|Recasens|2013}}, many of them Romance, has a 'true' palatal.{{sfnp|Recasens|2013|p=11}} That is likely the case for several other languages listed here. Some languages, like Portuguese and Catalan, have a lateral approximant that varies between alveolar and alveolo-palatal.{{sfnp|Recasens|2013|pp=10–13}}

What is transcribed {{angbr IPA|ʎ}} is often actually a '''voiced alveolo-palatal lateral approximant'''. There is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound, which is one reason that {{angbr IPA|ʎ}} is used. If more precision is desired, it may be transcribed {{angbr IPA|l̠ʲ}} or {{angbr IPA|ʎ̟}}. There is a non-IPA letter, {{unichar|0234}}; {{color|gray|{{angbr IPA|ȴ}}}} ({{angbr|l}}, plus the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives {{angle brackets|{{IPA link|ɕ}}, {{IPA link|ʑ}}}}), which is used especially in Sinological circles.

A voiced palatal lateral approximant contrasts phonemically with its voiceless counterpart {{IPA|/ʎ̥/}} in the Xumi language spoken in China.{{sfnp|Chirkova|Chen|2013|pp=365, 367–368}}{{sfnp|Chirkova|Chen|Kocjančič Antolík|2013|pp=382–383}}

== Features ==

Features of a voiced palatal lateral approximant:

