# Zihe

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'''Zihe''' ({{zh|c=子合|w=Tzu-ho}})<ref name="hhs_zihe">{{cite wikisource |work=[Book of the Later Han](/source/Book_of_the_Later_Han) |author=Fan Ye |author-link=Fan Ye (historian) |wslanguage=zh |wslink=後漢書/卷88#子合國 | volume=88 | title = 子合國 | trans-title = Kingdom of Zihe }}</ref> is the name of a [polity](/source/polity) mentioned in ancient Chinese texts. Its exact location is a matter of debate, although it is usually assumed to be in modern south-west [Xinjiang](/source/Xinjiang).

During the [Former Han](/source/Han_dynasty) period (late [1st millennium BCE](/source/1st_millennium_BCE)), Zihe was referred to as controlling the southern [Silk Road](/source/Silk_Road) town of [Xiye](/source/Kargilik_Town) ({{zh|c=西夜|w=Hsi-yeh}}, later known as Karghilik).<ref>{{cite wikisource |work=[Book of Han](/source/Book_of_Han) |author= |wslanguage=zh |wslink=漢書/卷096上#西夜國 | volume=096上 | title = 西夜國 | trans-title = Kingdom of Xiye}}</ref> Xiye was also mentioned in the [Book of the Later Han](/source/Book_of_the_Later_Han) ([1st](/source/1st_century) and [2nd Centuries](/source/2nd_century) CE) as being distinct from Zihe.<ref>"Les pays d'Occident d'après le ''Heou Han chou''." [Édouard Chavannes](/source/%C3%89douard_Chavannes). [T'oung Pao](/source/T'oung_Pao) 8, (1907) p. 174.</ref><ref>Hill, John E. 2003. "Annotated Translation of the Chapter on the Western Regions according to the ''Hou Hanshu''." 2nd Draft Edition. [http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/hhshu/hou_han_shu.html]</ref><ref name="hhs_xiye">{{cite wikisource |work=[Book of the Later Han](/source/Book_of_the_Later_Han) |author=Fan Ye |author-link=Fan Ye (historian) |wslanguage=zh |wslink=後漢書/卷88#西夜國 | volume=88 | title = 西夜國 | trans-title = Kingdom of Xiye }}</ref>

Most modern scholars believe that Zihe and Xiye were one and the same.<ref>{{citation |last=Xinjiang |first=Rong |chapter=The Rouran Qaghanate and the Western Regions during the Second Half of the Fifth Century based on a Chinese Document Newly Found in Turfan |editor1=Huaiyu Chen |editor2=Xinjiang Rong |title=Great Journeys across the Pamir Mountains: A Festschrift in Honor of Zhang Guangda on his Eighty-fifth Birthday |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=umZjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA74 |year=2018 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-36225-3 |pages=74–75}}</ref> The reasons for this include the phonological similarities between the names Xiye and Zihe.

Other sources state that Zihe may be synonymous with [Shahidulla](/source/Shahidulla) (Xaidulla), more than 200&nbsp;km (120&nbsp;mi.) south-south-east of Karghilik.<ref>{{Cite book
| title = Notes to The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu
| author = John E. Hill
| section = Section 6 – The Kingdom of Zihe 子合 (modern Shahidulla) 
| publisher = Washington University
| edition = 2nd
| date = July 2003
| access-date = 3 February 2020
| url = https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/hhshu/hou_han_shu.html
| section-url = https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/hhshu/notes6.html
}}</ref><ref name="chin_Pish">{{Cite web
| title = Pishan 皮山 and the states in the Pamir Range
| author = Ulrich Theobald
| publisher = ChinaKnowledge.de
| date = Oct 16, 2011
| access-date = 3 February 2020
| url = http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/pishan.html
| quote = During the Later Han period the state fell apart in Xiye proper and the state of Zihe 子合 (modern name Shahidullah).
}}</ref> However, this identification is controversial.<ref>{{Cite journal
| title = 阚氏高昌王国与柔然、西域的关系
| trans-title = Relations of the Gaochang Kingdom under the Kan Family with the Rouran Qaghanate and the Western Regions during the Second Half of the 5th Century
| last = Rong
| first = Xinjiang
| date = Feb 2007
| access-date = 3 February 2020
| url = http://wenxueyuan.ruc.edu.cn/UploadFile/20170407/20170407085818929041.pdf
| language = zh
| quote = 子合国在西域南道, 今和田与塔什库尔干之间的叶城县治哈尔噶里克 (Karghalik)
| journal = Historical Research
| issn = 0459-1909
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=中国古代史|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MLIrAAAAMAAJ|year=1982|publisher=中国人民大学书报资料社|page=54|language=zh|quote=子合的位置应即今日帕米尔高原的小帕米尔东部,塔克敦巴什帕米尔南部地区,东延直至喇斯库穆及密尔岱西南山区一带。}}</ref>

==References==
===Footnotes===
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Xinjiang}}

Category:Sites along the Silk Road
Category:Hotan Prefecture
Category:Township-level divisions of Xinjiang

{{Xinjiang-geo-stub}}

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Zihe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zihe) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zihe?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.