# Zimpapers

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{{short description|Zimbabwean newspaper company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}

{{Infobox company
| name                = Zimbabwe Newspapers
| logo                = File:Zimpaperslogo.png
| logo_caption        = 
| image               = 
| image_size          = 270px
| image_caption       = 
| trading_name        = Zimpapers
| former_name         = Rhodesian Printing and Publishing Company<br>(1927–1980)
| type                = Public company
| traded_as           = 
| ISIN                = 
| industry            = Mass media
| foundation          = {{Start date and age|1927|03|08|df=y}}
| founder             = 
| location_city       = [Harare](/source/Harare)
| locations           = 
| area_served         = Southern Africa
| key_people          = {{plainlist|
* [Pikirayi Deketeke](/source/Pikirayi_Deketeke) ([GCE](/source/Group_Chief_Executive))
}}
| products            = 
| services            = 
| revenue             = 
| operating_income    = 
| net_income          = 
| assets              = 
| equity              = 
| owner               = [Zimbabwe Mass Media Trust](/source/Zimbabwe_Mass_Media_Trust) (51%)
| num_employees       = 
| divisions           = 
| subsid              = 
| footnotes           = 
| location_country    = [Zimbabwe](/source/Zimbabwe)
| homepage            = [https://www.herald.co.zw/about-zimpapers/ herald.co.zw/about-zimpapers]
}}
'''Zimbabwe Newspapers (1980) Limited''', [operating as](/source/Trade_name) '''Zimpapers''', is a [state-controlled](/source/State-owned_enterprise) Zimbabwean mass media company.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Zimpapers revenue jumps 87pc |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/zimpapers-revenue-jumps-87pc/ |work=Zimpapers}}</ref> Originally a newspaper Publishing company, in the 2010s it expanded its operations to include commercial printing, radio and television. The company's portfolio includes over a dozen Magazines and newspapers, including ''[The Herald](/source/The_Herald_(Zimbabwe))'' and ''[The Chronicle](/source/The_Chronicle_(Zimbabwe))'', several [radio stations](/source/Radio_broadcasting), and a television network. It is the largest newspaper publisher in Zimbabwe.

Zimpapers traces its origins to 1891, when [William Fairbridge](/source/William_Fairbridge) established the ''Mashonaland Herald and Zambesian Times'' on behalf of the South African [Argus Printing and Publishing Company](/source/Cape_Argus). Argus spun its [Southern Rhodesia](/source/Southern_Rhodesia) newspapers into the Rhodesian Printing and Publishing Company and [went public](/source/Initial_public_offering) on 8 March 1927, making Zimpapers one of the oldest listings on the [Zimbabwe Stock Exchange](/source/Zimbabwe_Stock_Exchange). The company was renamed upon [Rhodesia](/source/Rhodesia)'s independence as [Zimbabwe](/source/Zimbabwe) in 1980, and the Zimbabwean government acquired majority ownership in the company. The government established the Zimbabwe Mass Media Trust (ZMMT) to oversee the country's newspapers under an independent board. The ZMMT was disbanded in 2000, and the company's newspapers are now largely seen as [government mouthpiece](/source/government_mouthpiece)s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-20 |title=ED Revives Media Watch Dog That Was Dissolved 20 Years Ago |url=https://www.techzim.co.zw/2020/02/ed-revives-media-watch-dog-that-was-dissolved-20-years-ago/ |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=Techzim |language=en-US |last1=Mudzingwa |first1=Farai }}</ref>

== Overview ==
Zimpapers publishes over a dozen Newspapers and Magazines, including the two leading [Daily newspaper](/source/Daily_newspaper)s in [Zimbabwe](/source/Zimbabwe), ''[The Herald](/source/The_Herald_(Zimbabwe))'' in [Harare](/source/Harare) and ''[The Chronicle](/source/The_Chronicle_(Zimbabwe))'' in [Bulawayo](/source/Bulawayo).<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=About Zimpapers|work=The Herald|url=https://www.herald.co.zw/about-zimpapers/|access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref> Other publications include Zimbabwe's leading tabloid, H-Metro https://www.hmetro.co.zw/, the [Manicaland](/source/Manicaland_Province) regional newspaper, ''[The Manica Post](/source/The_Manica_Post)'', two [Sunday supplements](/source/Sunday_newspaper), ''[The Sunday Mail](/source/The_Herald_(Zimbabwe))'' and ''[The Sunday News](/source/The_Chronicle_(Zimbabwe))'', and two newspapers in Zimbabwe's main indigenous languages, the [Shona](/source/Shona_language)-language ''Kwayedza'' and the [Ndebele](/source/Northern_Ndebele_language)-language ''[uMthunywa](/source/uMthunywa)''.<ref name=":0" /> In addition to its newspapers, Zimpapers also publishes two magazines, ''[Bridal Magazine](/source/Bridal_Magazine)'', which focuses on Weddings, and ''[Zimtravel](/source/Zimtravel)'', which covers tourism.<ref name=":0" /> ''[The Southern Times](/source/The_Southern_Times)'', a regional newspaper in Southern Africa, is published as a joint venture between Zimpapers and New Era Newspapers of [Namibia](/source/Namibia).<ref name=":0" /> Zimpapers is headquartered at Herald House in Harare and maintains offices in Harare, Bulawayo, [Mutare](/source/Mutare), and [Gweru](/source/Gweru), with bureaux located across Zimbabwe.<ref name=":0" /> Zimpapers publications are printed in Harare and Bulawayo.<ref name=":0" />

