# Zonitidae

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{{Short description|Family of gastropods}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [Paleocene](/source/Paleocene) or [Cretaceous](/source/Cretaceous) – Recent<ref name="AB">[http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/family?id=7 "Family summary for Zonitidae"]. [AnimalBase](/source/AnimalBase), last change 19-09-2006, accessed 4 August 2010.</ref>
| image = Aegopis verticillus1.jpg
| image_caption = A live individual of ''[Aegopis verticillus](/source/Aegopis_verticillus)''
| display_parents = 3
| parent_authority = [Mörch](/source/Otto_Andreas_Lowson_M%C3%B6rch), 1864
| taxon = Zonitidae
| authority = Mörch, 1864<ref>[Mörch](/source/Otto_Andreas_Lowson_M%C3%B6rch), 1864. ''Fortegnelse over de i Danmark forekommende Land- of Ferskvandbløddyr''. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjöbenhavn, 17–22 (from 1863): 265–367. zonitidae on the page 274.</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = See text
}}

'''Zonitidae''', [common name](/source/common_name) the '''true glass snails''', are a [family](/source/Family_(taxonomy)) of mostly rather small, air-breathing [land snail](/source/land_snail)s, [terrestrial](/source/terrestrial_molluscs) [pulmonate](/source/pulmonate) [gastropod](/source/gastropod) [mollusk](/source/Mollusc)s in the superfamily [Zonitoidea](/source/Zonitoidea).

Zonitidae is the only family in the superfamily '''Zonitoidea'''. The family's [type genus](/source/type_genus) is ''[Zonites](/source/Zonites)'', established by [Pierre Denys de Montfort](/source/Pierre_Denys_de_Montfort) in 1810. This family has no subfamilies (according to the [taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005](/source/Taxonomy_of_the_Gastropoda_(Bouchet_%26_Rocroi%2C_2005))).

==Distribution==
The distribution of the Zonitidae encompasses the western [Palearctic](/source/Palearctic).<ref name="Hausdorf 2000"/><!-- The distribution of the Zonitidae includes the [Northern Hemisphere](/source/Northern_Hemisphere).<ref name="AB"/> This AnimalBase uses Zonitidae sensu lato. -->

==Shell description==
The spiral, heliciform [shells](/source/Gastropod_shell) of these snails are flattened in shape with a very low [spire](/source/spire_(mollusc)). The shell is perforate or [umbilicate](/source/Umbilicus_(mollusk)). The lip of the [aperture](/source/Aperture_(mollusc)) is simple, lacking thickened margin. These shells are more or less transparent as if made of glass, hence the popular name "glass snails". The shells are colorless or of an amber to brownish color.<ref>[George Washington Tryon](/source/George_Washington_Tryon) 1886. ''Manual of Conchology'', [https://archive.org/stream/manualconch02tryorich volume 2], Zonitidae.</ref>

== Biology ==
Some snails in genera within this family create and use [love dart](/source/love_dart)s as part of their mating behavior.

In this family, the number of [haploid](/source/haploid) [chromosome](/source/chromosome)s lies between 21 and 25 and also lies between 31 and 35, but other values are also possible (according to the values in this table).<ref name="Barker">Barker G. M.: Gastropods on Land: ''Phylogeny, Diversity and Adaptive Morphology''. in Barker G. M. (ed.): ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WlvX-9Wt0toC&hl The biology of terrestrial molluscs]''. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, {{ISBN|0-85199-318-4}}. 1–146, cited pages: 139 and 142.</ref>

==Ecology==
These snails live in damp places under stones and similar objects. The true glass snails are usually [nocturnal](/source/nocturnal).