{{approximant}} {{palatal}} {{voiced}} {{oral}} {{lateral}} {{pulmonic}}

== Occurrence == {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes |- | rowspan=3 | Albanian<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dedvukaj|first1=Lindon|last2=Ndoci|first2=Rexhina|title=Linguistic variation within the Northwestern Gheg Albanian dialect|journal=Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America|publisher=Linguistic Society of America|doi=10.3765/plsa.v8i1.5501|volume=8|number=1|year=2023|doi-access=free|page=7}}</ref>|| Malsia e Madhe || rowspan=3 | {{lang|sq|'''l'''u'''l'''e|italic=yes}} || rowspan= 3 | {{IPA|[ˈʎuʎɛ]}} || rowspan=3 | 'flower' || rowspan=3 | |- | Arbëresh |- | Arvanitika |- |colspan=2| Aragonese || {{lang|an-Latn|agu'''ll'''a|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[a̠ˈɣuʎa̠]}} || 'needle' || |- |colspan=2| Aromanian || {{lang|rup|'''lj'''epuri|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈʎe̞puri]}} || 'rabbit' || |- | rowspan=3 | Astur-Leonese || Asturian || rowspan=2 | {{lang|ast|'''ll'''ingua|italic=yes}} || rowspan=2 | {{IPA|[ˈʎĩŋɡwa̝]}} || rowspan=3 | 'language' || rowspan=3 | Where {{IPA|/ʎ/}} is absent and replaced by different sounds (depending on dialect), a phenomenon known as {{lang|ast|che vaqueira}}, its corresponding sounds are spelled {{angbr|ḷḷ}}. |- | Leonese |- | Mirandese || {{lang|ast|'''lh'''éngua|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈʎɛ̃ɡwɐ]}} |- |colspan=2| Aymara || {{lang|ay|'''ll'''aki}} || {{IPA|[ʎaki]}} || 'sad' || |- |colspan=2| Basque || {{lang|eu|bonbi'''ll'''a|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[bo̞mbiʎa̠]}} || 'bulb' || |- |colspan=2| Breton || {{lang|br|fami'''lh'''|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[fa̠miʎ]}} || 'family' || |- |colspan=2| Bulgarian || {{lang|bg|'''л'''юбов}} || {{IPA|[ʎuˈbof]}} || 'love' || Alveolo-palatal. See Bulgarian phonology |- | rowspan=2| Catalan || Standard || {{lang|ca|'''ll'''ac|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈʎäk]}} || 'lake' || Alveolo-palatal.{{sfnp|Recasens|Farnetani|Fontdevila|Pallarès|1993|p=222}} See Catalan phonology |- | Eastern Aragon || {{lang|ca|c'''l'''au|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈkʎäw]}} || 'key' || Allophone of {{IPA|/l/}} in consonant clusters. |- | colspan="2" |Chipaya |'''ll'''oqa | {{IPA|[ʎoqa]}} |'bank' |See Chipaya languages |- |rowspan=12|English || Australian || rowspan=11 | {{lang|en|mi'''lli'''on|italic=yes}} || rowspan=11 | {{IPA|[ˈmɪʎən]}} || rowspan=11 | 'million' || rowspan=2 | Frequent realization of the sequence {{IPA|/lj/}} |- | Canadian (Atlantic and Newfoundland) |- | County Donegal<ref name="stenson">{{Harvcoltxt|Stenson|1991}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Hickey|2004|p=71}}</ref> || Realization of the sequence {{IPA|/lj/}}.<ref name="stenson"/> |- | General American{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=490}} || Common realization of the sequence {{IPA|/lj/}}; sometimes realized as {{IPA|[jj]}}.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=490}} See English phonology |- | Hiberno-English || rowspan=7|Common realization of the sequence {{IPA|/lj/}} |- | New England |- | New York City |- | New Zealand |- | Received Pronunciation |- | South African |- | Southern American |- | Philippine || {{lang|en|gori'''ll'''a|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[goˈɾɪʎɐ]}} || 'gorilla' || Common realization of {{angbr|ll}} between vowels due to Spanish influence.{{cn|date=February 2024}} |- |colspan=2| Enindhilyagwa || {{lang|aoi-Latn|anga'''ly'''a}} || {{IPA|[aŋal̠ʲa]}} || 'place' || Laminal post-alveolar |- | colspan=2 | Faroese{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|p=115}} || {{lang|fo|te'''l'''gja|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈtʰɛʎt͡ʃa]}} || 'to carve' || Allophone of {{IPA|/l/}} before palatal consonants.{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|p=115}} Sometimes voiceless {{IPAblink|ʎ̥}}.