== History ==

=== Origins and Rhodesia years, 1891–1980 ===
Zimpapers traces its origins to 1891, when [William Fairbridge](/source/William_Fairbridge), the [Rhodesia](/source/Rhodesia_(region)) representative of South Africa's [Argus Printing and Publishing Company](/source/Cape_Argus), established the ''Mashonaland Herald and Zambesian Times'' in Salisbury (now Harare).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Argus Printing and Publishing Company Ltd|url=http://www.rhodesianstudycircle.org.uk/argus-printing-publishing-company-ltd/|website=The Rhodesian Study Circle|date=8 November 2016 |access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=18 April 2015|title=Independence Supplement – The Zimpapers Journey: 1980 to 2015|work=The Herald|url=https://www.herald.co.zw/independence-supplement-the-zimpapers-journey-1980-to-2015/|access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref> The ''Mashonaland Herald'' was succeeded by ''The Rhodesia Herald'' in 1892.<ref name=":1" /> The ''[British South Africa Company Government Gazette](/source/British_South_Africa_Company_Government_Gazette)'' was published between 1894 and 1923, initially as a supplement to ''The Herald''.<ref name=":1" /> In 1893, the company established ''The Umtali Post'' in [Umtali](/source/Mutare) (now Mutare), followed in 1894 by ''The Bulawayo Chronicle'' in Bulawayo.<ref name=":1" /> In 1927, Argus spun off its [Southern Rhodesia](/source/Southern_Rhodesia) newspapers into a new company, the Rhodesian Printing and Publishing Company Limited.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The company went public on the [Rhodesia Stock Exchange](/source/Zimbabwe_Stock_Exchange) on 8 March 1927.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Rhodesian Printing & Publishing Co., Ltd|url=http://www.rhodesianstudycircle.org.uk/rhodesian-printing-publishing-co-ltd/|website=The Rhodesian Study Circle|date=27 March 2018 |access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref> Argus gave up a majority of shares, but still held a controlling shareholding.<ref name=":2" />

In the 1930s Sunday editions of ''The Herald'' and ''The Chronicle''—''The Sunday Mail'' and ''The Sunday News'', respectively—were added through the inexpensive purchase of two existing weeklies bankrupted by the [Great Depression](/source/Great_Depression).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> During these years, ''The Umtali Post'' was sold and later repurchased by Argus.<ref name=":2" /> During the [Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland](/source/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland) period, Argus began publishing ''The Northern News'' in [Ndola](/source/Ndola), [Northern Rhodesia](/source/Northern_Rhodesia), but stopped after [Zambia](/source/Zambia) gained independence in 1964.<ref name=":2" /> The company's efforts to establish two other daily papers in Salisbury, the ''Evening Standard'' and ''The National Observer'', also ended unsuccessfully in the early 1960s.<ref name=":2" /> Initially largely staffed by South Africans and [Britons](/source/British_people) from the 1930s, senior positions in the Rhodesian Printing and Publishing Company began to be filled by native-born [white Rhodesians](/source/White_people_in_Zimbabwe) in the 1960s.<ref name=":2" /> Only in the 1970s did the company see its first Rhodesian-born editors, and later its first Rhodesian-born managing director.<ref name=":2" /> Only in the 1970s did the company also begin hiring blacks for entry-level technical and journalist positions.<ref name=":2" />

