{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨c⟩ in IPA}} {{infobox IPA |ipa symbol = c |ipa number = 107 |decimal1 = 99 |x-sampa = c |braille = c |imagefile = IPA Unicode 0x0063.svg }} {{Infobox IPA |ipa symbol = t̠ʲ |ipa symbol2 = c̟ }}
A '''voiceless palatal plosive''' or '''stop''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound used in some [[spoken language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|c}}.
If distinction is necessary, a '''voiceless alveolo-palatal plosive''' may be transcribed {{angbr IPA|t̠ʲ}} ([[Relative articulation#Advanced and retracted|retracted]] and [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]] {{IPA|[t]}}) or {{angbr IPA|c̟}} (advanced {{IPA|[c]}}, depending on the linguistic analysis of that sound. There is also a para-IPA letter {{angbr IPA|ȶ}} that is used primarily in [[Sinological phonetic notation]].
It is common for the symbol {{angbr IPA|c}} to be used to transcribe a [[palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]] voiceless velar plosive {{IPA|[kʲ]}} or, as often in the [[Indo-Aryan languages]], a postalveolar affricate {{IPA|[tʃ]}} – especially in phonemic notation. The latter may be appropriate when the place of articulation needs to be specified but the distinction between plosive and affricate is not contrastive, or simply for a cleaner transcription.
==Features== [[File:Voiceless palatal plosive.svg|thumb|upright=0.6|[[Sagittal section]] of a voiceless palatal plosive|class=skin-invert-image]]
Features of a voiceless palatal stop:
{{plosive}} {{palatal}} ** The otherwise identical post-palatal variant is articulated slightly behind the hard palate, making it sound closer to the velar {{IPAblink|k}}. ** [[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo-palatal]] variant is articulated also with the blade of the tongue at or behind the [[alveolar ridge]]. {{voiceless}} {{oral}} {{Median articulation}} {{pulmonic}}
==Occurrence==
===Palatal or alveolo-palatal=== {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes |- | colspan="2" | [[Albanian language|Albanian]]{{sfnp|Newmark|Hubbard|Prifti|1982|p=10}}|| {{lang|sq|[[Albanian alphabet|sh'''q'''ip]]|italic=yes}} || {{Audio-IPA|Sq-shqip.oga|[ʃcip]}} || 'Albanian' || Merged with {{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}} in [[Gheg Albanian]] and some speakers of [[Tosk Albanian]].{{sfnp|Kolgjini|2004}} |- | [[Asturian language|Asturian]] | [[Western Asturian|Western dialects]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://elteixu.org/publicaciones/coleccion-de-cartografia-toponimica/tineu-mapa-del-conceyu/|title=Tinéu. Mapa del conceyu {{!}} El Teixu|language=ast|access-date=2019-11-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829141312/http://elteixu.org/publicaciones/coleccion-de-cartografia-toponimica/tineu-mapa-del-conceyu/|archive-date=2019-08-29|url-status=live}}</ref> | {{lang|ast|mu'''yy'''er}} | {{IPA|[muˈceɾ]}} | 'woman' | Alternate evolution of -{{smallcaps|lj}}-, -{{smallcaps|c'l}}-, {{smallcaps|pl}}-, {{smallcaps|cl}}- and {{smallcaps|fl}}- in the ''Brañas Vaqueiras'' area of Western Asturias. May be also realized as {{IPAblink|c͡ç}} or {{IPAblink|ɟ͡ʝ}} |- | [[Amuzgo language|Amuzgo]] || [[Xochistlahuaca|Xochistlahuaca variety]]{{sfnp|Dobui|2021}} || {{lang|amu|tyaáⁿ|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[cã́]}} || 'clumsy; a clumsy person' || |- |[[Suret language|Assyrian]] |[[Christian Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia|Urmi dialect]] |ܟܘܿܡܵܐ |[cuma] |'black' | |- | colspan="2" |[[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] |کئچی/keçi |{{audio-IPA|LL-Q9292 (aze)-Azerbaijani audiorecordings-keçi.wav|[ceˈt͡ʃi]}} |'goat' |Can