# Zhovkva
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{{short description|City in Lviv Oblast, Ukraine}}
{{about|the city|the person|Igor Zhovkva|the former ''raion''|Zhovkva Raion}}
{{redirect|Żółkiew|another place that used to be named Żółkiew|Żółkiewka, Lublin Voivodeship}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Zhovkva
| native_name = {{lang|uk|Жовква}}
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [City](/source/City_status_in_Ukraine)
| image_skyline = Церква святого Лаврентія та Вічева площа, Жовква.jpg
| imagesize = 270px
| image_caption = Main market square
| image_flag = Flag of Zolkva.png
| image_shield = Zhovkva01.png
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{UKR}}
| subdivision_type1 = [Oblast](/source/Oblasts_of_Ukraine)
| subdivision_name1 = [Lviv Oblast](/source/Lviv_Oblast)
| subdivision_type2 = [Raion](/source/Raions_of_Ukraine)
| subdivision_name2 = [Lviv Raion](/source/Lviv_Raion)
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 1597
| established_title1 = Town rights
| established_date1 = 1603
| founder = [Stanisław Żółkiewski](/source/Stanis%C5%82aw_%C5%BB%C3%B3%C5%82kiewski)
| named_for = Stanisław Żółkiewski
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 = 7.64
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| population_as_of = 2022
| population_note =
| population_total = 13852
| population_footnotes =
| population_metro =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 11
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| pushpin_map = Ukraine Lviv Oblast#Ukraine
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_caption = Zhovkva location on a map
| pushpin_mapsize =
| coordinates = {{coord|50|3|18|N|23|58|36|E|region:UA|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_m = |
| postal_code_type = [Postal code](/source/Postal_code)
| postal_code = 80300—80304
| area_code = +380 3252
| blank_info =
| blank1_info = [Kraśnik](/source/Kra%C5%9Bnik), [Poland](/source/Poland)
| blank1_name = [Sister cities](/source/Town_twinning)
| website =
| footnotes =
| subdivision_type3 = [Hromada](/source/Hromada)
| subdivision_name3 = [Zhovkva urban hromada](/source/Zhovkva_urban_hromada)
}}
'''Zhovkva'''{{efn|{{unbulleted list|{{langx|uk|Жовква}}, {{IPA|uk|ˈʒɔu̯kwɐ|ipa|audio=LL-Q8798 (ukr)-Gzhegozh-Жовква.wav}}|{{langx|pl|Żółkiew}}|{{langx|yi|זאָלקוואַ|translit=Zolkva}}|1951–1992: Nesterov ({{langx|uk|Нестеров|links=no}})}}}} is a [city](/source/List_of_cities_in_Ukraine) in [Lviv Raion](/source/Lviv_Raion), [Lviv Oblast](/source/Lviv_Oblast) ([region](/source/Oblast)) of [western Ukraine](/source/western_Ukraine). Zhovkva hosts the administration of [Zhovkva urban hromada](/source/Zhovkva_urban_hromada), one of the [hromada](/source/hromada)s of Ukraine.[{{cite web |title=Жовковская городская громада |url=https://gromada.info/ru/obschina/zhovkivska/ |publisher=Портал об'єднаних громад України |language=ru}}] Its population is approximately {{Ua-pop-est2022|13,852|.}}
==History==
[[File:Kapinos Stanisław Żółkiewski 01.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Statue of the town's founder [Stanisław Żółkiewski](/source/Stanis%C5%82aw_%C5%BB%C3%B3%C5%82kiewski) in the [Collegiate Church of St. Lawrence](/source/St._Lawrence's_Church%2C_Zhovkva)]]
A village named ''Vynnyky'' was mentioned at the site in 1368 and was part of the [Kingdom of Poland](/source/Kingdom_of_Poland) under the [Piast dynasty](/source/Piast_dynasty).[{{cite web|url=https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/Zolkiew;4003087.html|title=Żółkiew|website=Encyklopedia PWN|access-date=11 October 2019|language=pl}}] The town was founded in 1597 as a [private fortified town](/source/private_town) and named ''Żółkiew'' after its founder, one of the most accomplished military commanders in Polish history, [hetman](/source/hetman) [Stanisław Żółkiewski](/source/Stanis%C5%82aw_%C5%BB%C3%B3%C5%82kiewski). Like [Zamość](/source/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87), which was founded by Żółkiewski's mentor [Jan Zamoyski](/source/Jan_Zamoyski), Żółkiew was built on an ideal [Renaissance](/source/Renaissance) city plan. Due to its strategic location at the intersection of important trade routes, the town prospered.