=== Zimpapers, 1980–present ===
When Zimbabwe gained independence in 1980, the Rhodesian Printing and Publishing Company was renamed Zimbabwe Newspapers (1980) Limited.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> In 1981, the Zimbabwean government, concerned about the foreign ownership of the country's newspapers, purchased a controlling 43-percent shareholding in the company from the Argus Group, using a grant from Nigerian government.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Herbst|first=Jeffrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZD3tPmTrBs8C&q=Argus+Group+zimbabwe&pg=PA119|title=State Politics in Zimbabwe|publisher=University of California Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-520-06818-6|location=Berkeley|pages=119|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Compagnon|first=Daniel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ff-F2wS_YW4C|title=A Predictable Tragedy: Robert Mugabe and the Collapse of Zimbabwe|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-8122-0004-1|location=Philadelphia|pages=119–122|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last1=Lusike Mukhongo|first1=Lynete|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=geFmCwAAQBAJ|title=Political Influence of the Media in Developing Countries|last2=Wambui Macharia|first2=Juliet|date=18 January 2016|publisher=Information Science Reference|isbn=978-1-4666-9614-3|location=Hershey, Pennsylvania|pages=29–31|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|last=Ndlovu|first=Mandla|date=19 February 2019|title=Government does not own Zimpapers|work=Buawayo24 News|url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-156525.html|access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref> The trust continued buying smaller amounts of shares and eventually acquired a 51-percent majority shareholding in 1986.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> In January 1981, the government established the Zimbabwe Mass Media Trust (ZMMT) to manage the Nigerian grant and to oversee Zimpapers through an independent board, to shield it from commercial and political influence.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> That year, information minister [Nathan Shamuyarira](/source/Nathan_Shamuyarira)<ref>{{Cite news |title=Twilight World of Zimbabwe's Press |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/10/16/world/twilight-world-of-zimbabwe-s-press.html |work=[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)|date=16 October 1981 |last1=Lelyveld |first1=Joseph }}</ref> told a meeting of the Zimbabwe Union of Journalists, "We created the MMT so that the media would be in neutral hands and not business tycoons or the government—that would quash the free voice of journalists.<ref name=":4" /> The ZMMT appointed a new board of directors as well as new editors for the company's three biggest papers, ''The Herald'', ''The Chronicle'', and ''The Sunday Mail''.<ref name=":2" /> After the acquisition, Argus offered guaranteed jobs in South Africa to former Zimpapers staff, leading to an exodus of whites from the company.<ref name=":2" /> The staff shortages that followed were addressed by the implementation of large-scale training and hiring programs.<ref name=":2" /> In addition, many vacant posts were filled by returning black Zimbabwean journalists and printers, particularly from Zambia, as well as by a small number of [anti-apartheid](/source/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid) South Africans, who arrived in the years after independence.<ref name=":2" />

In 1984, Zimpapers took out a loan and purchased new [color lithographic](/source/Color_lithography) [Printing press](/source/Printing_press)es, allowing the company's newspapers to publish in color.<ref name=":2" /> This was followed by the transition to [phototypesetting](/source/phototypesetting) in the late 1980s, and later to a digital production process in the 1990s.<ref name=":2" /> In 1986, the company launched its first indigenous-language newspaper, ''Kwayedza'', published in [Shona](/source/Shona_language).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> An [Ndebele-language](/source/Northern_Ndebele_language) paper, ''uMthunywa'', followed in 2004.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Zimpapers set up websites for its publications in the early 2000s.<ref name=":2" /> In 2004, the company partnered with Namibia-based New Era Newspapers to launch ''The Southern Times'', a Southern African regional weekly circulating in [Angola](/source/Angola), [Botswana](/source/Botswana), Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> In 2009–10, Zimpapers diversified its publication portfolio with the introduction of [tabloid newspapers](/source/Tabloid_journalism) ''H-Metro'' and ''B-Metro'' in Harare and Bulawayo, respectively.<ref name=":2" /> The company purchased a full-color third generation lithographic press in 2013.<ref name=":2" /> Business Weekly, a [business newspaper](/source/Business_journalism) launched in 2017, is the latest addition to the Zimpapers portfolio.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 July 2017|title=Zimpapers launches Business Weekly|work=The Herald|url=https://www.herald.co.zw/zimpapers-launches-business-weekly/|access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref>

After the Zimbabwean government opened the radio and television markets to private actors, Zimpapers applied for one of the first commercial radio licenses.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> In 2012, it launched the Harare-based [Star FM](/source/Star_FM_Zimbabwe). It has since launched other radio stations in Harare, Mutare, and [Kariba](/source/Kariba%2C_Zimbabwe).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> In 2014, Zimpapers reentered the television market with the launch of [Zimpapers Television Network](/source/Zimpapers_Television_Network) (ZTN), having previously been one of the leading early shareholders in [Rhodesia Television](/source/Rhodesia_Television) before it was nationalized during [Rhodesia](/source/Rhodesia)'s [UDI](/source/Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence) years.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