{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|p=115}} See Faroese phonology |- |colspan=2| Franco-Provençal || {{lang|frp|ba'''ly'''i|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[baʎi]}} || 'give' || |- | French || Some dialects<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Grevisse|Goosse|2011|loc=§33, b}}, {{Harvcoltxt|Fagyal|Kibbee|Jenkins|2006|p=47}}</ref> || {{lang|fr|papi'''ll'''on|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[papiʎɒ̃]}} || 'butterfly' || Corresponds to {{IPA|/j/}} in modern standard French. See French phonology |- | Galician || Standard || {{lang|gl|i'''ll'''ado|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[iˈʎa̠ðo̝]}} || 'insulated' || Most Galician speakers, especially the urban and younger populations, are nowadays ''yeístas''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Regueira |first1=Xosé L. |title=Galician |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |date=December 1996 |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=119–122 |doi=10.1017/S0025100300006162 |doi-access=free}}</ref> because of influence from Spanish |- |colspan=2| Greek || {{lang|el|ή'''λι'''ος}} || {{Audio-IPA|El-ήλιος.oga|[ˈiʎos]}} || 'sun' || Postalveolar.{{sfnp|Arvaniti|2007|p=20}} See Modern Greek phonology |- | Hungarian || Northern dialects{{sfnp|Benkő|1972|p=?}} || {{lang|hu|'''ly'''uk|italic=yes}} || {{Audio-IPA|HU-North-lyuk.wav|[ʎuk]}}|| 'hole' || Alveolo-palatal.{{sfnp|Recasens|2013|p=10}} Modern Standard Hungarian has undergone a phenomenon akin to Spanish ''yeísmo'', merging {{IPA|/ʎ/}} into {{IPA|/j/}}. See Hungarian ly and Hungarian phonology |- | colspan=2 | Irish || {{lang|ga|dui'''ll'''e|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈd̪ˠɪl̠ʲə]}} || 'leaf' || Alveolo-palatal. Some dialects contrast it with palatalized alveolar {{IPA|/lʲ/}}. See Irish phonology |- |colspan=2| Italian{{sfnp|Recasens|Farnetani|Fontdevila|Pallarès|1993|p=222}} || {{lang|it|fi'''gli'''o|italic=yes}} || {{Audio-IPA|It-figlio.ogg|[ˈfiʎːo]}} || 'son' || Alveolo-palatal.{{sfnp|Recasens|Farnetani|Fontdevila|Pallarès|1993|p=222}} Realized as fricative {{IPAblink|ʎ̝}} in a large number of accents.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ashby|2011|p=64}}: "(...) in a large number of Italian accents, there is considerable friction involved in the pronunciation of {{IPA|[ʎ]}}, creating a voiced palatal lateral fricative (for which there is no established IPA symbol)."</ref> See Italian phonology |- |colspan=2| Ivilyuat || ''Ivi'''l̃'''uɂat'' || {{IPA|[ʔivɪʎʊʔat]}} || 'the speaking [Ivilyuat]' ('Ivilyuat language') || |- | colspan="2" |Jaqaru |a'''ll'''aka | {{IPA|[a'ʎaka]}} |'pumpkin' |See Jaqaru Language |- | colspan="2" |Jebero |'''ll'''in'''ll'''in<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diccionario Shiwilu o Jebero (Pano-Tacanas) {{!}} PDF {{!}} Lengua española {{!}} Vocal |url=https://es.scribd.com/document/378694342/diccionario-shiwilu-o-jebero-pano-tacanas |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref> | {{IPA|[ʎinʎin]}} |'name' |See Jebero Language |- |Korean || Seoul dialect || {{lang|ko|천리마 / cheo'''ll'''ima}} || {{IPA|[t͡ɕʰʌ̹ʎʎima̠]}} || 'qianlima' || {{IPA|/l/}} is palatalized to {{IPA|[ʎ]}} before {{IPA|/i, j/}} and before palatal consonant allophones<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Crosby|first1=Drew|last2=Dalola|first2=Amanda|date=March 2021 |title=Phonetic variation in the Korean liquid phoneme|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350238620|journal=Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America|volume=6|issue=1|pages=706–707, 711|doi=10.3765/plsa.v6i1.5002|access-date=5 September 2022|doi-access=free}}</ref> |- |colspan=2| Latvian || {{lang|lv|'''ļ'''audis}} || {{IPA|[ʎàwdis]}} || 'people' || See Latvian phonology |- |colspan=2| Mapudungun || {{lang|ay|ay'''ll'''a}} || {{IPA|[ˈɐjʎɜ]}} || 'nine' || See Mapuche language |- | Norwegian || Northern and central dialects{{sfnp|Skjekkeland|1997|pp=105–107}} || {{lang|no|a'''ll'''e|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ɑʎːe]}} || 'all' || See Norwegian phonology |- | Occitan || Standard || {{lang|oc-Latn|mira'''lh'''ar}} || {{IPA|[miɾa̠ˈʎa̠]}} || 'to reflect' || See Occitan phonology |- | Paiwan || Standard || {{lang|pwn|ve'''lj'''eve'''lj'''|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[vəʎəvəʎ]}}|| 'banana' || See Paiwan language |- | colspan="2" |Paez |si'''ll'''i |{{IPA|[siʎi]}} |'reed' |See Paezan languages |- |rowspan=2| Portuguese || Standard || {{lang|pt|a'''lh'''o|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈaʎu]}} || 'garlic' || Alveolo-palatal in European Portuguese.{{sfnp|Teixeira|Martins|Oliveira|Silva|2012|p=321}} May instead be {{IPA|[lʲ]}}, {{IPAblink|l}} (Northeast) or {{IPAblink|j}} (Caipira), especially before unrounded vowels.