[Ruth Ellen Gruber. "[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/12/travel/12iht-gruber.1.19272643.html?_r=0 For a fortress town, a second renaissance.]" January 12, 2009. [The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times). {{Retrieved|access-date=2013-03-29}}] In 1603 it was granted town rights by King [Sigismund III Vasa](/source/Sigismund_III_Vasa).[{{cite web|url=http://www.magiczneroztocze.pl/zolkiew/151-zolkiew-okiem-historii|title=Żółkiew okiem historii|website=MagiczneRoztocze.pl|access-date=11 October 2019|language=pl}}] From its earliest days, the population was a mix of [Poles](/source/Polish_people), [Armenians](/source/Armenians_in_Poland), [Ukrainians](/source/Ukrainians), and [Jews](/source/Jews). Great Jewish scholars from Zhovkva include [Ariah Judah Leib Sirkin](/source/Ariah_Judah_Leib_Sirkin) and [Betzalel HaLevi of Zhovkva](/source/Betzalel_HaLevi_of_Zhovkva). In 1693 a Jewish [printing press](/source/printing_press) was established in the city by Uri ben Aharon haLevi Witmund from [Amsterdam](/source/Amsterdam). Jewish publishers remained active in Zhovkva until the early 20th century.[{{Cite web|title=Боротьба за книговидання в ранньомодерній Україні: конкуренція, прибутки, читачі, заборони|date=2026-01-26|url=https://tyzhden.ua/borotba-za-knyhovydannia-v-rannomodernij-ukraini-konkurentsiia-prybutky-chytachi-zaborony/|access-date=2026-01-27}}]
In the 17th century, it became the royal residence for King [John III Sobieski](/source/John_III_Sobieski) of [Poland](/source/Poland), and a hub of religious life, arts and commerce.[ The city was the site of celebrations after the victorious [Battle of Vienna](/source/Battle_of_Vienna) of 1683, and in 1684 the Polish King was awarded there with papal gifts, sent by Pope [Innocent XI](/source/Innocent_XI).][
As a private town of Poland, Żółkiew was the property of the Żółkiewski, Daniłowicz, [Sobieski](/source/House_of_Sobieski) and [Radziwiłł](/source/Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82) families.][ During this period, most of the city's landmarks were built, including the [Zhovkva Castle](/source/Zhovkva_Castle) and [St. Lawrence's Church](/source/St._Lawrence's_Church%2C_Zhovkva), both founded by Stanisław Żółkiewski, the Dominican church, founded by Teofila Sobieska, the fortress-like [Great Synagogue](/source/Great_Synagogue_(Zhovkva)), co-financed by King John III Sobieski, and the foundations of the king's sons: the Saint Lazarus church founded by prince [James Louis Sobieski](/source/James_Louis_Sobieski) and the [Holy Trinity Church](/source/Holy_Trinity_Church%2C_Zhovkva), founded by prince [Konstanty Władysław Sobieski](/source/Konstanty_W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sobieski).][{{cite book|author= |title=Z Bogiem za ojczyznę i wolność – o Franciszku II Rakoczym bohaterze Węgier|year=2016|language=pl|publisher=[Muzeum Niepodległości w Warszawie](/source/Museum_of_Independence)|location=Warszawa|page=31|isbn=978-83-62235-88-9}}]
=== Late modern era ===
[[Image:Karol Auer Rynek w Żółkwi.jpg|thumb|left|19th-century view of the market square with the [St. Lawrence's Church](/source/St._Lawrence's_Church%2C_Zhovkva), drawing by Karel Auer]]
From the [First Partition of Poland](/source/First_Partition_of_Poland) in 1772 until 1918, the town (named ''Żółkiew'') was part of the [Austrian monarchy](/source/Austrian_monarchy) (Austrian part of [Austro-Hungary](/source/Austro-Hungary) after the [compromise of 1867](/source/compromise_of_1867)), head of the district with the same name, one of the 78 ''Bezirkshauptmannschaften'' in [Austrian Galicia](/source/Austrian_Galicia) province (Crown land)