realize as {{IPA|[t͡ʃ̟]}} in Tabriz accent{{cn|date=February 2026}} |- | colspan="2" | [[Basque language|Basque]] || {{lang|eu|[[Basque alphabet|'''tt'''an'''tt'''a]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[cäɲcä]}} || 'droplet' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Blackfoot language|Blackfoot]] || {{lang|bla|ᖳᖽ'''ᖾ'''ᖳᐡ}} / {{lang|bla-Latn|aki'''k'''oan}} || {{IPA|[aˈkicoan]}} || 'girl' || Allophone of {{IPA|/k/}} after [[front vowel]]s. |- | [[Breton language|Breton]] || [[Bro Gwened#Dialect|Gwenedeg]] || {{lang|br|'''k'''enn|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[cɛ̃n]}} || 'dandruff' || Realization of /k/ before front vowels. |- | [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] || [[Banat Bulgarian dialect|Banat dialect]] || {{lang|bg-Latn|ka'''ć'''étu}} ({{lang|bg|ка'''ќ'''ету}} or {{lang|bg|ка'''кь'''ету}}) || {{IPA|[kacetu]}} || 'as' || See [[Bulgarian phonology]] |- | [[Catalan language|Catalan]] || [[Balearic dialect|Majorcan]]{{sfnp|Recasens|Espinosa|2005|p=1}} || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan orthography|'''qu'''i]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈci̞]}} || 'who' || Alveolo-palatal or palatal.{{sfnp|Recasens|2013|p=14}} Corresponds to {{IPAslink|k}} in other varieties. See [[Catalan phonology]] |- | colspan="2" | [[Corsican language|Corsican]]|| {{lang|co|[[Corsican alphabet|'''chj'''odu]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈcoːdu]}} || 'nail' || Also present in the [[Gallurese]] dialect |- | [[Serbo-Croatian language|Croatian]] || [[Croatian Littoral|Littoral]] dialect || {{lang|co|[[Croatian alphabet|ve'''ć''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[vec]}} || 'already' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Czech language|Czech]] || {{lang|cs|[[Czech orthography|češ'''t'''ina]]|italic=yes}} || {{audio-IPA|Cs-čeština.ogg|[ˈt͡ʃɛʃc̟ɪna]}} || 'Czech' (language) || Alveolo-palatal or alveolar.{{sfnp|Recasens|2013|pp=11–13, 16}} See [[Czech phonology]] |- | colspan="2" |[[Damin]] |{{lang|de|dun'''j'''i-kan|}} |{{IPA|[t̺un̺t̠ʲi kan̺]}} |'go' | |- | colspan="2" | [[Dawsahak language|Dawsahak]] || colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[cɛːˈnɐ]}} || 'small' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Dinka language|Dinka]] || {{lang|din|[[Dinka alphabet|'''c'''ar]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[car]}} || 'black' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Ega language|Ega]]{{sfnp|Connell|Ahoua|Gibbon|2002|p=100}} ||colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[cá]}} || 'understand' || |- | colspan="2" | [[French language|French]]{{sfnp|Recasens|2013|pp=11–13, 16}} || {{lang|fr|[[French orthography|sa'''c''']]|italic=yes}} || {{Audio-IPA|Fr-sac.ogg|[s̪ac]}} || 'bag' || Ranges from alveolar to palatal. See [[French phonology]] |- | colspan="2" | [[Friulian language|Friulian]] || {{lang|fur|'''cj'''ase}} || {{IPA|[caze]}} || 'house' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Luganda|Ganda]] || {{lang|lg|'''c'''aayi}} || {{IPA|[caːji]}} || 'tea' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Gweno language|Gweno]] ||colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[ca]}} || 'to come' || |- |[[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]] |[[Meixian dialect|Meixian]] |{{script|Hani|飛機}} / [[Pinfa|fi<sup>1</sup> '''g'''i<sup>1</sup>]] |{{IPA|[fi˦ ci˦]}} |'plane' |Allophone of {{IPA|/k/}} before {{IPA|/i/}}. |- | colspan="2" | [[Hausa language|Hausa]] || {{lang|lg|'''ky'''auta}} || {{IPA|[caːuta]}} || 'gift' || |- |[[Hokkien]] |[[Taiwanese Hokkien|Taiwanese]] |{{script|Hani|機車}} / {{lang|zh-Latn|[[Taiwanese Romanization System|'''k'''i-tshia]]}} |{{IPA|[ciː˧ t͡ɕʰia˥]}} |'motorcycle' | |- | colspan="2" | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|2005|p=164}} || {{lang|hu|[[Hungarian orthography|ku'''ty'''a]]|italic=yes}} || {{Audio-IPA|Hu-kutya.ogg|[ˈkuc̟ᶝɒ]}} || 'dog' || Alveolo-palatal.