{{Short description|Diacritical mark}} {{redirect-distinguish|Ᶎ|Ȥ}} {{SpecialChars}} [[Image:Nhooks.svg|thumb|N with palatal hook, followed by [[Eng (letter)|eng]], a [[palatal nasal]] and a [[retroflex nasal]] for comparison.|class=skin-invert-image]] The '''palatal hook''' ('''◌̡''') is a [[hook (diacritic)|hook diacritic]] formerly used in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] to mark [[palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]] consonants.<ref name="handbook">{{cite book | title = Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet | publisher = Cambridge University Press | date = 1999 | location = Cambridge, MA }}</ref> It is a small, leftwards-facing hook joined to the bottom-right side of a letter that derives from a subscript letter ''j'', and it is distinct from other IPA hooks that indicate [[retroflex consonant|retroflexion]], [[implosive consonant|implosion]] and [[rhotic vowel]]s. Theoretically, it could be used on all IPA consonant letters &ndash; even on those used for [[palatal consonant]]s &ndash; but it is not attested on all of the [[history of the IPA#1979 chart|IPA letters of its era]].<ref name=unicode2>[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2024/24050-palatal-hook.pdf L2/24-050: Unicode request for letters with palatal hook]</ref> It was withdrawn by the IPA in 1989, in favor of a [[superscript]] ''j'' following the consonant (i.e., {{angbr IPA|ƫ}} was replaced with {{angbr IPA|tʲ}}).<ref name="handbook"/>

The IPA recommended that [[esh (letter)|esh]] {{angbr IPA|&thinsp;ʃ&thinsp;}} and [[Ezh (letter)|ezh]] {{angbr IPA|ʒ}} not use the palatal hook, but instead get special curled symbols: {{angbr IPA|&thinsp;ʆ&thinsp;}} and {{angbr IPA|ʓ}}. The same has been done with {{angbr IPA|ɮ}}.<ref name="lezh with curl">{{Cite web| title=Unicode request for lezh with curl | url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2024/24272-lezh-with-curl.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241224045936/https://unicode.org/L2/L2024/24272-lezh-with-curl.pdf | archive-date=2024-12-24}}</ref> However, versions with the hook have been used and are supported by Unicode, excluding unattested {{angbr IPA|ɮ}}.<ref name="lezh with curl" />

Palatal hooks are also used for Lithuanian dialectology in the [[Lithuanian Phonetic Transcription System]] (or [[Lithuanian Phonetic Alphabet]]), including the exceptional form ''ꞔ'', which while graphically resembling a ''c'' plus palatal hook is actually a variant of the ''ᶃ'' once recommended by the IPA.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11223-n4070.pdf | title=N4070: Second revised proposal to add characters used in Lithuanian dialectology to the UCS | first1=Vladas | last1=Tumasonis | first2=Karl | last2=Pentzlin | publisher=ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 | date=2011-05-24 }}</ref>

==Scope== The palatal hook was introduced in 1921 and officially adopted in 1928. The last published IPA chart to support it was [[History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet#1979_chart|that of 1979]]. The following single non-palatal consonants appear on that chart. Those attested with palatal hook are bolded and set with the hook; the hooked letters are either in Unicode or are scheduled to appear in Unicode 18 in 2026. The columns for palatal letters are omitted; they are generally redundant with the hook, though 'palatalized palatals' are described in the literature. C with hook, ''{{IPA|ꞔ}}'', is not a palatal letter but a script variant of ''{{IPA|ᶃ}}''.<ref name=unicode2/> W with hook, ''{{IPA|𝾂}}'', is attested as a convenient transcription for a palatalized bilabial approximant; ɗ with a hook, ''{{IPA|𝼭}}'', had been used for {{IPA|[ʄ]}}.

:{| class="wikitable IPA" |- align="center" !colspan=2| ᶆ |colspan=2| ɱ ||colspan=2| !colspan=2| ᶇ | colspan=2| ɳ ||colspan=2| !colspan=2| 𝼔 |colspan=2| ɴ ||colspan=6| |- align="center" ! [[ᶈ]]|| ᶀ |colspan=4| ! ƫ || ᶁ | ʈ || ɖ ||colspan=2| ! ᶄ || ᶃ/ꞔ || q̡ (𝼴) || ɢ̡ (𝼰) |colspan=4| ||colspan=2| ʔ |- align="center" ! ɸ̡ (𝼳) || β̡ (𝼻) || ᶂ || ᶌ || θ̡ (𝼼) || ð̡ (𝼯) || ᶊ || ᶎ | ʂ || ʐ ! ᶋ/ʆ* || 𝼘/ʓ* ! ᶍ || ɣ̡ (𝼱) || χ̡ (𝼽) || ʁ̡ (𝼶) | ʍ || ! ħ̡ (𝼲) || ʕ̡ (𝼺) || ꞕ | ɦ |- align="center" |colspan=2| !colspan=2| ʋ̡ (𝼹) |colspan=2| !colspan=2| 𝼕 |colspan=2| ɻ ||colspan=2| ||colspan=2| ɰ ||colspan=2| !colspan=2| w̡ (𝾂) |colspan=4| |- align="center" |colspan=6| ! 𝼓 | ɮ (𝽧)* ||colspan=16| |- align="center" |colspan=6| !colspan=2| ᶅ |colspan=2| ɭ ||colspan=12| |- align="center" |rowspan=2 colspan=6| !colspan=2| ᶉ |colspan=2| ||rowspan=2 colspan=4| !rowspan=2 colspan=2| ʀ̡ (𝼵) |rowspan=2 colspan=6| |- align="center" !colspan=2| 𝼖 ||colspan=2| ɽ̡ (𝼷) |- align="center" | || ɓ ||colspan=4| || ! ɗ̡ (𝼭) |colspan=4| || || ɠ ||colspan=8| |- align="center" |colspan=2| ʘ ||colspan=2| ||colspan=2| ʇ ||colspan=2| ʗ ||colspan=14| |- align="center" |colspan=6| ||colspan=2| ʖ ||colspan=14| |}

<nowiki>*</nowiki>{{IPA|ʃ}}, {{IPA|ʒ}} and {{IPA|ɮ}} occur with a palatal curl, which was the preferred forms for these letters in the IPA of their era.

