# Zou language

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Sino-Tibetan language of Burma and India

Zou Zo, Zouham, Zoham, Zokam 'Zo Lai' in Zolai alphabet Native to Manipur, India Region Tonzang: Chin State, Chin Hills; In India: Mizoram and Manipur, Chandel, Singngat subdivision and Sungnu area; Churachandpur districts; Assam. Ethnicity Zou Native speakers 88,000 (2012)[1] Language family Sino-Tibetan Kuki-Chin languages[2] Northeastern Kuki-Chin languages Zou Writing system Latin, Zoulai alphabet[3] Language codes ISO 639-3 zom Glottolog zouu1235 ELP Zome

**Zou** (also spelled **Zo** and known as **Zoham** or **Zokam**) is a language of the [Northeastern](/source/Northeastern_Kuki-Chin_languages) branch of [Kuki-Chin languages](/source/Kuki-Chin_languages)[2] originating in western [Burma](/source/Burma) and spoken also in [Mizoram](/source/Mizoram) and [Manipur](/source/Manipur) in northeastern [India](/source/India).

The name Zou is sometimes used as a blanket term for the languages spoken by the [Kuki-Chin-Mizo peoples](/source/Kuki-Chin-Mizo_peoples).

## Phonology

The set of 23 Zou consonantal phonemes can be established on the basis of the following minimal pairs or overlapping words. Besides these 23 Phonemes, 1 consonant is a borrowed phoneme (i.e. /r/), which is found only in loan words, in very rare cases (e.g. /r/ in /rəŋ/ "color"). Along with these consonants, Zou has 7 vowels: i, e, a, ɔ, o, u, ə.[4]

Consonant Phonemes Labial Dental/ Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Plosive voiceless p t c k ʔ aspirated pʰ tʰ kʰ voiced b d ɟ g Affricate tʃ Fricative voiceless v s h voiced z Nasal m n ŋ Lateral l Trill (r) Semivowel w j

Vowels Front Central Back Close i u Close-mid e ə o Open-mid ɔ Open a

## Orthography

### Vowels

- a - [a]

- aw - [ɔ]

- e - [e/ə]

- i - [i~j]

- o - [o]

- u - [u~w][5]

### Consonants

- b - [b]

- ch - [c]

- d - [d]

- g - [g]

- h - [h], [ʔ] at the end of a syllable

- j - [ɟ]

- k - [k]

- kh - [kʰ]

- l - [l]

- m - [m]

- n - [n]

- ng - [ŋ]

- p - [p]

- ph - [pʰ]

- r - [r]

- s - [s]

- t - [t]

- th - [tʰ]

- v - [ʋ]

- z - [z][5]

## Types of Zou verbs

The Zou verbs can be classified into three types: Stem (1), Stem (2), Stem (3) as given below:[6]

Types of Zou Verbs Stem 1 Stem 2 Stem 3 Stem 4 piê-give pie? pe- pieh puo-carry puo? po- pua-

## Numbers

Zou numbers are counted as follows:[7]

Numeral Zou English Hindi 0 be̋m zero शून्य śūnya 1 khàt one एक ek 2 nì: two दो do 3 thum three तीन tīn 4 li: four चार cār 5 nga: five पाँच pā̃c 6 gùh six छह chah 7 sagí seven सात sāt 8 giét eight आठ āṭh 9 kuó nine नौ nau 10 sàwm, sôm ten दस das 11 sàwm leh khàt eleven ग्यारह gyārah 12 sàwm leh nì twelve बारह bārah 13 sàwm leh thum thirteen तेरह terah 14 sàwm leh li: fourteen चौदह caudah 15 sàwm leh nga: fifteen पंद्रह pandrah 16 sàwm leh gùh sixteen सोलह solah 17 sàwm leh sagí seventeen सत्रह satrah 18 sàwm leh giét eighteen अठारह aṭhārah 19 sàwm leh kuó nineteen उन्नीस unnīs 20 sàwmnì twenty बीस bīs 30 sàwmthum thirty तीस tīs 40 sàwmli: forty चालीस cālīs 50 sàwmnga: fifty पचास pacās 60 sàwmgùh sixty साठ sāṭh 70 sàwmsagí seventy सत्तर sattar 80 sàwmgiét eighty अस्सी assī 90 sàwmkuò ninety नव्वे navve 100 zȁ hundred सौ sau 1,000 sa̋ng, tȕl one thousand हज़ार hazār 10,000 si̋ng, tȕlsàwm, sa̋ngsàwm ten thousand दस हज़ार das hazār 100,000 nuòi, tȕlzà, sa̋ngzà one hundred thousand, one lakh लाख lākh 1,000,000 nuòisàwm, sa̋ngtȕl, tȕltȕl one million दस लाख das lākh 10,000,000 thȅn, vâibêlsié, kráwl ten million, one crore करोड़ karoṛ 100,000,000 thȅnzà, kráwl sàwm one billion, ten crore अरब arab