in 1900.[Die postalischen Abstempelungen auf den österreichischen Postwertzeichen-Ausgaben 1867, 1883 und 1890, Wilhelm KLEIN, 1967]
The [West Ukrainian People's Republic](/source/West_Ukrainian_People's_Republic), established on November 1, 1918, included the whole Zhovkva ''[povit](/source/povit)'' (county).[{{in lang|uk}} [http://www.ji.lviv.ua/n70texts/Shankivskyj_Stryj_u_vijni_18-20.htm ''Лев Шанківський.'' Стрий і Стрийщина у визвольній війні 1918–1920 рр.]] The town came under Polish control in May 1919, seven months after the re-establishment of independent [Poland](/source/Second_Polish_Republic), confirmed by the [Paris Peace Conference](/source/Paris_Peace_Conference%2C_1919) in June 1919 and the [Peace of Riga](/source/Peace_of_Riga) in 1921. It was a county ([powiat](/source/powiat)) seat located in the [Lwów Voivodeship](/source/Lw%C3%B3w_Voivodeship). In the [interwar period](/source/interwar_period) the 6th Cavalry Regiment of the Polish Army, named after hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski, was stationed in the town.
=== World War II and recent times ===
thumb|Market square in modern times
In 1939, following the [Soviet invasion of Poland](/source/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland), Żółkiew, together with the rest of Poland's [Kresy Wschodnie](/source/Kresy_Wschodnie), was [occupied](/source/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)) by the [Soviet Union](/source/Soviet_Union).[ The Soviets destroyed the statue of King [John III Sobieski](/source/John_III_Sobieski), located in front of the town hall and the statue of the city founder hetman [Stanisław Żółkiewski](/source/Stanis%C5%82aw_%C5%BB%C3%B3%C5%82kiewski), located in the park. In June 1941, the Soviets executed 34 people, Ukrainians and Poles, in a prison organized in the former [Żółkiewski castle](/source/Zhovkva_Castle), as part of the [NKVD prisoner massacres](/source/NKVD_prisoner_massacres).][ A few people managed to escape the massacre, including a German prisoner of war.][
From 1941 to 1944, Zhovkva was occupied by [Germany](/source/Nazi_Germany).][ At the beginning of the occupation, Jews numbered around 4500 and were almost half the town's population. Fewer than 100 of the city's [Jews](/source/Jews) survived the [Holocaust](/source/Holocaust). In 1942, Germans, assisted by Ukrainian police, deported 3,200 Jews to the [Belzec extermination camp](/source/Belzec_extermination_camp).][ Many others were killed by Germans, assisted by Ukrainian police, in the vicinity of the city, and the rest were taken to the [Janowska concentration camp](/source/Janowska_concentration_camp).][{{cite book |last1=Megargee |first1=Geoffrey |title=Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos |date=2012 |publisher=University of Indiana Press |location=Bloomington, Indiana |isbn=978-0-253-35599-7 |page=Volume II, 852–3}}] The synagogue was blown up by the [Nazis](/source/Nazis) in 1941, leaving only the outside walls. In 2000, the building was declared one of the world's most endangered sites by the [World Monuments Fund](/source/World_Monuments_Fund).[Magda Osip-Pokrywka, Mirek Osip-Pokrywka, ''Polskie ślady na Ukrainie'', Wydawnictwo BOSZ, 2013, p. 175] In 1951, the town was renamed ''Nesterov'' after the Russian [World War I](/source/World_War_I) [aviator](/source/aviator) [Pyotr Nesterov](/source/Pyotr_Nesterov) who became the first to perform [aerial ramming](/source/aerial_ramming) in the history of aviation near Zhovkva in 1914. The name Zhovkva, which is the Ukrainian version of the historic Polish name, was restored in 1992, after [Ukraine became independent](/source/Independence_of_Ukraine) from the Soviet Union.