{{sfnp|Stein|2011|p=223}}{{sfnp|Aragão|2009|p=168}} See Portuguese phonology |- | Many dialects<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://publicacoes.ufes.br/contexto/article/viewFile/7039/5174 |title=Considerações sobre o status das palato-alveolares em português |access-date=2014-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407073228/http://publicacoes.ufes.br/contexto/article/viewFile/7039/5174 |archive-date=2014-04-07 |url-status=live }}</ref> | {{lang|pt|sandá'''li'''a|italic=yes}} | {{IPA|[sɐ̃ˈda̠l̠ʲɐ]}} | 'sandal' | Possible realization of post-stressed {{IPA|/li/}} plus vowel. |- |colspan=2| Quechua{{sfnp|Ladefoged|2005|p=149}} || {{lang|qu|qa'''ll'''u}} || {{IPA|[qaʎʊ]}} || 'tongue' || |- | Romanian || Transylvanian dialects{{sfnp|Pop|1938|p=30}} || {{lang|ro|'''l'''ingură|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈʎinɡurə]}} || 'spoon' || Corresponds to {{IPAblink|l}}{{fix|text=in which environments?|date=March 2015}} in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |- | rowspan=6 | Romansh || Sursilvan || rowspan=3 | {{lang|rm|fe'''gl'''|italic=yes}} || rowspan=3 | {{IPA|[feʎ]}} || rowspan=6 | 'son' || rowspan=6 | |- | Sutsilvan |- | Surmiran |- | Puter || rowspan=3 | {{lang|rm|fi'''gl'''|italic=yes}} || rowspan=3 | {{IPA|[fiʎ]}} |- | Vallader |- | Rumantsch Grischun |- |colspan=2| Scottish Gaelic{{sfnp|Oftedal|1956|p=125}} || {{lang|gd|ti'''ll'''|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[tʲʰiːʎ]}} || 'return' || Palatal or palatalised apical dental. Can manifest as {{IPA|[j]}}, or among some younger speakers, as {{IPA|[lj]}}.{{sfnp|Nance|2013|p=129}} See Scottish Gaelic phonology |- |colspan=2| Serbo-Croatian<ref name="SOWL">{{Harvcoltxt|Jazić|1977|p=?}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=188}}</ref> | {{lang|sh-Cyrl|'''љ'''у'''љ'''aшка}} / {{lang|sh-Latn|'''lj'''u'''lj'''ačka|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ʎ̟ǔʎ̟äːʂkä]}}, {{IPA|[ʎ̟ǔʎ̟äːt͡ʂkä]}}|| 'swing (seat)' || Palato-alveolar.<ref name="SOWL" /> See Serbo-Croatian phonology |- |colspan=2| Sissano || {{lang|sso-Latn|pi'''yl'''}} || {{IPA|[piʎ]}} || 'fish' || |- |colspan=2| Slovak || {{lang|sk|'''ľ'''úbiť|italic=yes}} || {{Audio-IPA|SK-lubit.ogg|[ˈʎu̞ːbi̞c]}} || 'to love' || Merges with {{IPA|/l/}} in western dialects. See Slovak phonology |- | rowspan=8 | Spanish<ref>[http://www.jotamartin.byethost33.com/alpi_yll.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120074840/http://www.jotamartin.byethost33.com/alpi_yll.php|date=2015-11-20}} ALPI</ref>|| Andean (from Argentina to Colombia) || rowspan=7 | {{lang|es|caba'''ll'''o|italic=yes}} || rowspan=7 | {{IPA|[ka̠ˈβ̞a̠.ʎo̞]}} || rowspan=7 | 'horse' || rowspan=7 | Found in traditional speakers in Peninsular Spanish. Also found in Andean countries and Paraguay. For most speakers, this sound has merged with {{IPAslink|ʝ}}, a phenomenon called ''yeísmo''. See Spanish phonology. "Caballo" with ''yeísmo'' is pronounced {{IPA|[ka̠ˈβ̞a̠.ʝo̞]}} |- | Castilian, Aragonese and Catalonian outside of large cities{{sfnp|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=255}} |- | Central areas in Extremadura |- | Eastern and southwestern Manchego{{cn|date=October 2021|reason=This is unsourced, the Spanish article on the Manchego dialect says it's yeista (also with no source)}} |- | Paraguayan<ref>{{cite journal |last=Peña Arce |first=Jaime |date=2015 |title=Yeísmo en el español de América. Algunos apuntes sobre su extensión |trans-title= Yeísmo in the Spanish spoken in America. Some notes on its extension |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5120313 |language=Spanish |journal= Revista de Filología de la Universidad de la Laguna |volume=33 |issue= |pages=175–199 |doi= |access-date=October 5, 2021}}</ref> |- | Philippine <!-- Spoken mostly only among Spanish Filipinos --> |- | Very few areas in Andalusia <!-- Most Andalusians are ''yeístas''. In 1964 Spain, "yeísmo pleno" (total yeísmo) was only found in Andalusia (exceptions included parts of Cordova and eastern areas of Huelva and Seville) --> |- | Murcian | {{lang|es|ca'''y'''ó|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ka̠ˈʎo̞]}} || 'fall' || ''Ultralleísmo'', rural |- |rowspan=2| Xumi || Lower{{sfnp|Chirkova|Chen|2013|pp=365, 367–368}} || colspan=2 align=center | {{IPA|[ʎ̟o˩˥]}} || 'musk deer' || rowspan=2 | Alveolo-palatal; contrasts with the voiceless {{IPA|/ʎ̥/}}.{{sfnp|Chirkova|Chen|2013|pp=365, 367–368}}{{sfnp|Chirkova|Chen|Kocjančič Antolík|2013|pp=382–383}} |- | Upper{{sfnp|Chirkova|Chen|Kocjančič Antolík|2013|pp=382–383}} || colspan=2 align=center | {{IPA|[ʎ̟ɛ˦]}} || 'correct, right' |}