## Writing systems

Zou is often written in a Latin script developed by Christian missionary J.H. Cope. In 1952, M. Siahzathang of Churachandpur created an alternative script known as Zolai or Zoulai, an [alphabetic](/source/Alphabet) system with some [alphasyllabic](/source/Abugida) characteristics. The user community for the script is growing- Zou cultural, political, and literary organizations began to adopt the script beginning in the 1970s, and more recently, the [Manipur State Government](/source/Government_of_Manipur) has shown support for both Siahzathang and the script.[8][9]

## Linguistic relations

Zou among the [Northeastern Kuki-Chin languages](/source/Northeastern_Kuki-Chin_languages) is closely related to the Central languages such as the [Duhlian](/source/Mizo_languages) (Lusei/Lushai) or [Mizo language](/source/Mizo_language) ([endonym](/source/Endonym) in [Duhlian](/source/Mizo_languages) or [Lushai](/source/Lushai) is *Mizo ṭawng*), the [lingua franca](/source/Lingua_franca) language of [Mizoram](/source/Mizoram).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

Zou as spoken in India is similar to the [Paite language](/source/Paite_language) of the [Paite](/source/Paite_people), though Zou lacks the word-final glottal stops present in Paite.[10][11]

## Geographical extent

At its largest extent, the geographic area covered by the language group is a territory of approximately 60,000 square miles (160,000 km2) in size, in [Burma](/source/Burma), [India](/source/India) and [Bangladesh](/source/Bangladesh).[12] However political boundaries and political debates have distorted the extent of the area in some sources.[13]

### In Burma

It is used in [Chin State](/source/Chin_State), [Tiddim](/source/Tiddim), and the [Chin Hills](/source/Chin_Hills). Use of Burmese has increased in the Zo speaking Chin State since the 1950s.[14] *Ethnologue* reports that Zou is spoken in the following townships of Myanmar.

- [Chin State](/source/Chin_State): [Tonzang](/source/Tonzang), [Hakha](/source/Hakha), and [Tedim](/source/Tedim) townships

- [Sagaing Division](/source/Sagaing_Division): [Kalay](/source/Kalay), [Khampat](/source/Khampat), and [Tamu](/source/Tamu%2C_Burma) townships

### In India

- [Manipur](/source/Manipur) - [Chandel district](/source/Chandel_district): [Singngat](/source/Singngat) subdivision and the Sungnu Sachih / Kana area - [Churachandpur district](/source/Churachandpur_district)

- [Mizoram](/source/Mizoram)

- [Assam](/source/Assam)[15]

### In Bangladesh

In Bangladesh it is used by the [Bawm people](/source/Bom_people).[16][17]