Until 18 July 2020, Zhovkva was the administrative center of [Zhovkva Raion](/source/Zhovkva_Raion). The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Lviv Oblast to seven. The area of Zhovkva Raion was merged into Lviv Raion.[{{Cite news|title=Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ.|url=http://www.golos.com.ua/article/333466|access-date=2020-10-03|date=2020-07-18|website=Голос України|language=uk}}][{{cite web |title=Нові райони: карти + склад |url=https://www.minregion.gov.ua/press/news/novi-rajony-karty-sklad/ |publisher=Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України |language=Ukrainian}}]
== Population ==
{{Historical populations|1921|7867|1931|10348|2022|13852
|source=[{{cite book|author=|title=Wiadomości Statystyczne Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego|volume=X|year=1932|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=Główny Urząd Statystyczny|page=141}}]}}
=== Language ===
Distribution of the population by native language according to the [2001 census](/source/2001_Ukrainian_census):[{{cite web | language=uk | url=https://socialdata.org.ua/projects/mova-2001/ | title=Рідні мови в об'єднаних територіальних громадах України}}]
{| class="standard"
|-
! Language
! Number
! Percentage
|-
| [Ukrainian](/source/Ukrainian_language)
| align="right"| 13 046 ||align="right"| 97.97%
|-
| [Russian](/source/Russian_language_in_Ukraine)
| align="right"| 243 || align="right"| 1.82%
|-
| Other or undecided
| align="right"| 27 || align="right"| 0.21%
|-
| Total
| align="right"| 13 316 || align="right"| 100.00%
|}
== Historical sites ==
{{multiple image |align=right |caption_align=center |perrow=2 |total_width=370 |header=Historic sights of Zhovkva (examples)
| image1=Żółkiew - Kolegiata pw. św. Wawrzyńca 01.JPG
| image2=Жовква 3918.jpg
| image3=Dominican monastery in Zhovkva (02).jpg
| image4=Zolkiew Cerkiew Pr Trojce 02.jpg
| image5=Жовква -Ратуша.jpg
| image6=Zhovkva Synagogue RB.jpg
| image7=46-227-0009 Zhovkva Basilian Monastery RB.jpg
| image8=2009K4760 - Жовква (Львівська).jpg
| caption1=[Collegiate Church of St. Lawrence](/source/St._Lawrence's_Church%2C_Zhovkva)
| caption2=[Zhovkva Castle](/source/Zhovkva_Castle)
| caption3=Dominican church
| caption4=[Holy Trinity Church](/source/Holy_Trinity_Church%2C_Zhovkva)
| caption5=Town Hall
| caption6=Synagogue
| caption7=Basilian Monastery
| caption8=Church of the Nativity of Theotokos
}}
The [Collegiate Church of St. Lawrence](/source/St._Lawrence's_Church%2C_Zhovkva), a domed church from the 17th century founded by [Stanisław Żółkiewski](/source/Stanis%C5%82aw_%C5%BB%C3%B3%C5%82kiewski) and built by a group of Italian architects, was turned into a warehouse under Soviet rule. After Ukraine declared independence in the early 1990s, the church was restored.[{{Cite book|title=Енциклопедія українознавства. Словникова частина (ЕУ-II)|date=1993|volume=2|page=696-698}}] Relics of [Saint Parthenius](/source/Saint_Parthenius), 3rd-century Christian martyr from [Rome](/source/Rome) were moved to the monastery in 1784. They are kept at the Church of Holy Heart of Jesus, which functions as part of the monastery.