== See also == *Yeísmo, a feature of Spanish dialects that have merged this sound with {{IPAc-es|y}} *Index of phonetics articles

== Notes == {{reflist}}

== References == {{refbegin}} *{{citation |last = Aragão |first = Maria do Socorro Silva de |year = 2009 |title = Os estudos fonético-fonológicos nos estados da Paraíba e do Ceará |trans-title = The phonetic-phonological studies in Paraíba and Ceará states |language = pt |url = http://www.abralin.org/site/data/uploads/revistas/2009-vol-8-n-1/mariasocorro.pdf |access-date = 2017-08-10 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171011052325/http://www.abralin.org/site/data/uploads/revistas/2009-vol-8-n-1/mariasocorro.pdf |archive-date = 2017-10-11 |url-status = dead }} *{{citation |last=Árnason |first=Kristján |title=The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese |year=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-922931-4 }} *{{citation |last=Ashby |first=Patricia |title=Understanding Phonetics |year=2011 |publisher=Routledge |series=Understanding Language series |isbn=978-0-340-92827-1 }} *{{citation |last = Arvaniti |first = Amalia |year = 2007 |title = Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art |pages = 97–208 |journal = Journal of Greek Linguistics |volume = 8 |url = http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/Greek%20Phonetics%20-%20The%20State%20of%20the%20Art.pdf |doi = 10.1075/jgl.8.08arv |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131211020607/http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/Greek%20Phonetics%20-%20The%20State%20of%20the%20Art.pdf |archive-date = 2013-12-11 |citeseerx = 10.1.1.692.1365 }} *{{citation |last=Benkő |first= Loránd |editor-last=Imre |editor-first=Samu |year=1972 |chapter=The Hungarian Language |title=Janua Linguarum, Series Practica |volume=134 |location=The Hague |publisher=Mouton de Gruyter }} *{{citation |last1=Carbonell |first1=Joan F. |last2=Llisterri |first2=Joaquim |year=1992 |title=Catalan |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=22 |issue=1–2 |pages=53–56 |doi=10.1017/S0025100300004618 |s2cid=249411809 }} *{{citation |last1 = Chirkova |first1 = Katia |last2 = Chen |first2 = Yiya |year = 2013 |title = Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River |journal = Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume = 43 |issue = 3 |pages = 363–379 |url = http://www.katia-chirkova.info/resources/publications/published/KC2013Xumi1.pdf |doi = 10.1017/S0025100313000157 |doi-access = free }}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *{{citation |last1 = Chirkova |first1 = Katia |last2 = Chen |first2 = Yiya |last3 = Kocjančič Antolík |first3 = Tanja |year = 2013 |title = Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River |journal = Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume = 43 |issue = 3 |pages = 381–396 |url = http://www.katia-chirkova.info/resources/publications/published/KC2013Xumi2.pdf |doi = 10.1017/S0025100313000169 |doi-access = free }}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *{{citation |last=Cruz-Ferreira |first=Madalena |year= 1995 |title=European Portuguese |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=90–94 |doi=10.1017/S0025100300005223 |s2cid=249414876 }} * {{cite book |last1=Fagyal |first1=Zsuzsanna |last2=Kibbee |first2=Douglas |last3=Jenkins |first3=Fred |title=French: a linguistic introduction |date=2006 |publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0521528962 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511791185 }} * {{citation |last1=Grevisse |first1=Maurice |author-link1=Maurice Grevisse |last2=Goosse |first2=André |author-link2=André Goosse |title=Le Bon usage |year=2011 |language=fr |publisher=De Boeck Duculot |location=Louvain-la-Neuve |isbn=978-2-8011-1642-5 }} *{{citation |last=Hickey |first=Raymon |editor-last=Schneider |editor-first=Edgar W. |editor2-last=Burridge |editor2-first=Kate |editor3-last=Kortmann |editor3-first=Bernd |editor4-last=Mesthrie |editor4-first=Rajend |editor5-last=Upton |editor5-first=Clive |year=2004 |title=A handbook of varieties of English |chapter=Irish English: phonology |volume=1: Phonology |publisher=Mouton de Gruyter |pages=68–97 |isbn=978-3-11-017532-5 }} *{{citation |last=Jazić |first=Đorđe |title=Osnovi fonetike ruskog jezika: ruski glasovni sistem u poređenju sa