==== Post-independence government control ====
When the Zimbabwean government created the Zimbabwe Mass Media Trust (ZMMT) to oversee the Zimpapers newspapers, there were initially safeguards to guard against interference by the state and the ruling [ZANU–PF](/source/ZANU%E2%80%93PF) party.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> For instance, the trust's constitution stipulated that civil servants, members of Parliament, and uniformed services personnel could not serve as trustees.<ref name=":4" /> However, the trustees were appointed by the government, and in the 1980s, information minister [Nathan Shamuyarira](/source/Nathan_Shamuyarira) chose appointees who lacked a personal power base and were dependent on him for their political fortunes.<ref name=":4" /> In addition, Shamuyarira's picks excluded trade unionists, human rights activists, [ZAPU](/source/Zimbabwe_African_People's_Union) supporters, and others who might challenge the government's agenda.<ref name=":4" /> [Davison Sadza](/source/Davison_Sadza), a ZANU–PF member, was appointed ZMMT chairman, and Zimpapers came under the oversight of the [Ministry of Information](/source/Ministry_of_Media%2C_Information_and_Publicity_(Zimbabwe)).<ref name=":4" /> By the mid-1980s, the ZMMT was heavily dependent on government funding and administrative support for its operation.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> The ZMMT, which was meant to be independent and nonpartisan, made a substantial financial contribution to ZANU–PF's campaign for the [1990 general election](/source/1990_Zimbabwean_general_election).<ref name=":4" />

Beginning in the early 1980s, the Zimbabwean government began appointing loyalists to top posts within Zimpapers, who the company's former chief executive, a ZANU–PF supporter, referred to as "ZANU's [hatchet men](/source/Hatchet_man_(idiom))".<ref name=":4" /> The party and government directly interfered with the selection of newspaper editors starting in February 1981.<ref name=":4" /> Between 1985 and 1989, three Zimpapers editors were dismissed on ZANU–PF orders for political offenses, without objection by the ZMMT.<ref name=":4" /> Journalists were routinely subjected to warnings, reprimand, and other forms of intimidation.<ref name=":4" /> When [Willie Musarurwa](/source/Willie_Musarurwa) was removed as editor of ''The Sunday Mail'' in 1983, Minister Shamuyarira said that Prime Minister [Robert Mugabe](/source/Robert_Mugabe) wanted to replace him with a "true and trusted cadre".<ref name=":4" /> In 1989, [Geoffrey Nyarota](/source/Geoffrey_Nyarota), the editor of ''The Chronicle'' in Bulawayo, was moved to an insignificant administrative post in Harare after he exposed government corruption in the [Willowgate](/source/Willowgate) scandal.<ref name=":4" /> Zimpapers managing director Elias Rusike, who was appointed by Shamuyarira in 1984, resigned in 1989 in protest of increasing political interference in the company's operations.<ref name=":4" /> By the 1990s, ''The Herald'' and ''The Sunday Mail'' consistently supported President Mugabe, though they would occasionally criticize his cabinet ministers.<ref name=":4" />

On 14 December 2000, the board of the Zimbabwe Mass Media Trust was disbanded, allowing the Zimbabwean government to exercise a more direct role in Zimpapers operations.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|date=17 December 2000|title=Mass Media Trust Dissolved|work=The Standard|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200012180452.html|access-date=17 May 2020|via=AllAfrica}}</ref> The decision to dissolve the board occurred after a reported meeting between its chairman, Honour Mkushi, and information minister [Jonathan Moyo](/source/Jonathan_Moyo).<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> The trust still technically owned Zimpapers, but without a board of trustees, it was effectively nonexistent.<ref name=":6" /> In November 2019, the government announced plans to revive the ZMMT.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Machivenyika|first=Farirai|date=23 November 2019|title=Govt to revive Mass Media Trust|work=The Herald|url=https://www.herald.co.zw/govt-to-revive-mass-media-trust/|access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref> President [Emmerson Mnangagwa](/source/Emmerson_Mnangagwa) appointed a six-member board, with Mkushi as chair, with effect from 10 February 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Netsianda|first=Mashudu|date=20 February 2020|title=ED appoints Mass Media Trust board|work=The Chronicle|url=https://www.chronicle.co.zw/ed-appoints-mass-media-trust-board/|access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=19 February 2020|title=Mnangagwa appoints Zimbabwe Mass Media Trust trustees|work=Bulawayo24 News|url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-179586.html|access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref>