Other non-palatal consonants listed under the 1979 chart:

:{{IPA|ᵵ}}, '''{{IPA|ɫ̡}}''' (etc.): should be typeset with the hook letter and an overstruck tilde diacritic or vice versa :{{IPA|ɼ}} [used for Czech, does not occur palatalized] :{{IPA|ɺ}} :{{IPA|ɧ}} [used for Swedish, does not occur palatalized] :the sibilant affricates '''{{IPA|ʦ̡}} ({{IPA|𝼸}}) {{IPA|𝼗 𝼒}}'''. (The forms with a palatal curl, {{IPA|𝼬}} and {{IPA|𝼫}}, will become available with Unicode 18.) The affricate '''{{IPA|ʣ̡}}''' ({{IPA|𝼮}}) is implied but is not listed under the 1979 chart.

==Computer encoding== [[Unicode]] includes a [[combining character]] for the palatal hook, but it is not canonically equivalent to the [[precomposed character]]s, which should be used instead.<ref name=unicode2/>

{| class="wikitable" ! Appearance || Code point || Name |- |align="center"| ◌̡ || U+0321 || <small>COMBINING PALATALIZED HOOK BELOW</small> |- |align="center"| ᶀ || U+1D80 || <small>LATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH PALATAL HOOK</small> |- |align="center"| Ꞔ || U+A7C4 || <small>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH PALATAL HOOK</small> |- |align="center"| ꞔ || U+A794 || <small>LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH PALATAL HOOK</small> |- |align="center"| ᶁ || U+1D81 || <small>LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH PALATAL HOOK</small> |- |align="center"| 𝼒 || U+1DF12 || <small>LATIN SMALL LETTER DEZH DIGRAPH WITH PALATAL HOOK</small> |- |align="center"| ᶂ || U+1D82 || <small>LATIN SMALL LETTER F WITH PALATAL HOOK</small> |- |align="center"| ᶃ || U+1D83 || <small>LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH PALATAL HOOK</small> |- |align="center"| ꞕ || U+A795 || <small>LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH PALATAL HOOK</small> |- |align="center"| ᶄ || U+1D84 || <small>LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH PALATAL HOOK</small> |- |align="center"| ᶅ || U+1D85 || <small>LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH PALATAL HOOK</small> |- |align="center"| {{not a typo|ᶪ}} || U+1DAA || <small>MODIFIER LETTER L WITH PALATAL HOOK</small> |- |align="center"| 𝼓 || U+1DF13 || <small>LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH BELT AND PALATAL HOOK</small> |- |align="center"| ᶆ || U+1D86 || <small>LATIN SMALL LETTER M WITH PALATAL HOOK</small> |- |align="center"| ᶇ || U+1D87 || <small>LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH PALATAL HOOK</small> |- |align="center"| 𝼔 || U+1DF14 || <small>LATIN SMALL LETTER ENG WITH PALATAL HOOK</small> |- |align="center"| ᶈ || U+1D88 || <small>LATIN SMALL LETTER P WITH PALATAL HOOK</small> |- |align="center"| ᶉ || U+1D89 || <small>LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH PALATAL HOOK</small> |- |align="center"| 𝼕 || U+1DF15 || <small>LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED R WITH PALATAL HOOK</small> |- |align="center"| 𝼖 || U+1DF16 || <small>LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH FISHHOOK AND PALATAL HOOK</small> |- |align="center"| ᶊ || U+1D8A || <small>LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH PALATAL HOOK</small> |- |align="center"| ᶋ || U+1D8B || <small>LATIN SMALL LETTER ESH WITH PALATAL HOOK</small> |- |align="center"| ƫ || U+01AB || <small>LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH PALATAL HOOK</small> |- |align="center"| {{not a typo|ᶵ}} || U+1DB5 || <small>MODIFIER LETTER T WITH PALATAL HOOK</small> |- |align="center"| 𝼗 || U+1DF17 || <small>LATIN SMALL LETTER TESH DIGRAPH WITH PALATAL HOOK</small> |- |align="center"| ᶌ || U+1D8C || <small>LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH PALATAL HOOK</small> |- |align="center"| ᶍ || U+1D8D || <small>LATIN SMALL LETTER X WITH PALATAL HOOK</small> |- |align="center"| Ᶎ || U+A7C6 || <small>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH PALATAL HOOK</small> |- |align="center"| ᶎ || U+1D8E || <small>LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH PALATAL HOOK</small> |- |align="center"| 𝼘 || U+1DF18 || <small>LATIN SMALL LETTER EZH WITH PALATAL HOOK</small> |}

{{Navbox diacritical marks}} {{Latin script||palatal hook}}

==References== {{Reflist}}

[[Category:Latin-script diacritics|Hook, palatal]] [[Category:Phonetic transcription symbols]]