srpskohrvatskim |publisher=Naučna knjiga |year=1977 |place=Beograd }} *{{citation |last=Oftedal |first=M. |year=1956 |title=The Gaelic of Leurbost |location=Oslo |publisher=Norsk Tidskrift for Sprogvidenskap }} *{{SOWL}} *{{citation |last=Ladefoged |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Ladefoged |editor1-last=Harcastle |editor1-first=William J. |editor2-last=Laver |editor2-first=John |year=1997 |chapter=Linguistic phonetic descriptions |title=The handbook of the phonetic sciences |pages=589–618 |location=Oxford |publisher=Blackwell }} *{{citation |last=Ladefoged |first=Peter |year=2005 |title=Vowels and Consonants |edition=2nd |location=Oxford |publisher=Blackwell }} *{{citation |last1=Martínez-Celdrán |first1=Eugenio |last2=Fernández-Planas |first2=Ana Ma. |last3=Carrera-Sabaté |first3=Josefina |year=2003 |title=Castilian Spanish |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=255–259 |doi=10.1017/S0025100303001373 |doi-access=free }} * {{citation |last=Nance |first=Claire |year=2013 |title=Phonetic variation, sound change, and identity in Scottish Gaelic |type=PhD thesis |publisher=University of Glasgow |url=http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4603 }} * {{citation |last=Pop |first=Sever |year=1938 |title=Micul Atlas Linguistic Român |publisher=Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj }} *{{citation |last=Recasens |first=Daniel |year=2013 |title=On the articulatory classification of (alveolo)palatal consonants |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.1017/S0025100312000199 |s2cid=145463946 }} *{{citation |last1=Recasens |first1=Daniel |last2=Farnetani |first2=Edda |last3=Fontdevila |first3=Jordi |last4=Pallarès |first4=Maria Dolors |year=1993 |title=An electropalatographic study of alveolar and palatal consonants in Catalan and Italian |journal=Language and Speech |volume=36 |issue=2–3 |pages=213–234 |doi=10.1177/002383099303600306 |pmid=8277809 |s2cid=2538069 |url=http://pagines.uab.cat/danielrecasens/sites/pagines.uab.cat.danielrecasens/files/L%26Sp1993.pdf |access-date=2013-04-11 |archive-date=2022-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412002109/https://pagines.uab.cat/danielrecasens/sites/pagines.uab.cat.danielrecasens/files/L%26Sp1993.pdf |url-status=dead }} *{{citation |last1=Rogers |first1=Derek |last2=d'Arcangeli |first2=Luciana |year=2004 |title=Italian |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=117–121 |doi=10.1017/S0025100304001628 |doi-access=free }} *{{citation |last=Skjekkeland |first=Martin |year=1997 |title=Dei norske dialektane: Tradisjonelle særdrag i jamføring med skriftmåla |publisher=Høyskoleforlaget (Norwegian Academic Press) }} *{{citation |last=Stein |first=Cirineu Cecote |year=2011 |title=O percurso acústico-articulatório da alofonia da consoante lateral palatal |trans-title=The acoustic-articulatory path of the lateral palatal consonant's allophony |language=pt |url=http://www.seer.ufu.br/index.php/dominiosdelinguagem/article/download/12450/8064 }} *{{citation |last=Stenson |first=Nancy |editor-last=Sture Ureland |editor-first=P. |editor2-last=Broderick |editor2-first=George |year=1991 |title=Language Contact in the British Isles. Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Language Contact in Europe |chapter=Code-switching vs. borrowing in Modern Irish |place=Tübingen |publisher=Niemeyer |pages=559–579 |doi=10.1515/9783111678658.559 |isbn=978-3-484-30238-9 }} *{{citation |last1=Teixeira |first1=António |last2=Martins |first2=Paula |last3=Oliveira |first3=Catarina |last4=Silva |first4=Augusto |year=2012 |chapter=Production and Modeling of the European Portuguese Palatal Lateral |title=Computational Processing of the Portuguese Language |volume=7243 |pages=318–328 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-28885-2_36 |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |isbn=978-3-642-28884-5 }} * {{Citation |last=Wells |first=John C. |author-link=John C. Wells |year=1982 |title=Accents of English 3: Beyond The British Isles |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=610–622 |isbn=978-0-521-28541-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a3-484eVQ7t8TMC }} {{refend}}

{{IPA navigation}}

Category:Lateral consonants Category:Palatal consonants Category:Alveolo-palatal consonants Category:Pulmonic consonants Category:Oral consonants