{{sfnp|Recasens|2013|pp=11–13, 16}} See [[Hungarian phonology]] |- | colspan="2" | [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] || {{lang|is|[[Icelandic orthography|Eld'''gj'''á]]|italic=yes}} || {{Audio-IPA|Is-Eldgjá.ogg|[ˈɛlˑt̪c̟ɑu̯]}} || '[[Eldgjá]]' || Alveolo-palatal.{{sfnp|Recasens|2013|pp=4, 11}} See [[Icelandic phonology]] |- | colspan="2" | [[Irish language|Irish]] || {{lang|ga|[[Irish orthography|'''c'''eist]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[cɛʃtʲ]}} || 'question' || Alveolo-palatal or palatal.{{sfnp|Recasens|2013|pp=11–13, 16}} See [[Irish phonology]] |- | colspan="2" | [[Khasi language|Khasi]] || {{lang|kha|bo'''it'''|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[bɔc]}} || 'dwarf' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Khmer language|Khmer]] || {{lang|km|[[Khmer Script|ចាប]]}} / {{Transliteration|km|'''ch'''ab}} || {{IPA|[caːp]}}|| 'bird' || Contrasts [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] and unaspirated forms. |- | colspan="2" | [[Kinyarwanda]] || {{lang|rw|i'''k'''intu |italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[iciːnɦuʰ]}} || 'thing' || |- | rowspan="3" |[[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] |[[Kurmanji|Northern]] |{{lang|ku|'''k'''îso|italic=yes}} |{{IPA|[cʰiːsoː]}} | rowspan="3" |'tortoise' | rowspan="3" |Allophone of {{IPA|/kʰ/}} before {{IPA|/ɨ/}}, {{IPA|/ɛ/}}, {{IPA|/iː/}}, and {{IPA|/eː/}}. See [[Kurdish phonology]] |- |[[Sorani|Central]] | rowspan="2" |{{lang|ku|کیسەڵ|italic=yes}} |{{IPA|[cʰiːsæɫ]}} |- |[[Palewani|Southern]] |{{IPA|[cʰiːsaɫ]}} |- | colspan="2" | [[Latvian language|Latvian]]|| {{lang|lv|[[Latvian alphabet|'''ķ'''irbis]]|italic=yes}} || {{Audio-IPA|Lv-ķirbis.ogg|[ˈcirbis]}} || 'pumpkin' || See [[Latvian phonology]] |- | rowspan="2" |[[Livonian language|Livonian]] |[[Courland Livonian|Courland]] |''kuo'''ț''''' |[ˈkuoc] |'bag' | |- |[[Salaca Livonian|Salaca]] |'''''ķ'''ez'' |[cez] |'hand' | |- | [[Low German]] || [[Plautdietsch language|Plautdietsch]] || {{lang|pdt-Latn|'''kj'''oa'''kj'''|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[coac]}} || 'church' || Corresponds to {{IPA|[kʲ]}} in all other dialects.{{clarify|reason=What is the difference, exactly?|date=July 2016}} |- | colspan="2" | [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]|| {{lang|mk|[[Macedonian alphabet|ше'''ќ'''ер]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|LL-Q9296 (mkd)-Bjankuloski06-шеќер.wav|[ˈʃɛc{{sup|ç}}ɛr]}} || 'sugar' || Prescribed realisation of the {{IPA|/c/}} phoneme, varies greatly across dialects.<ref>{{cite web | last=Friedman | first=Victor | year=2001 |title=Macedonian | website=SEELRC | publisher=Duke University | url=http://www.seelrc.org:8080/grammar/mainframe.jsp?nLanguageID=3 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815151105/http://www.seelrc.org:8080/grammar/mainframe.jsp?nLanguageID=3 | archive-date=2023-08-15 | page=11}}</ref> See [[Macedonian phonology]] |- | rowspan="2" |[[Malay language|Malay]] |[[Kelantan-Pattani Malay|Kelantan-Pattani]] |''cita'' |{{IPA|[ci.tɔʔ]}} |'feeling' | rowspan="2" |Palatal,<ref>{{Cite book |author=Jiang Wu |url=https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/3642470 |title=Malayic varieties of Kelantan and Terengganu |publisher=LOT Publications |year=2023 |isbn=978-94-6093-436-0 |location=Amsterdam |pages=42 |doi=}}</ref> allophone of {{IPA|/tʃ/}}. See [[Malay