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-e25_1-0)** [Zou](https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/zom) at *[Ethnologue](/source/Ethnologue)* (25th ed., 2022)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Haokip_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Haokip_2-1) Haokip, Pauthang (2011). [*Socio-linguistic Situation in North-east India*](https://books.google.com/books?id=hnYShQ7TryMC&pg=PA55). Concept Publishing Company. p. 55. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-8180697609](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8180697609).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["Zoulai"](https://omniglot.com/writing/zoulai.htm). *Omniglot.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211228173614/https://omniglot.com/writing/zoulai.htm) from the original on 2021-12-28. Retrieved 2021-12-28.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:0_4-0)** Singh, Yashawanta; Himmat, Lukram (February 2013). ["Zou Phonology"](http://www.languageinindia.com/feb2013/zouphonologyfinal.pdf) (PDF). *Language in India*. **13** (2): 683–701. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181123155118/http://www.languageinindia.com/feb2013/zouphonologyfinal.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 2018-11-23. Retrieved 2019-02-19.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-omniglot.com_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-omniglot.com_5-1) ["Zou language, script, and pronunciation"](https://www.omniglot.com/writing/zou.htm). *Omniglot*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190706155644/https://www.omniglot.com/writing/zou.htm) from the original on 2019-07-06. Retrieved 2019-07-06.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Philip Thanglienmang Tungdim (2012). ["A Descriptive Grammar of the Zo Language"](https://an-in.academia.edu/philipthanglienmangtungdim). *Academia*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190325112817/http://an-in.academia.edu/philipthanglienmangtungdim) from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Thangliènmâng Tungdim, Philip (2011). [*Zo-English-Hindi Kizìlna Lȁibú*](https://www.academia.edu/3715035) [*Self-tutor book of Zo-English-Hindi*]. New Delhi: Zou Cultural-cum-Literature Society India. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-81-920282-0-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-920282-0-0). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230621013852/https://www.academia.edu/3715035) from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 20 August 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Pandey, Anshuman (29 September 2010). ["Introducing the Zou Script"](http://unicode.org/L2/L2010/10254r2-zou.pdf) (PDF). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190718045320/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10254r2-zou.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2019. Retrieved 30 December 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Ian James; Mattias Persson (March 2012). ["Script for Zou"](http://skyknowledge.com/zolai.htm). *skyknowledge.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180814232631/http://skyknowledge.com/zolai.htm) from the original on 14 August 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-bareh_10-0)** Bareh, Hamlet (2001). ["Zou"](https://books.google.com/books?id=XScmdGvMf7IC&pg=PA260). *Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Manipu*. Mittal. pp. 260ff. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-81-7099-790-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-790-0). Retrieved 22 November 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** "Their language is called Zou which is similar to the language spoken by the Paite. Unlike the Zou, the Paite possess the terminal glottal stop 'h'. For example, a word for 'good' is *hoih* in Paite while it changes into *hoi* in the Zou language. [Sannemla](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sannemla&action=edit&redlink=1) ([Zou folksongs](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zou_folksongs&action=edit&redlink=1)) are also popular among the Paite, although they are rendered in their individual dialect bearing the characteristic phonetic differences." Singh, Kumar Suresh; Horam, M. & Rizvi, S. H. M. (1998). *People of India: Manipur*. Anthropological Survey of India by Seagull Books. p. 253. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-81-7154-769-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-769-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Encyclopaedia of South-Asian tribes - Volume 8 - Page 3436 Satinder Kumar - 2000 "According to the 1981 census, 12,515 persons speak the Zou language"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Gopalakrishnan, Ramamoorthy (1996). *Socio-political framework in North-East India*. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House. p. 150. [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [34850808](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34850808). But against the background of all such conflict the Zomi National Congress went a step further in its argument for a Zomi identity by claiming Thado language as Zomi language. In the Kuki-Chin group of tribes, numerical strength has played ...

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Nang Khen Khup (2007). *Evaluating the Impact of Family Devotions Upon Selected Families from the Zomi Christian Community of Tulsa* (Thesis). Oral Roberts University. p. 7. [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [645086982](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/645086982). The Zomi language is descended from the Tibeto-Burman language domain. Though each tribal group speaks its own dialect, Burmese is widely used in Zoland (Chinland) due to Burmanization of military regime for over five decades

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Shyamkishor, Ayangbam. ["In Search of Common Identity: A Study of Chin-Kuki-Mizo Community in India"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120321194245/http://www.qbase.co.in/pu/sites/default/files/ijsas13082010.pdf#page=135) (PDF). *International Journal of South Asian Studies: A Biannual Journal of South Asian Studies*. **3** (1): 131–140. Archived from [the original](http://www.qbase.co.in/pu/sites/default/files/ijsas13082010.pdf#page=135) (PDF) on 2012-03-21. Retrieved 2014-02-03.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Loncheu, Nathan (2013). Dena, Lal (ed.). *Bawmzos: A Study Of The Chin-Kuki-Zo Tribes Of Chittagong*. New Delhi: Akansha Publishing House. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-81-8370-346-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8370-346-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Reichle, Verena (1981). *Bawm language and lore: Tibeto-Burman area*. Europäische Hochschulschriften series 21, Linguistik: volume 14. Bern, Switzerland: P. Lang. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-261-04935-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-261-04935-3).

## Further reading

- DeLancey, Scott (1987). "Part VIII: Sino-Tibetan languages". In Comrie, Bernard (ed.). *The World's Major Languages*. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 797–810. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-520521-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-520521-3).