Following the reform of the [Order of Saint Basil the Great](/source/Order_of_Saint_Basil_the_Great), in 1895 a publishing house was established at the monastery. Between 1897 and 1944 a monthly magazine was published there. In 1907 the monastery was restored, and in the 1930s its interiors were decorated by [Yulian Butsmaniuk](/source/Yulian_Butsmaniuk). In 1946 the monastery was forced to cease its activities and shut down.[ In 1990, the it was returned to Basilian monks and subordinated to the [Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church](/source/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church). In 2003 a new [iconostasis](/source/iconostasis) was created by local masters.][{{Cite web|title=Монастир отців Василіян (Храм серця Христового)|url=https://tamtour.com.ua/monastyr-ottsiv-vasyliian-khram-sertsia-khrystovoho|access-date=2026-05-29}}]
==Notable people==
* [Aaron Margalita](/source/Aaron_Margalita), Jewish scholar who converted to Christianity
* [Aaron Selig ben Moses of Zolkiev](/source/Aaron_Selig_ben_Moses_of_Zolkiev), Jewish scholar
* [Aaron of Trebowla](/source/Aaron_of_Trebowla), Jewish scholar
* [Ivan Rutkovych](/source/Ivan_Rutkovych), Ukrainian iconographer
* [Job Kondzelevych](/source/Job_Kondzelevych), Ukrainian monk and iconographer
* [Ivan Krypiakevych](/source/Ivan_Krypiakevych), Ukrainian historian, academician
* [Zbigniew Burzyński](/source/Zbigniew_Burzy%C5%84ski), [Polish](/source/Polish_people) balloonist and constructor of balloons, pioneer of Polish balloons
* [Clara Kramer](/source/Clara_Kramer), Holocaust survivor
* [Salcia Landmann](/source/Salcia_Landmann), researcher of [Yiddish](/source/Yiddish) culture
* [Jakub Ludwik Sobieski](/source/Jakub_Ludwik_Sobieski), Polish prince, son of King John III Sobieski
* [Jakub Sobieski](/source/Jakub_Sobieski), Polish parliamentarian, military leader and father of King John III Sobieski
* [Włodzimierz Puchalski](/source/W%C5%82odzimierz_Puchalski), Polish photographer and film director
* [Stanisław Żółkiewski](/source/Stanis%C5%82aw_%C5%BB%C3%B3%C5%82kiewski), Polish nobleman and military commander, founder of the town
* [Włodzimierz Stożek](/source/W%C5%82odzimierz_Sto%C5%BCek), Polish [mathematician](/source/mathematician) of the [Lwów School of Mathematics](/source/Lw%C3%B3w_School_of_Mathematics)
* [Hillel ben Naphtali Zevi](/source/Hillel_ben_Naphtali_Zevi), Lithuanian [rabbi](/source/rabbi)
* [Nachman Krochmal](/source/Nachman_Krochmal), Jewish philosopher
* [Jacob ben Wolf Kranz](/source/Jacob_ben_Wolf_Kranz), [maggid](/source/maggid)
* [Zalman Schachter-Shalomi](/source/Zalman_Schachter-Shalomi), one of the founders of the [Jewish Renewal](/source/Jewish_Renewal) movement and an innovator in ecumenical dialogue
* [Hersch Lauterpacht](/source/Hersch_Lauterpacht), member of the United Nations' [International Law Commission](/source/International_Law_Commission)
* [Lubomyr Romankiw](/source/Lubomyr_Romankiw), Ukrainian computer scientist
==See also==
*[Aaron of Cardena](/source/Aaron_of_Cardena)
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Sands |first=Philippe |title=[East West Street](/source/East_West_Street) |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |year=2016 |author-link=Philippe Sands}}
* Weiner, Miriam; Ukrainian State Archives (in cooperation with); Moldovan State Archives (in cooperation with) (1999). [https://www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/ZHOLKVA.pdf "Chapter 11: Town Clips: Zholkva."] ''[Jewish Roots in Ukraine and Moldova: Pages from the Past and Archival Inventories](/source/Jewish_Roots_in_Ukraine_and_Moldova)'' . Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. p. 426. ISBY 978-0-96-565081-6. OCLC 607423469.
==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/ZHOLKVA.pdf Zholkva/Zhovka] (p. 426) at [Miriam Weiner's](/source/Miriam_Weiner_(genealogist)) [Routes to Roots Foundation](/source/Routes_to_Roots_Foundation).
*{{in lang|pl}} [http://dir.icm.edu.pl/pl/Slownik_geograficzny/Tom_XIV/817 Żółkiew] (Zhovkva) in the [Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland](/source/Geographical_Dictionary_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland) (1895)
* [http://www.castles.com.ua/index.php?id=zh castles.com.ua] - Zhovkva
* [http://ua.vlasenko.net/zhovkva/index.html ua.vlasenko.net] - Pictures of Zhovkva
{{Lviv Oblast}}
{{Authority control}}
Category:Zhovkva
Category:Cities in Lviv Oblast
Category:Populated places established in 1597
Category:Cities of district significance in Ukraine
Category:1590s establishments in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Category:Historic Jewish communities in Ukraine
Category:Holocaust locations in Ukraine
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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Zhovkva](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhovkva) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhovkva?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.