phonology]] |- |[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] |'''''c'''ari'' |{{IPA|[cari]}} |'to find' |- | rowspan="2" | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || Central [[Norwegian dialects|dialects]]{{sfnp|Skjekkeland|1997|pp=105–107}} || rowspan="2" | {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|fe'''tt''']]}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[fɛcː]}} || rowspan="2" | 'fat' || rowspan="2" | See [[Norwegian phonology]] |- | Northern [[Norwegian dialects|dialects]]{{sfnp|Skjekkeland|1997|pp=105–107}} |- | rowspan="3" | [[Occitan language|Occitan]] || [[Limousin language|Limousin]]|| {{lang|oc|'''t'''ireta}} || {{IPA|[ciˈʀetɒ]}} || rowspan="2" | 'drawer' || |- | [[Auvergnat language|Auvergnat]]|| {{lang|oc|'''t'''irador}} || {{IPA|[ciʀaˈdu]}} || |- |Western [[Gascon language|Gascon]] |'''''ch'''ifra'' |[ˈcifrə] |'digit' |Corresponds to {{IPA|[tʃ]}} and sometimes {{IPA|[dʒ]}} in eastern dialects |- | colspan="2" | [[Romanian language|Romanian]]<ref>[[Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române|DEX]] Online: [https://archive.today/20120709085445/http://dexonline.ro/search.php?cuv=c]</ref>|| {{lang|ro|[[Romanian alphabet|'''Ch'''ișinău]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Ro-Chișinău.ogg|[c{{sup|ç}}iʃiˈnɜu̯]}} || '[[Chișinău]]' || Allophone of {{IPA|/k/}} before {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/e/}}. See [[Romanian phonology]]. Also in some northern dialects |- | rowspan="5" | [[Romansh language|Romansh]] || [[Sursilvan dialects (Romansh)|Sursilvan]]{{sfnp|Menzli|1993|p=92}} || {{lang|rm|no'''tg'''}} || {{IPA|[nɔc]}} || 'night' || |- | [[Sutsilvan dialects (Romansh)|Sutsilvan]]{{sfnp|Liver|1999|pp=53–54}} || {{lang|rm|'''tg'''àn}} || {{IPA|[caŋ]}} || 'dog' || |- | [[Surmiran dialect|Surmiran]]{{sfnp|Liver|1999|pp=56–57}} || {{lang|rm|va'''tg'''as}} || {{IPA|[ˈvɑcɐs]}} || 'cows' || |- | [[Puter]]{{sfnp|Liver|1999|pp=59–60}} || {{lang|rm|zü'''ch'''er}} || {{IPA|[ˈtsycər]}} || 'sugar' || |- | [[Vallader dialect (Romansh)|Vallader]]{{sfnp|Liver|1999|pp=63–64}} || {{lang|rm|müs-'''ch'''el}} || {{IPA|[ˈmyʃcəl]}} || 'moss' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Scottish Gaelic language|Scottish Gaelic]]{{sfnp|Oftedal|1956|p=106}} || {{lang|gd|mai'''d'''e}} || {{IPA|[ˈmãtʲə]}} || 'stick' || Alveolo-palatal or alveolar. Affricated in some positions, with affrication stronger in [[Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography#Phonetic variation|certain dialects]]. |- | colspan="2" | [[Slovak language|Slovak]]{{sfnp|Recasens|2013|pp=11–13, 16}} || {{lang|sk|[[Slovak orthography|'''ť'''ava]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈcava]}} || 'camel' || Laminal alveolo-palatal. Often africated.<ref>{{citation |last=Pavlík | first=Radoslav | year=2004 |title=Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda | trans-title=Slovak Speech Sounds and the International Phonetic Alphabet | language=sk |editor1-last=Bosák | editor1-first=Ján | editor2-last=Petrufová | editor2-first=Magdaléna |journal=Jazykovedný časopis | trans-journal=The Linguistic Journal | issue=55/2 |publisher=Slovak Academic Press, spol. s r. o. |location=Bratislava |pages=87–109 | issn=0021-5597 | url=http://www.juls.savba.sk/ediela/jc/2004/2/jc2004_2.pdf }}</ref> See [[Slovak phonology]] |- | colspan="2" | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] || {{lang|tr|[[Turkish alphabet|'''k'''öy]]|italic=yes}} || {{Audio-IPA|Tr-köy.ogg|[cʰœj̊ʷ]}} || 'village' || See [[Turkish phonology]] |- | [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]{{sfnp|Thompson|1959|pp=458–461}} || Central and Southern || {{lang|vi|[[Vietnamese alphabet|Ba '''Ch'''ẽ]]|italic=yes}} || {{Audio-IPA|Ba Che.ogg|[bɐː˧ c̟ɛˑ˧ˀ˥]}} || '[[Ba Chẽ district|Ba Chẽ]]' || May be slightly affricated {{IPA|[tᶝ]}}. See [[Vietnamese phonology]] |- | colspan="2" | [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]] || {{lang|fy|[[West Frisian language|'''tj'''ems]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[cɛms]}} || 'strainer' || See [[West Frisian phonology]] |- | colspan="2" | [[Western Desert language|Western Desert]] || {{lang|pjt|ku'''tj'''u}} || {{IPA|[kucu]}} || 'one' || |}