== Publications ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Publication
!Location
!Founded
!Language
!Type
|-
|''[B-Metro](/source/B-Metro)''
|[Bulawayo](/source/Bulawayo)
|2010
|English
|[Daily](/source/Daily_newspaper)
|-
|''[Bridal Magazine](/source/Bridal_Magazine)''
|[Harare](/source/Harare)
|2011
|English
|[Biannual](/source/Biannual)
|-
|''[Business Weekly](/source/Business_Weekly)''
|[Harare](/source/Harare)
|2017
|English
|[Weekly](/source/Weekly_newspaper)
|-
|''{{Sortname|The|Chronicle|The Chronicle (Zimbabwe)}}''
|[Bulawayo](/source/Bulawayo)
|1894
|English
|[Daily](/source/Daily_newspaper)
|-
|''[H-Metro](/source/H-Metro)''
|[Harare](/source/Harare)
|2009
|English
|[Daily](/source/Daily_newspaper)
|-
|''{{Sortname|The|Herald|The Herald (Zimbabwe)}}''
|[Harare](/source/Harare)
|1891
|English
|[Daily](/source/Daily_newspaper)
|-
|''[Kwayedza](/source/Kwayedza)''
|[Harare](/source/Harare)
|1986
|[Shona](/source/Shona_language)
|[Weekly](/source/Weekly_newspaper)
|-
|''{{Sortname|The|Manica Post}}''
|[Mutare](/source/Mutare)
|1893
|English
|[Weekly](/source/Weekly_newspaper)
|-
|''{{Sortname|The|Southern Times|}}''
|[Windhoek](/source/Windhoek)
|2004
|English
|[Weekly](/source/Weekly_newspaper)
|-
|[''Suburban''](/source/Suburban_(newspaper))
|[Harare](/source/Harare)
|2016
|English
|[Weekly](/source/Weekly_newspaper)
|-
|''{{Sortname|The|Sunday Mail|The Herald (Zimbabwe)}}''
|[Harare](/source/Harare)
|1935
|English
|[Weekly](/source/Weekly_newspaper)
|-
|''{{Sortname|The|Sunday News|The Chronicle (Zimbabwe)}}''
|[Bulawayo](/source/Bulawayo)
|1930
|English
|[Weekly](/source/Weekly_newspaper)
|-
|''[uMthunywa](/source/uMthunywa)''
|[Bulawayo](/source/Bulawayo)
|2004
|[Ndebele](/source/Northern_Ndebele_language)
|[Weekly](/source/Weekly_newspaper)
|-
|''[Zimtravel](/source/Zimtravel)''
|[Harare](/source/Harare)
|2003
|English
|Monthly
|}

== Radio and television ==
In 2011, Zimpapers expanded its portfolio beyond newspaper publications with the launch of the Harare-based [Star FM](/source/Star_FM_Zimbabwe), Zimbabwe's first commercial radio station.<ref name=":0" /> It later launched several other regional radio stations, including [Diamond FM](/source/Diamond_FM_(Zimbabwe)) in Mutare, [Nyaminyami FM](/source/Nyaminyami_FM) in [Kariba](/source/Kariba%2C_Zimbabwe), and [Capitalk 100.4 FM](/source/Capitalk_100.4_FM) in Harare. In 2014, the company entered television with the launch of [Zimpapers Television Network](/source/Zimpapers_Television_Network) (ZTN), which started broadcasting on 7 October 2017, and it was officially started broadcasting as a free-to air TV channel known as ZTN Prime on [DStv](/source/DStv) Channel 294 on 24 May 2022 at 5:30pm.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=19 May 2022|title=IT'S TIME FOR ZTN PRIME|work=H-Metro|url=https://www.hmetro.co.zw/its-time-for-ztn-prime/|access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=17 May 2022|title=ZTN Prime gets slot on DStv|work=The Chronicle|url=https://www.chronicle.co.zw/ztn-prime-gets-slot-on-dstv/|access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [Media of Zimbabwe](/source/Media_of_Zimbabwe)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

Category:1927 establishments in Southern Rhodesia
Category:Companies based in Harare
Category:Companies listed on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange
Category:Corporate spin-offs
Category:Government-owned companies of Zimbabwe
Category:Mass media companies of Zimbabwe
Category:Newspaper companies
Category:Publishing companies established in 1927
Category: 1920s initial public offerings

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Zimpapers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimpapers) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimpapers?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.