- Thang, Khoi Lam (2001). [*A phonological reconstruction of Proto-Chin*](https://web.archive.org/web/20180902223631/https://inter.payap.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/linguistics_PDF/Khois-Proto-Reconstruction-of-Chin-revised.pdf) (PDF) (MA thesis). Chiang Mai: Payap University. Archived from [the original](https://inter.payap.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/linguistics_PDF/Khois-Proto-Reconstruction-of-Chin-revised.pdf) (PDF) on 2018-09-02.

- Button, Christopher Thomas James (2009). [*A Reconstruction of Proto Northern Chin in Old Burmese and Old Chinese Perspective*](https://web.archive.org/web/20200530204422/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29548/1/10731704.pdf) (PDF) (Ph.D. dissertation). London: University of London. Archived from [the original](https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29548/1/10731704.pdf) (PDF) on 2020-05-30.

- Button, Christopher Thomas James (2011). *Proto Northern Chin*. STEDT monograph. Vol. 10. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-944613-49-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-944613-49-8).

## External links

- [Zo Tonology](https://www.academia.edu/735120/Zo_Tonology)

- [Omniglot Zou](https://www.omniglot.com/writing/zou.htm)

- [Tongdot](https://www.tongdot.com)

***[Zou language test](https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/zom)*** of [Wikipedia](/source/Wikipedia) at [Wikimedia Incubator](https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator)

v t e Sino-Tibetan languages Sinitic Chinese Mandarin Yue Hakka Min Wu Hui Gan Xiang Jin Pinghua Bai Cai–Long Caijia Longjia Luren Tibeto-Burman Bodish Tibetan Central Amdo Khams Dzongkha Ladakhi-Balti Lahuli-Spiti Kyirong-Kagate Sherpa Jirel East Bodish Tshangla Basum Nam? Burmo-Qiangic Lolo-Burmese Burmish Burmese Standard Intha Danu Rakhine Tavoyan Achang Lhao Vo Lashi Zaiwa Mondzish Loloish Qiangic Gyalrongic Ersuic Naic Greater Magaric Magaric Magar Kham Chepangic Chepang Bhujel Raji–Raute Dura–Tandrange Naga Ao Angami–Pochuri Meitei Tangkhulic Western Naga (Zeliangrong) Sal Boro–Garo Konyak Jingpho–Luish Gongduk ʼOle Kho-Bwa Puroik? Tani Chamdo Tujia Nungish Karenic Gong Kathu West Himalayish Tamangic Newaric Newar Baram–Thangmi Kiranti Dhimalish Dhimal Toto Lhokpu Lepcha Karbi Kuki-Chin Miju? Mruic Mru Hkongso Pyu Taman Bailang Proposed groupings Central Tibeto-Burman Kuki-Chin–Naga Macro-Bai Mahakiranti Rung Tibeto-Kanauri Proto-languages Proto-Sino-Tibetan Proto-Tibeto-Burman Proto-Loloish Proto-Karenic Proto-Min Proto-Hakka Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.

v t e Kuki-Chin–Naga languages Kuki-Chin Northwestern Aimol Anal Chiru Chothe Kharam Koireng Kom Lamkang Monsang Moyon Purum Tarao Ranglong Sorbung Northeastern Thadou Tedim Paite Gangte Simte Sizang Vaiphei Zo Ngawn Ralte Central Mizo Hmar Biate Hrangkhol Sakachep Hakha Falam Bawm Thor Pangkhu Saihriem Darlong Langet Maraic Mara Lautu Zyphe Senthang Zotung Khomic Khumi Mro-Khimi Rengmitca Southern Shö Thaiphum Daai Kʼchò Nga La Kaang Laitu Ekai Rungtu Songlai Sumtu Naga Ao (Central Naga) Ao Changki Ao Chungli Ao Mongsen Ao Long Phuri Para Sangtam Yimchungrü Lotha Makury Wui Angami–Pochuri Angami Chokri Kheza Sopvoma Poula Pochuri Ntenyi Rengma Sümi Tangkhulic Tangkhul Somra Akyaung Ari Kachai Huishu Champhung Tusom Suansu Challow Kongai Koki Maring Uipo Zemeic (Western Naga) Zeme Liangmai Rongmei Mzieme Inpui Khoirao Maram Meitei Meitei Amailon Ancient Meitei Khuman dialect Loi Medieval Meitei Modern Meitei Moirang dialect Thougallon Assam Meitei Bangladeshi Meitei Tripura Meitei Karbic Karbi Amri Karbi