==Genera==
[Genera](/source/Genera) within the family Zonitidae include:
* ''[Aegopis](/source/Aegopis)'' <small>Fitzinger, 1833</small>
* ''[Aegopinella](/source/Aegopinella)'' <small>Lindholm, 1927</small>
* ''[Allaegopis](/source/Allaegopis)'' <small>Riedel, 1979</small><ref name="WORMS">{{cite web |title=WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Allaegopis A. Riedel, 1979 |url=https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=995254 |website=www.marinespecies.org |access-date=29 October 2021}}</ref>
* ''[Balcanodiscus](/source/Balcanodiscus)'' <small>Riedel & Urbanski, 1964</small>
* ''[Brazieria](/source/Brazieria)'' <small>Ancey, 1887</small>
* ''[Doraegopis](/source/Doraegopis)'' <small>Riedel, 1982</small>
* ''[Eopolita](/source/Eopolita)'' <small>Pollonera, 1916</small>
*''[Glyphyalinia](/source/Glyphyalinia)'' <small>Martens, 1892</small><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barrientos|first=Zaidett|date=2003|title=Lista de especies de moluscos terrestres (Archaeogastropoda, Mesogastropoda, Archaeopulmonata, Stylommatophora, Soleolifera) informadas para Costa Rica.|url=https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/rbt/article/view/26388/26575|journal=Revista de Biología Tropical|volume=51|pages=293–304}}</ref>
* ''[Gollumia](/source/Gollumia)'' <small>Riedel, 1988</small>
* † ''[Macrozonites](/source/Macrozonites)'' <small>Wenz, 1919</small> 
* ''[Meledella](/source/Meledella)'' <small>Sturany, 1908</small>
* ''[Mesomphix](/source/Mesomphix)'' <small>Rafinesque, 1819</small><ref>{{cite web|title=Standard Report|url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=77174|website=ITIS|publisher=Interagency Taxonomic Information System|access-date=30 March 2016}}</ref>
* ''[Ogaridiscus](/source/Ogaridiscus)'' <small>Dall, 1877</small><ref name = "col418">Turgeon, D.D., J.F. Quinn, Jr., A.E. Bogan, E.V. Coan, F.G. Hochberg, W.G. Lyons, P.M. Mikkelsen, R.J. Neves, C.F.E. Roper, G. Rosenberg, B. Roth, A. Scheltema, F.G. Thompson, M. Vecchione, and J.D. Williams. 1998. ''Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Mollusks''. 2nd Edition. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 26, Bethesda, Maryland: 526 pp.</ref>
* ''[Paraegopis](/source/Paraegopis)'' <small>Hesse, 1910</small>
* ''[Paravitrea](/source/Paravitrea)'' <small>Pilsbry, 1898</small><ref>{{cite web|title=Standard Report|url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=77199|website=ITIS|publisher=nteragency Taxonomic Information System|access-date=30 March 2016}}</ref>
* ''[Retinella](/source/Retinella)'' <small>Fischer, 1877</small>
* ''[Thasiogenes](/source/Thasiogenes)'' <small>Riedel, 1998</small>
* ''[Troglaegopis](/source/Troglaegopis)'' <small>Riedel & Radja, 1983</small>
* ''[Turcozonites](/source/Turcozonites)'' <small>Riedel, 1987</small>
*''[Ventridens](/source/Ventridens)'' <small>Binney & Bland, 1869</small>
* ''[Zonites](/source/Zonites)'' <small>Montfort, 1810</small> – type genus

==Cladogram==
The following [cladogram](/source/cladogram) shows the [phylogenic](/source/phylogenic) relationships of this family to other families in the [limacoid clade](/source/limacoid_clade):<ref name="Hausdorf 2000">Hausdorf B. (2000). "Biogeography of the Limacoidea sensu lato (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora): Vicariance Events and Long-Distance Dispersal". ''[Journal of Biogeography](/source/Journal_of_Biogeography)'' '''27'''(2): 379–390. {{doi|10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00403.x}}, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2656267 JSTOR].</ref>

{{clade
|label1=[limacoid clade](/source/limacoid_clade)
|1={{clade
   |label1=[Staffordioidea](/source/Staffordioidea)
   |1=[Staffordiidae](/source/Staffordiidae)
   |2={{clade
      |1={{clade
         |label1=[Dyakioidea](/source/Dyakioidea)
         |1=[Dyakiidae](/source/Dyakiidae)
         |label2=[Gastrodontoidea](/source/Gastrodontoidea)
         |2={{clade
            |1=[Pristilomatidae](/source/Pristilomatidae)
            |2={{clade
               |1=[Chronidae](/source/Chronidae)
               |2={{clade
                  |1=[Euconulidae](/source/Euconulidae)
                  |2=[Trochomorphidae](/source/Trochomorphidae)
                  }}
               |3={{clade
                  |1=[Gastrodontidae](/source/Gastrodontidae)
                  |2=[Oxychilidae](/source/Oxychilidae)
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      |2={{clade
         |label1=[Parmacelloidea](/source/Parmacelloidea)
         |1={{clade
            |1=[Trigonochlamydidae](/source/Trigonochlamydidae)
            |2=[Parmacellidae](/source/Parmacellidae)
            |3=[Milacidae](/source/Milacidae)
            }}
         |2={{clade
            |1={{clade
               |label1='''Zonitoidea'''
               |1='''Zonitidae'''
               |label2=[Helicarionoidea](/source/Helicarionoidea)
               |2={{clade
                  |1=[Helicarionidae](/source/Helicarionidae)
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=[Ariophantidae](/source/Ariophantidae)
                     |2=[Urocyclidae](/source/Urocyclidae)
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
            |label2=[Limacoidea](/source/Limacoidea)
            |2={{clade
               |1=[Vitrinidae](/source/Vitrinidae)
               |2={{clade
                  |1=[Boettgerillidae](/source/Boettgerillidae)
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=[Limacidae](/source/Limacidae)
                     |2=[Agriolimacidae](/source/Agriolimacidae)
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Commons category|Zonitidae}}
* Riedel A. ''The Zonitidae of Greece''. Fauna Graeciae V. 194 pp.
* Schileyko A. A. (2003). "Treatise on recent terrestrial pulmonate mollusks. 10. Ariophantidae, Ostracolethaidae, Ryssotidae, Milacidae, Dyakiidae, Staffordiidae, Gastrodontidae, Zonitidae, Daudebardiidae, Parmacellidae". ''Ruthenica'', Supplement 2. 1309–1466.

{{Taxonbar|from=Q909807}}
{{Authority control}}

Category:Zonitidae
Category:Extant Paleocene first appearances
Category:Taxa named by Otto Andreas Lowson Mörch

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Zonitidae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonitidae) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonitidae?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.