==Post-palatal== {{Infobox IPA | above = Voiceless post-palatal or pre-velar plosive | ipa symbol = c̠ | ipa symbol2 = k̟ }}
There is also a '''voiceless post-palatal''' or '''pre-velar plosive''' in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical palatal consonant, though not as back as the prototypical [[voiceless velar plosive|velar consonant]]. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as {{angbr IPA|c̠}} (retracted {{angbr IPA|c}}), {{angbr IPA|k̟}} (advanced {{angbr IPA|k}}), or {{angbr IPA|kʲ}} (palatalized {{angbr IPA|k}}, though this is more ambiguous than the others; see below).
===Features=== {{plosive}} {{post-palatal}} {{voiced}} {{oral}} {{Median articulation}} {{pulmonic}}
===Occurrence=== {| class="wikitable" |+ ! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes |- | colspan="2" |[[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]||{{lang|be|[[Belarusian alphabet|'''к'''іслы]]}}||{{audio-IPA|LL-Q9091 (bel)-Ssvb-кіслы.wav|[ˈk̟is̪ɫ̪ɨ]}}|| 'acidic' || Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|kʲ}}. See [[Belarusian phonology]] |- | colspan="2" |[[Catalan language|Catalan]]{{sfnp|Rafel|1999|p=14}}||{{lang|ca|[[Catalan orthography|'''qu'''i]]|italic=yes}}||{{IPA|[k̟i]}}|| 'who' || Allophone of {{IPA|/k/}} before [[front vowel]]s.{{sfnp|Rafel|1999|p=14}} See [[Catalan phonology]] |- |[[Danish language|Danish]]|| Standard{{sfnp|Grønnum|2005|p=124}}||{{lang|da|[[Danish orthography|'''g'''idsel]]|italic=yes}}||{{IPA|[ˈk̟isəl]}}|| 'hostage' || Allophone of {{IPA|/ɡ/}} before front vowels.{{sfnp|Grønnum|2005|p=124}} See [[Danish phonology]] |- | colspan="2" rowspan="2" | [[English language|English]]{{sfnp|Cruttenden|2014|p=181}}{{sfnp|Mannell|Cox|Harrington|2009}} || [[English orthography|'''''k'''een'']] || {{Audio-IPA|keen-pronunciation-audio.ogg|[k̟ʰiːn]|help=no}}|| 'keen' || Allophone of {{IPA|/k/}} before front vowels and {{IPA|/j/}}.{{sfnp|Cruttenden|2014|p=181}}{{sfnp|Mannell|Cox|Harrington|2009}} See [[English phonology]] |- |[[English orthography|''ba'''ck''''']] |{{IPA|[bæc̠]}} |back |Mainstream [[Irish English]] realisation of /k/ after front vowels.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Variation and Change in Dublin English, (c) Raymond Hickey |url=http://www.raymondhickey.com/index_(VCDE).html#GlossB |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=www.raymondhickey.com}}</ref> |- |[[German language|German]]||[[Standard German|Standard]]{{sfnp|Wiese|1996|p=271}}{{sfnp|Krech et al.|2009|pp=49, 92}}||{{lang|de|[[German orthography|'''K'''ind]]|italic=yes}}||{{audio-IPA|De-Kind.ogg|[k̟ʰɪnt]}}|| 'child' || Allophone of {{IPA|/k/}} before and after front vowels.{{sfnp|Wiese|1996|p=271}}{{sfnp|Krech et al.|2009|pp=49, 92}} See [[Standard German phonology]] |- | colspan="2" |[[Greek language|Greek]]{{sfnp|Arvaniti|2007|p=20}}||{{lang|el|[[Greek alphabet|Μα'''κ'''εδνός]]}}||{{Audio-IPA|Ell-Makednos.ogg|[mɐc̠e̞ˈðno̞s̠]}}|| '[[Makedon (mythology)|Makedon]]' || See [[Modern Greek phonology]] |- |[[Italian language|Italian]]|| Standard{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|p=62}}||{{lang|it|[[Italian alphabet|'''ch'''i]]|italic=yes}}||{{Audio-IPA|Ita-Chi.wav|[k̟i]}}|| 'who' || Allophone of {{IPA|/k/}} before {{IPA|/i, e, ɛ, j/}}.