v t e Languages of Myanmar Official languages Burmese Semiofficial language English Indigenous languages (by state or region) Chin Kuki-Chin Northeastern Falam Siyin Tedim Thadou Zo Central Bawm Hakha Chin Mizo Ngawn Tawr Maraic Lautu Mara Senthang Zotung Zyphe Southern Daai Kaang Khumi Kʼchò Nga La Shö Songlai Sumtu Thaiphum Welaung Other Anu-Hkongso Kachin Sino-Tibetan Achang Drung Hpon Jingpo Lashi Lhao Vo Lisu Nusu Rawang Zaiwa Other Khamti Nùng Palaung Tai Laing Kayah Kayaw Karenni Kayin Bwe Karen Geba Karen Pwo Eastern Western S’gaw Karen Magway Rungtu (Taungtha) Mon Mon Rakhine Rakhine Chakma Laitu Mro-Khimi Mru Rohingya Sak Sagaing Sal Khiamniungan Konyak Leinong Makyam Ponyo Sak Tangsa Other Akyaung Ari Anal Koki Makury Long Phuri Para Tangkhul Shan Austroasiatic Blang Danau Palaung Riang Tai Loi Wa Sino-Tibetan Akeu Akha Danu Geko Karen Intha Lahta Lahu Pa’o Padaung Pyen Taungyo Southwestern Mandarin Kra–Dai Khün Tai Lue Shan Tai Nuea Hmong–Mien Hmong Njua Tanintharyi Malay Moken S’gaw Tavoyan Non-Indigenous Immigrant language Burmese Hindi Punjabi Russian Vietnamese Working language English Japanese Korean Sign languages Burmese sign language

v t e Languages of Northeast India Arunachal Pradesh Sal Deori Nocte Singpho Tangsa Tutsa Wancho Tani Adi Apatani Bori Gallong Nishi Tangam Yano Other Assamese Hajong Karbi Milang Nefamese Puimei Assam Indo-Aryan Assamese‎ Bengali Bishnupriya Manipuri Haflong Hindi Sylheti Sino-Tibetan Kuki-Chin Amri Karbi Bawm Biate Chiru Gangte Hmar Hrangkhol Karbi Paite Ranglong Saihriem Sakachep Vaiphei Sal Barman Bodo Deori Dimasa Garo Kachari Koch Kokborok Moran Nocte Rabha Singpho Tangsa Tiwa Turung Tutsa Wancho Tani Adi Bangni-Tagin Bokar Hill Miri Mising Na Nishi Zeme Inpui Khoirao Maram Rongmei Zeme Other Hajong Meitei Kra-Dai Aiton Ahom Khamti Khamyang Phake Manipur Kuki-Chin Northern Anāl Biate Chiru Chothe Gangte Hrangkhol Kom Lamkang Moyon Paite Purum Ralte Simte Thadou Vaiphei Zou Other Hmar Mizo Monsang Sakachep Sorbung Tarao Zeme Inpui Khoirao Maram Puimei Rongmei Zeme Other Chairel Maring Uipo Meitei Sopvoma Tangkhul Meghalaya Kuki-Chin Amri Karbi Biate Gangte Karbi Khelma Mizo Vaiphei Khasic Khasi Lyngngam Pnar War Other Atong Garo Hajong Koch Mizoram Biate Falam Hakha Chin Hmar Khelma Kokborok Mara Mizo Nga La Ranglong Paite Ralte Tedim Zyphe Nagaland Sino- Tibetan Angami- Pochuri Angami Chokri Kuzhami Moyon Ntenyi Pochuri Rengma Sümi Sopvoma Ao Ao Lotha Mongsen Ao Sangtam Wui Yimchungrü Sal Chang Dimasa Khiamniungan Konyak Nocte Phom Wancho Zeme Inpui Lamkang Mzieme Rongmei Zeme Other Chiru Chothe Khelma Makury Tangkhul Other Assamese Nagamese creole Sikkim Gurung Lepcha‎ Limbu‎ Magar Nepali Newar‎ Sherpa Sikkimese Bhutia Sunwar‎ Tamang Yakkha Yolmo Tripura Indo-Aryan Bengali Bishnupriya Manipuri Sylheti Sino-Tibetan Bawm Darlong Koch Kokborok Meitei Mizo Mogh Paite Ralte Ranglong Tangkhul Thadou Vaiphei Zeme

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Zou language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zou_language) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zou_language?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.