{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|p=62}} See [[Italian phonology]] |- | colspan="2" |[[Japanese language|Japanese]]||{{lang|ja|[[Japanese orthography|'''九''']]}} / {{Transliteration|ja|'''ky'''ū}}||{{IPA|[k̟ÿː]}}||'nine' || Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨kʲ⟩, allophone of /kj/. See [[Japanese phonology]] |- | colspan="2" |[[Polish language|Polish]]||{{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|'''ki'''edy]]|italic=yes}}||{{audio-IPA|Pl-kiedy.ogg|[ˈk̟ɛdɨ]}}||'when' || See [[Polish phonology]] |- | colspan="2" |[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]||{{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|'''qu'''i]]|italic=yes}}||{{IPA|[k̟i]}}|| '[[Qi|Chi]]' || Allophone of {{IPA|/k/}} before front vowels. See [[Portuguese phonology]] |- | colspan="2" |[[Romanian language|Romanian]]{{sfnp|Sarlin|2014|p=17}}||{{lang|ro|[[Romanian alphabet|o'''chi''']]|italic=yes}}||{{IPA|[o̞k̟]}}|| 'eye' || Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|kʲ}}. See [[Romanian phonology]] |- |[[Russian language|Russian]]|| Standard{{sfnp|Yanushevskaya|Bunčić|2015|p=223}}||{{lang|ru|[[Russian alphabet|'''к'''ит]]}} / {{lang|ru-Latn|'''k'''it}}||{{audio-IPA|Ru-кит.ogg|[k̟it̪]}}|| 'whale' || Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|kʲ}}. See [[Russian phonology]] |- | colspan="2" | [[Scottish Gaelic language|Scottish Gaelic]]{{sfnp|Oftedal|1956|p=108}} || {{lang|gd|[[Scottish Gaelic orthography|còi'''g''']]}} || {{IPA|[kʰoːʲk̟]}} || 'five (5)' ||Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|kʲ}}. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. |- | colspan="2" |[[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{sfnp|Canellada|Madsen|1987|p=20}}||{{lang|es|[[Spanish orthography|'''k'''ilo]]|italic=yes}}||{{IPA|[ˈk̟ilo̞]}}|| 'kilo(gram)' || Allophone of {{IPA|/k/}} before front vowels.{{sfnp|Canellada|Madsen|1987|p=20}} See [[Spanish phonology]] |- | colspan="2" |[[Tidore language|Tidore]] |ya'''c'''i |{{IPA|[jaci]}} |'to rip' | |- | colspan="2" |[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]||{{lang|uk|[[Ukrainian alphabet|'''к'''інчик]]}}/{{lang|uk-Latn|'''k'''inchyk}} ||{{Audio-IPA|Uk-кінчик.ogg|[ˈk̟inʲt͡ʃɪk]}}|| 'tip' || Can also be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|kʲ}}, but is an allophone of {{IPA|/k/}} before front vowels. See [[Ukrainian phonology]] |- | colspan="2" |[[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]||cá'''ch'''|| {{audio-IPA|LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cách.wav|[kak̟]}}|| 'to cut, to harvest'|| Final allophone of {{IPA|/c/}}. See [[Vietnamese phonology]] |}
==See also== * [[Index of phonetics articles]]
==Notes== {{Reflist|30em}}
==References== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Citation |last = Arvaniti |first = Amalia |year = 2007 |title = Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art |pages = 97–208 |journal = Journal of Greek Linguistics |volume = 8 |url = http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/Greek%20Phonetics%20-%20The%20State%20of%20the%20Art.pdf |doi = 10.1075/jgl.8.08arv |access-date = 2013-12-11 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131211020607/http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/Greek%20Phonetics%20-%20The%20State%20of%20the%20Art.pdf |archive-date = 2013-12-11 |url-status = dead |citeseerx = 10.1.1.692.1365 }} * {{Citation |last1=Canellada |first1=María Josefa |last2=Madsen |first2=John Kuhlmann |title=Pronunciación del español: lengua hablada y literaria |place=Madrid |publisher=Castalia |year=1987 |isbn=978-8470394836 }} * {{Citation |last=Canepari |first=Luciano |year=1992 |title=Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana |trans-title=Handbook of Italian Pronunciation |language=it |location=Bologna |publisher=Zanichelli |isbn=978-88-08-24624-0 }} * {{Citation |last1=Connell |first1=Bruce |last2=Ahoua |first2=Firmin |last3=Gibbon |first3=Dafydd |year=2002 |title=Ega |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=99–104 |doi=10.1017/S002510030200018X |doi-access=free }} * {{Citation |last=Cruttenden |first=Alan |year=2014 |title=Gimson's Pronunciation of English |publisher=Routledge |edition=8th |isbn=9781444183092 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2nMAgAAQBAJ }} * {{citation |last=Dobui |first=Bien |date=2021 |title=Nasal allophony and nasalization in Xochistlahuaca Amuzgo |journal=Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics |volume=6 |issue=1 |doi=10.5334/gjgl.1056 |doi-access=free }} * {{Citation |last=Grønnum |first=Nina |year=2005 |title=Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk |edition=3rd |publisher=Akademisk Forlag |place=Copenhagen |isbn=978-87-500-3865-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9RtCAgAAQBAJ }} * {{Citation |last=Kolgjini |first=Julie M. |year=2004 |title=Palatalization in Albanian: An acoustic investigation of stops and affricates |type=Ph.D. |publisher=The University of Texas at Arlington }} * {{Citation |last1=Krech |first1=Eva Maria |last2=Stock |first2=Eberhard |last3=Hirschfeld |first3=Ursula |last4=Anders |first4=Lutz-Christian |year=2009 |title=Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch |location=Berlin, New York |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-018202-6 |ref={{harvid|Krech et al.|2009}} }} * {{Citation |last=Ladefoged |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Ladefoged |year=2005 |title=Vowels and Consonants |edition=Second |publisher=Blackwell }} * {{Citation |last=Liver |first=Ricarda |year=1999 |title=Rätoromanisch: Eine Einführung in das Bünderromanische |publisher=Gunter Narr Verlag |isbn=978-3-8233-4973-0 }} * {{Citation |last1=Mannell |first1=R. |last2=Cox |first2=F. |last3=Harrington |first3=J. |year=2009 |title=An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology |publisher=Macquarie University |url=http://clas.mq.edu.au/speech/phonetics/transcription/phonetic_transcription/phonetic_transcription.html |access-date=2014-06-04 |archive-date=2014-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707194447/http://clas.mq.edu.au/speech/phonetics/transcription/phonetic_transcription/phonetic_transcription.html |url-status=dead }} * {{Citation |last=Menzli |first=Gierdi |year=1993 |title=Cuors da romontsch sursilvan: Lecziuns 1–18 |publisher=Ligia romontscha <!-- |isbn=3-906680-25-1 {{Please check ISBN|reason=Check digit (1) does not correspond to calculated figure.}} --> }} * {{Citation |last1=Newmark |first1=Leonard |last2=Hubbard |first2=Philip |last3=Prifti |first3=Peter R. |year=1982 |title=Standard Albanian: A Reference Grammar for Students |isbn=978-0-8047-1129-6 |publisher=Stanford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hqlYbhnII3QC&q=Standard+Albanian:+A+Reference+Grammar+for+Students&pg=PA1 }} * {{cite book |last1=Oftedal |first1=Magne |author1-link=Magne Oftedal |title=A linguistic survey of the Gaelic dialects of Scotland: Vol III: The Gaelic of Leurbost, Isle of Lewis |series=Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap: Suppl. 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==External links== * {{phoible|c}}
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[[Category:Palatal consonants]] [[Category:Voiceless stops]] [[Category:Median consonants]] [[Category:Pulmonic consonants]]